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Cardiology > MSK > Flashcards

MSK Flashcards

1
Q

how many bones in adult vs children

A

adult 206
children 300

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2
Q

5 functions of bones

A
  1. Provide shape & support of the body
  2. Enable movement
  3. Protect vital organs
  4. Production of blood cells (hematopoiesis)
  5. Mineral homeostasis & storage (i.e. calcium, phosphate, Mg)
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3
Q

what are the 4 major bone structures

A
  1. bone cells
  2. collagen fibers
  3. ground substance/gelatinous material
  4. crystalized minerals
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4
Q

what does bone cells do?

A

to grow, repair, synthesize new tissue and resorb old bone tissue

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5
Q

what does collagen fibers do?

A

gives bone its tensile strength

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6
Q

what is the Gelatinous Material (ground substance) in bones

A

medium between bone and blood vessels

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7
Q

what does crystalized minerals do in bones?

A

provide rigidity

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8
Q

what are the 3 types of bone cells?

A

osteoclasts
osteoblasts
osteocytes

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9
Q

what is osteoclasts?

A

Large, multinucleated cells with ruffled borders

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10
Q

osteoclasts riginate from

A

hematopoietic stem cells

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11
Q

What’s the major function of osteoclasts?

A

breakdown bone

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12
Q

Osteoclasts resorb bone by secreting
_____________

A

hydrochloric acid, acid proteases and MMPs (matrix metalloproteinases) – digest collagen, dissolve bone matrix

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13
Q

What’s osteoblasts?

A

Mononuclear cells
bone forming cells

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14
Q

Where does osteoblasts originate from ?

A

mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs)

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15
Q

Osteoblasts active on _____surface of bones, form a ______ layer of cells

A

outer surface of bones, form a single layer of cells

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16
Q

osteoblasts produce and deposit ______

A

Produce and deposit osteoid (unmineralized portion of bone matrix)

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17
Q

osteoblasts also produce ____

A

Produce hormones (i.e. prostaglandins), ALP and other matrix proteins

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18
Q

Osteoblasts that become surrounded by this new matrix differentiate into

A

osteocytes

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19
Q

___ is the most abundant bone cells

A

osteocytes

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20
Q

what is osteocytes?

A

transformed osteoblasts or mature bone cells

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21
Q

osteoctyes are located in ____

A

Imprisoned within the mineralized bone matrix (lacuna)

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22
Q

osteocytes have _____

A

dendrites which extend into canaliculi & secrete substances

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23
Q

what’s the function of osteocytes

A

Help to maintain bone by signaling osteoblasts & osteoclasts to form and resorb bone

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24
Q

osteocytes also act as what type of receptors?

A

‘mechanoreceptors’ and can detect mechanical stress on bone, hormonal imbalance

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25
Q

What is the bone composition?

A

35% organic, 65% inorganic, 5% water

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26
Q

what’s the organic materials of bone?

A

Collagen fibers (provide bone strength)
Synthesized & secreted by osteoblasts

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27
Q

what’s the inorganic materials of bone?

A

Calcium, Phosphate minerals

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28
Q

what does proteoglycans do?

A

Strengthen bone, form compression-resistant networks between fibrils
Control transport of calcium in bone

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29
Q

what are the three phases of bone remodelling

A

phase 1. activation
phase 2. resorption
phase 3. formation

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30
Q

what happens in the phase 1 of bone remodelling

A

A stimulus (i.e. physical stressor, increased PTH secretion) activates osteocyte cell death (apoptosis)

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31
Q

what happens phase 2 of bone remodelling

A

osteoclasts gradually digest bone mineral matrix & leave behind a “resorption cavity”

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32
Q

what happens in phase 3 of bone remodelling?

