hemodynamics

Question 1

in diastole which valves are open

Answer 1

mitral and tricuspid valves (AV valves)

Question 2

___ % of heart’s blood volume flows passively into the ventricles

Answer 2

80%

Question 3

atrial systole adds ___% more to the ventricular blood volume
this is referred to as the” “

Answer 3

20%
atrial kick

Question 4

ventricular systole which valves causes the first heart sound (S1)

Answer 4

closure of the tricuspid and mitral valves

Question 5

which valves causes the second heart sound (S2)

Answer 5

closure of the pulmonic and aortic valves

Question 6

autonomic nervous system has 2 divisions:

Answer 6

SNS and PSNS

Question 7

Sympathetic nerves originate int he spinal cord between ___ and ___

Answer 7

L2 and T1

Question 8

sympathetic nerves supply____

Answer 8

atria and ventricles

Question 9

which neuro-transmitters area released with SNS stimulation

Answer 9

epinephrine and nor-epinephrine

Question 10

Parasympathetic nerves arise from _____

Answer 10

vagal nuclei in the medulla

Question 11

parasympathetic nerves supply

Answer 11

SA nodes, the atrial muscles, the AV node, and only very minimal influence on the HIS-purkinje fibres

Question 12

PSNS effects are ___

Answer 12

supraventricular

Question 13

which neuro-transmitter is released with PSNS (vagal) stimulation

Answer 13

acetylcholine

Question 14

the primary intracellular electrolyte is

Answer 14

K+

Question 15

the primary extracellular electrolytes are

Answer 15

Na+ and Ca++

Question 16

2 main hormones that assist with homeostasis are

Answer 16

aldosterone and ADH

Question 17

aldosterone is secreted by

Answer 17

adrenal cortex

Question 18

aldosterone promotes

Answer 18

retention of Na+ and water

Question 19

ADH (anti-diuretic hormone) is secreted by

Answer 19

posterior pituitary gland

Question 20

ADH causes

Answer 20

decrease in urine volume, increase in urine concentration

Question 21

3 main receptors that assist in cardiac function and homeostasis

Answer 21

osmoreceptors
pressoreceptors
chemoreceptors

Question 22

osmoreceptors detect low osmolarity will cause

Answer 22

decrease in ADH, increase in urine output

Question 23

osmoreceptors detect high osmolarity will cause

Answer 23

increase in ADH, decrease in urine output

Question 24

pressorreceptors are sensitive to changes in

Answer 24

BP, HR and CO

Question 25

increase in BP, HR and CO will cause pressoreceptors to

Answer 25

PSNS stimulation
& decrease in aldosterone, increase in urine output, decrease in BP

Question 26

decrease in BP, HR and CO will cause pressoreceptors to

Answer 26

SNS stimulation
& increase in aldosterone, decrease in urine output, increase in BP

Question 27

chemoreceptors are responsive to

Answer 27

low O2 levels
severe drops in CO and arterial BP

Question 28

drop in CO and low PO2 levels will cause chemoreceptors to

Answer 28

stimulate SNS, release nor-epinephrine and epinephrine to increase HR, cause vasocontriction

Question 29

drop in CO and low PO2 levels will ALSO cause chemoreceptors to

Answer 29

stimulate the respiratory centre to increase O2 intake