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Blood II > Oncology > Flashcards

Oncology Flashcards

1
Q

Oncology

A

Study and Treatment of Cancer
* disease caused by uncontrolled divison of abnormal cells in parts of the body
* abnormal cells fail to die

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2
Q

Classification of Tumors

A
  • Benign vs Malignant
  • Tissue of origin
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3
Q

Cancer Developement

A

Normal cells will have regulated cell division and apoptosis (removes abnormal cells)

Cancer happens when:
* apoptosis is interrupted
* abnormal cells get past and growth continues unchecked
* requires multiple mutations

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4
Q

Apoptosis

A

Death of cells
* normal and controlled part of an organism’s growth or development

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5
Q

Cancer Growth

A
  • Interruption of apoptosis
  • Abnormal loss of cell-to-cell adhesion - cancer cells go anywhere they want
  • Overexpression of growth factors
  • Formation of new blood vessels
  • Evasion of immune system
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6
Q

Benign Cancers

A
  • Grow slowly
  • Encapsulated
  • No metastases
  • Can cause clinical signs if impinging on surrounding tissues
  • Can not differentiate benign neoplasia from hyperplasia without pathology
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7
Q

Malignant Cancer

A
  • Grows rapid
  • Invades and destroys normal tissue
  • Causes inflammation and easily infected
  • Metastasizes through blood and lymphatic vessels
  • Show clinical signs at primary and secondary sites
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8
Q

Paraneoplastic Syndromes

A

Secondary effect from tumors secreting certain chemicals
* hypercalcemia
* hypertension
* low BG

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9
Q

Tumor Staging

A
  • Do in clinic
  • How far and deep a tumor has spread
  • Various diagnostic tests done
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10
Q

Tumor Staging
Diagnostic Tests

A
  • Calipers: size of extenal tumors
  • Radiographs: size of internal tumors / metastasis check
  • Ultrasound: check liver and spleen
  • BW: should be normal unless paraneoplastic syndome present
  • LN Cytology: see if cancer spread to LN
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11
Q

Tumor Grading

A

Score based on certain factors (high grade more aggressive)
* Done through histophathology
* mitotic activity
* vascular or lymphatic invasion
* cellular appearance
* nuclear characteristics

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12
Q

Tumor Classification by Origin

A
  • Estimated by cytology, diagnosed by histology
  • May require certain stains
  • Types are: Epithelial, Mesenchymal, Discrete Round Cell
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13
Q

Epithelial Tumors

A
  • Lines skin, MM, glandular structures
  • Benign = adenoma
  • Malignant = carcinoma / adenocarcinoma
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14
Q

Identify Tumor

A

Epithelial Tumor
* Large round / caudate cells
* Highly cellular samples
* Exfoliate in clumps or sheets
* May have vacuolization if glandular origin

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15
Q

Mesenchymal Cell Tumors

A
  • Come from connective tissues, bone, muscle
  • Differentiate done via histology
  • -oma vs -sarcoma
  • Locally invasive
  • Variable metastssis rate
  • Surgery recommended
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16
Q

Identify Tumor

A

Mesenchymal Cell Tumors
* small / medium spindle shaped cells
* low cellularity (cluster / high number is severe)
* exfoliate singly

17
Q

Hemangiosarcoma

A
  • Mesenchymal Cell Tumor
  • Affects spleen, heart, and liver (mainly in lg breed dogs)
  • High metastatic rate
  • Surgery + Chemo
18
Q

Osteosarcoma

A
  • Mesenchymal Cell Tumor
  • Affects limb bones of large breed dogs
  • High metastatic rate
  • Surgery + Chemo
  • If only amputation, high death rate within 1 year
19
Q

Melanoma

A
  • Mesenchymal Cell Tumor
  • Benign: small, slow-growing, hairless and dark
  • Malignant: large, dome-shaped, varying pigment (oral and toe more malignant)
  • Early metastasis
  • Surgery, Radiation +/- Chemo
20
Q

Identify Tumor
(general)

A

Discrete Round Cell Tumors
* Small / medium round cells
* Highly cellular sample
* Do not exfoliate in clumps or clusters

21
Q

Identify Tumor

A

Histiocytoma
* Discrete Round Cell Tumor
* See in young dogs (<4)
* Benign, fast growing
* Solitary, button-like pink nodules
* May randomly disappear in 3 months

22
Q

Identify Tumor

A

Plasma Cell Tumor
* Discrete Round Cell Tumors
* Benign: plasmacytomas (look like histiocytomas)
* Malignant: multiple myeloma (affects BM)
* Golgi apparatus in cytoplasm
* More likely to have multi-nucleation (despite being benign)

23
Q

Identify Tumor

A

Mast Cell Tumor
* Discrete Round Cell Tumors
* Mimic appearace of other tumors
* Contain histamine, heparin, serotonin
* Degranulation (give antihistamine before poking)
* Avoid morphine (causes histamine release)
* Dogs: need histopathology to determine grade
* Cats: generally benign (remove only if bothers)
* Remove with wide margins + chemo

24
Q

Lymphoma

A
  • Discreet Round Cell Tumor
  • Always malignant
  • Mainly lymphoblasts
  • Dogs: multicentrical (multiple LN involved)
  • Cats: intestinal
  • Chemo and Steroids
25
Identify Tumor
Transmissible Venereal Tumor * Discrete Round Cell Tumor * On base of penis, prepuce or vulva only in dogs * Associated with breeding * Chemo +/- surgery
26
Hematoma / Seroma
* Non-malignant mass * SQ accumulation of blood * Numerous RBC (phagocytosized) * Few neutrophils and macrophages * Iron pigment and crystals may be seen * No platelets unless hemorrhage active
27
Non-malignant Mass
**Inclusion Cysts** * Abundant of mature cornified squamous cells * Background of keratin and cellular debris
28
Non-Malignant Mass
**Salivary Mucocoele** * Benign accumulation of saliva * Thick fluid * Windrowing of cells * Moderate amount of WBC * Few macrophages (vaculated; dark cytoplasm) * Few neutrophils
29
Cancer Staging
Histology tumor appearance and grade determine which staging tests to do * location and type * size and borders * involvement of regional LN * presence or absence of metastasis / number of tumors
30
Cancer Therapy
* Primary Goal: maintain good QoL * Secondary Goal: prolong life * Do via Surgery, Radiation, or Chemo
31
Surgery for Cancer
Most likely to provide long-term results * best for solitary masses that have not metastasized * normal surgical risks * depending on type of tumor, chemo +/- radiation may be needed post surgery
32
Radiation for Cancer
High energy waves to kill cancer cells * external beam radiation - patient not radioactive after
33
Curative Radiation
Delivered in several small fractions over several months
34
Palliative Radiation
Delivered in larger, less frequent fractions * reduces pain and improves QoL
35
Radiation Therapy Issues
* Acute Radiation Toxicity * Severe Reactions (rare) * Chronic Changes (pigment changes, alopecia)
36
Acute Radiation Toxicity
* Occurs during treatment; goes away after * Effects of radiation on normal cells within treatment area * Skin reactions: hair loss, dermatitis
37
Chemotherapy for Cancer
Use of medications or drugs to treat cancer * metronomic therapy: continuous or frequent low doses of chemotherapy
38
Traditional Chemotherapy
* Stops cell proliferation, alters DNA * Targets metabolically active, rapidly dividing cells - this may include those that are also not cancerous * Chemotherapy-induced neutropenia

Blood II (13 decks)

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