A

the laying down of new bone by osteoblasts which line the walls of the resorption cavity

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33
Q

Successive layers _____ in compact bone are then laid down until the resorption cavity is ____________

A

Successive layers (lamellae) in compact bone are then laid down until the resorption cavity is reduced to a narrow Haversian canal

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34
Q

RANKL is a ________ that is produced by _______

A

RANKL is a transmembrane protein that is produced by osteoblasts

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35
Q

RANKL binds to signalling receptors _____on the surface of ________

A

RANKL binds to receptors RANK on the surface of osteoclasts

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36
Q

When RANKL binds to RANK it activates ________

A

When RANKL binds to RANK it activates osteoclasts and the processes of bone resorption

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37
Q

________ is a cytokine produced by ________ and acts as a ‘decoy receptor’ inhibiting the binding of ________

A

Osteoprotegerin (OPG) is a cytokine produced by osteoblasts and acts as a ‘decoy receptor’ inhibiting the binding of RANKL/RANK

38
Q

two types of bones

A

compact (corticol) bones 85%
spongy bones 15%

39
Q

What’s the basic structure of the compact bone?

A

Haversian system

40
Q

Haversian canal is surrounded by rings of matrix called

A

lamellae

41
Q

Between the matrix ring osteocytes are located in the _____

A

lacunae

42
Q

Canaliculi

A

are small channels that radiate from the lacunae to Haversian canal - provide a passageway through the hard matrix

43
Q

Haversian canal carries _______

A

blood, lymphatic vessel and nerve branches

44
Q

spongy bones does not have ___

A

no Haversian systems - consists of a network of trabeculae

45
Q

Spaces between trabeculae filled with _________

A

red bone marrow (hematopoietic stem cells)

46
Q

What’s periosteum

A

Thin double-layer of connective tissue

47
Q

what’s the function of periosteum?

A

Supplies blood & nutrients to bone

48
Q
A
49
Q

What’s in the outer layer of periosteum

A

Outer layer (Fibrous):
- Blood vessels, nerves, lymphatics
- Blood vessels enter through channels (Volkmann canals)

49
Q

What’s in the inner layer of periosteum?

A

Inner layer (Cellular):
- Lies directly on bone
- Contains osteoblasts that function in both growth & repair

49
Q

Bone classified by shapes (4 types)

A

Long: primarily consist of compact bone
Short (cuboidal): primarily consist of spongy bone
Flat: Thin, flattened, slightly curved
Examples: Cranium,
Irregular: Complex shapes & cannot be classified as above, primarily consist of spongy bone

50
Q

What’s a joint?

A

A joint is where two or more bones come together

51
Q

Structural classification of joints

A
  • Fibrous
    • Cartilaginous
    • Synovia
52
Q

Joints classified by degree of movement

A

Synarthrosis (immoveable)
Amphiarthrosis (slight moveable)
Diarthrosis (Freely moveable)

53
Q

Types of Synovial joint and examples

A

Plane (between tarsal bones of foot)
Hinge (elbow)
Pivot (top of neck)
Condyloid (wrist)
Saddle (thumb)
Ball & socket (shoulder, hip)

54
Q

What’s a joint capsule?

A

Connective tissue that covers the ends of bones where they meet in the joint

55
Q

What’s the out layer of a joint capsule?

A

interlacing bundles of white fibrous tissue

56
Q

What’s the inner layer of a joint capsule?

A

synovial membrane, highly vascular
Supplied with nerves, blood and lymphatic vessels

57
Q

What are the two layers of a synovial membrane

A

vascular layer (subintima)
cellular layer (intima)

58
Q

What’s in the vascular layer of the synovial membrane

A

Fibrous connective tissue, elastin fibers, fat cells, fibroblasts, macrophages & mast cells

59
Q

What are the two types of synovial cells in the cellular layer of the synovial membrane?

A

Type A: Ingest and remove bacteria/debris via phagocytosis
Type B: Secrete hyaluronate (gives synovial fluid its viscous quality)

60
Q

the joint cavity contains____ &______

A

Contains free floating synovial cells & leukocytes

61
Q

what’s the composition of a articulate/hayline cartilage

A

Chondrocytes (cartilage cells) + Intercellular matrix (collagen, protein polysaccharides, water)

62
Q

What’s in the surface, middle, and bottom layer of a articulate cartilage?

