Final 2639L Flashcards
1
Q
A
Stomatocyte
* coffee bean look
* cell folded
* usually seen with hypochromasia
2
Q
A
Acanthocytes
* uneven distributions
* see with hemolytic anemia, liver disease, hemangiosarcoma, or DIC
3
Q
A
Eccentrocyte
* hemoglobin concentrated to one side of cell
* oxidative injury of RBC
* Dog: zinc or onion toxicity
* Cat: tylenol, lymphoma, diabetes, hyperthyroid
4
Q
A
Avian Eosinophil
* Round cell, light blue cytoplasm
* Granule size varies with species, but will be uniform within same patient
* Granules brighter than heterophils
5
Q
A
Avian Heterophil
* Correspond to neutrophils
* Most common WBC in birds
* Round cell, colorless cytoplasm
* Brick red / rod shaped granules
* 2-3 lobed nucleus
6
Q
A
Promyelocyte
* WBC series
* 2nd in line
* large nucleus
* nucleoli may be present
* pink/red granules noted
7
Q
A
Prorubricyte
* RBC series
* 2nd in series
* nuclear material dense and clumped
* basophilic cytoplasm
8
Q
A
Multinucleation
* multiple nuclei within cell
9
Q
A
Barr Cell - Knizocyte
10
Q
A
Megakaryocyte
* platelet series
* multiple condensed nuclei
* large size
* not counted in M:E ratio
11
Q
A
Avian Basophil
* Small round cell
* Centrally located nucleus
* Nucleus often hidden by granules
* Granules are deeply basophilic
* Cytoplasm (if seen) is colorless to light purple/red
12
Q
A
Starfish Smear
* doesn’t damage fragile cells
* can have thick, unreadable areas
13
Q
A
Myelocyte
* WBC series
* 3rd in line
* greater nucleus-to-cytoplasm ratio
* granules throughout cytoplasm
* where distinction of E, N, B
14
Q
A
Spherocytes
* lack central pallor
* macrophages partially eating antibody coating on cell
* see in IMHA
15
Q
A
Compression Smear
* do not apply downward pressure - can lead to ruptured cells
16
Q
A
Metamyelocyte
* granules present in cytoplasm
* nucleus indented or “kidney-bean” shape
* nucleus smaller than before
* cytoplasm a lighter blue
17
Q
A
Schistocytes
* fragments of RBCs sheared from intravascular trauma
* see with DIC
18
Q
A
Rubriblast
* RBC series
* most immature
* large cell with large nucleus
* multiple nucleoli
* basophilic cytoplasm
* possible mitotic figures
19
Q
A
Howell-Jolly Bodies
* nuclear remnant inside RBC
* sign of regeneration
* if no reticulocytes seen, consider macrophage dysfunction (splenic)
20
Q
A
Metarubricyte
* RBC series
* also called nRBCs
21
Q
A
Rubricyte
* RBC series
* 3rd in line
* hemoglobin being produced
* polychromatophilic
* blue/pink cytoplasm
22
Q
A
Myeloblasts
* WBC steries
* most immature
* multiple nucleoli
* large nucleus
* scant cytoplasm
23
Q
A
Line Smear
* similar to blood, but lift straight up at the end
* best if sample has low cellularity
* line will be very cellular
24
Q
A
Echinocytes
* even distributions
* caused by crenation or too much EDTA
* sign of renal disease
25
Modified Compression Smear
* less tendency to rupture cells
26
Keratocyte
* blister cells
* caused by oxidative injury to cell or intravascular trauma
* see with liver disease
27
Thrombocytes
* do not call them platelets in birds
28
Heinz Bodies
* oxidation and denaturation of hemoglobin in RBC
* common in cats
* caused by ingestion of onions, tylenol, and certain drugs
29
Classify Aspirate
Lymphoblastic Leukemia
* lymphoblasts present
30
Aging Neutrophils
| Neutrophil Morphology Change
* Hypersegmented
* Pyknotic
31
Anisocytosis
* Abnormal variation in RBC size
* Slight, Moderate, or Marked
32
Identify Nuclear
Abnormality
Anisokaryosis
* variable nuclear size
33
Avian Monocytes
* Largest WBC
* Irregular cell size
* Bilobed or round nucleus
* Blue grey cytoplasm; granular appearance
* +/- vacuoles
34
Benign Neoplasia
* Cant differentiate between this and hyperplasia
* No criteria of malignancy
* Increased number of cells - uniform appearance
35
Canine Blood Types
8 Blood Groups
* DEA 1-8
* DEA 1.1 and 1.2 are major antigens
* DEA 1.1 universal
36
Canine Blood Types
DEA 1.1 and 1.2
* Can be either negative for both or positive for one or the other (but not both)
* Negatives do not have natural antibodies - acute hemolytic reaction if mixed with Positives
* First transfusion ok to do without crossmatch, but antibodies will become known after
37
Description of nucleus
Coarse Chromatin Pattern
* will appear ropy or cordlike
* multiple variations of color within nucleus
38
Criteria of Malignancy
Exceptions
Rule does not apply if
* inflammation if present
* only a few cells display malignancy
Histopathology required to verify
39
Crossmatch Procedure
"Control" Combo
Performed with Recipient blood to check for auto-agglutination (may indicate auto-immune disease)