A

Surface layer - collagen fibers run parallel to joint surface (compacted into a dense protective mat)
Middle layer - fibers are tangential to surface to absorb force of weight bearing
Bottom layer - fibers are perpendicular to surface to resist shear forces

63
Q

articulate/hyaline cartilage dose not have ___ & __, therefore are ____

A

No blood or lymph vessels or nerves (insensitive to pain; regenerates slowly)

64
Q

What’s a ligament and what’s the function of it?

A

Fibrous tissue which connects bone-to-bone; provide stability to joints

65
Q

What’s a tendon and what’s its function?

A

Tough fibrous connective tissue which connects muscle to bone; withstand tension

66
Q

what are the 3 types of cartilage and their examples?

A

Elastic (outer ear)
Hyaline (wall of trachea)
Fibrous (very strong - intervertebral discs of spine)

67
Q

_______is the protein found in cartilage (gelatin-like, forms the matrix)

A

chondrin

68
Q

there are apprx ___ muscles in the human body

A

600

69
Q

At birth ~ ____of a child’s body weight is muscle mass; steadily increases and constitutes ____of adult weight

A

At birth ~ 25% of a child’s body weight is muscle mass; steadily increases and constitutes 40% of adult weight

70
Q

What’s the composition of muscle?

A

Composed of 75% water, 20% protein, 5% organic/inorganic compounds

71
Q

3 types of muscles and their functions

A

Skeletal muscles: striated, multi-nucleus, voluntary control
Smooth muscles: non striated, single-nucleus, involuntary control
Cardiac muscleS: striated, single nucleus, involuntary control

72
Q

Each skeletal muscle has 3 layers of connective tissue:

A

1.Epimysium: Wraps surface of muscle (below fascia) and extends inwards; Tapers at each end to form tendon
2. Perimysium (middle layer): Continuation of epimysium into muscle, groups muscle fibers into bundles of fascicles
3. Endomysium: Surrounds and wraps each of the fascicles

73
Q

What’s a fascia?

A

Casing of thick connective tissue that surrounds and separates each muscle, holding it in place (over the epimysium)

74
Q

Muscles are composed of ____ and these cells contain chains of ______

A

Muscles are composed of myocytes and these cells contain chains of myofibrils (muscle fibers)

75
Q

actin is ___ filament

A

thin

76
Q

myosin is ___ filament

A

thick

77
Q

____ contains protein tropomyosin and troponin

A

actin (thin filament)

78
Q

____ is the basic contractile unit of myofibril
basic unit of muscle

A

sarcomere

79
Q

what gives muscle its striated appearance?

A

sarcomere

80
Q

Sarcomeres are composed of the proteins (4)

A

actin, myosin, titin, nebulin (actin binding protein)

81
Q

myofibril consist of __ & __

A

actin and myosin

82
Q

calcium are released from ___ during muscle contraction

A

sarcoplasmic reticulum

83
Q

what are the 4 steps of muscle contraction?

A
  1. excitation
  2. coupling
    3, contraction
  3. relaxation
84
Q

what’s troponin?

A

a globular protein located on thin filament; Troponin in presence of calcium promotes actin-myosin activation

85
Q

what happens during coupling?

A

Migration of calcium to myofilaments

86
Q

what’s tropomyosin?

A

a thin filament protein; Blocks binding sites on actin, prevents cross-bridge formation & muscle contraction

87
Q

What happens during cross-bridge formation?

A

cross-bridge formation occurs when calcium ions bind to troponin, causing tropomyosin to move away from the myosin-binding sites on actin, exposing them for myosin heads to bind and initiate muscle contraction.

88
Q

what are sesamoid bones?

A

Sesamoid bones are unique as they develop within tendons rather than from cartilage like long or flat bones.

89
Q

what are pneumatic bones?

A

air spaces within bones

Cardiology (15 decks)

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