* 2 parts Recipient plasma
* 1 part Recipient cells (RBC suspension)
40
Crossmatch Procedure
"Major" Combo
* 2 parts Recipient plasma
* 1 part Donor cells (RBC suspension)
41
Crossmatch Procedure
"Minor" Combo
* 2 parts Donor plasma
* 1 part Recipient cells (RBC suspension)
42
Crossmatching Procedure
Perform if been longer than 4-7 days since last crossmatch
* collect blood from both D and R into EDTA tubes
* centrifuge for 5 minutes to separate plasma from packed RBCs
* transfer plasma from each into new tubes
* "wash" packed RBCs with saline 3 times
* make RBC suspension (1 drop RBC : 20 drops saline)
* make Major, Minor, and Control tubes
* incubate for 15-30 minutes
* centrifuge briefly
* examine tubes for hemolysis and macro agglutination
* make slide and examine for micro agglutination
43
Cytology
Study of cells
* looks at a SINGLE cell
* cytopathology = study of diseased cells
* differentiate between inflammation and neoplasia (cancer)
44
Cytology Advantages
* Non-invasive
* Inexpensive
* Out-patient procedure
* Rapid results (1-2 days)
45
Cytology Disadvantages
* Only used as a screening tool - not to be a diffinitive diagnostic
* Can produce false negatives
46
Determine Time of Breeding
* Serum levels of P4 and LH
* Microscopic evaluation of vaginal cells
47
Dysplasia
* Step above hyperplasia
* Cells starting to show signs of malignancy, but not enough to call it cancer
48
Effusion
Accumulation of fluid within anatomic space
* pleural: thorax
* peritoneal/ascites: abdomen
* pericardial: heart
49
Effusion Analysis
* Protein content
* TNCC
* Types of cells present
(inflammatory vs neoplastic)
50
# Inflammation
Eosinophilic
Consists of increased neutrophils and >10% eosinophils of TNCC
* see with parasitic or neoplasitc disorders
51
Epithelial Tumors
* Lines skin, MM, glandular structures
* Benign = adenoma
* Malignant = carcinoma / adenocarcinoma
52
Erythroid Series
Characteristics
* Darker basophilic blue cytoplasm
* Circular nucleus
53
Estrogen
* Rises early in proestrus
* Peaks prior to estrus
* Declines in estrus
* Suppresses LH release
54
Estrous Cycle Stages
(in order)
* Proestrus
* Estrus
* Diestrus
* Anestrus
55
Exudate
Basic
* High Protein
* High TNCC
56
Exudate
* Variable amount
* Turbid, white or slightly yellow
* Protein: >3 g/dL
* TNCC: >7000 /uL
* Neutrophils, macrophages, lymphocytes, eosinophils
* See with inflammation response - increasing permeability of capillaries (infection, necrosis)
57
Feline Blood Types
1 Blood Group
* A
* B
* AB
58
Feline Blood Types
Crossmatching
Always crossmatch before transfusion, even first round
* anti-antibodies in both types A and B blood can result in illness / death
* type AB can get type AB or Type A blood (type B has too high of antibodies)
* type A getting type B blood = mild reaction
* type B getting type A blood = severe reaction +/- death
59
Feline Blood Types
Antibodies
* Type B has anti-A antibodies
* Type A has anti-B antibodies
* Type AB has no antibodies
60
Feline Blood Types
How Common
**A**
* most common of domestics
**B**
* most common with exotic breeds
**AB**
* Uncommon
* Universal recipient
61
Fine Needle Biopsy Collection
* Get fewer cells
* Avoides superficial contamination
* Aspirate vs Nonaspirate
62
FNA Collection
DONT's
* Avoid excess pressure on syringe and when transfering cells to slide
* Don't ship slides in same box with formalin - can change cells
* Careful to not make slides too thick
* Needs to completely air dry before staining
63
FNA Failures
(why might they not turn out)
* Poorly exfoliative tissue (don't get good cells)
* Hemorrhage association
* Cells ruptured
* Pre-existing necrosis / inflammation
* Improper handling
* Localized and aspirated wrong area
64
Follicle Stimulating Hormone
(FSH)
* Hormone of anestrus
* Promotes growth of follicles in ovary
* Required for production of estrogen; triggers next stage
65
# Inflammation
Granulomatous or Pyogranulomatous
Consists of >15% macrophages of TNCC
* common for fungal and parasitic infections
66
Hemangiosarcoma
* Mesenchymal Cell Tumor
* Affects spleen, heart, and liver (mainly in lg breed dogs)
* High metastatic rate
* Surgery + Chemo
67
High Power BM Exam
* Percentage of erythroid and myeloid cells (M:E ratio)
* Evalutes for hemosiderin
* Describe morphology
68
Histology
Study of tissue struction
* cells in relation to neighboring cells
* histopathology = study of diseased tissue
69
Hyperplasia
Non-neoplastic enlargement of tissue
* step up from normal
* overproduction of a cell type
70
Identify Cell
Mott Cell
* "plasma cell on steroids"
* filled with immuno-globulins
* creates vacuoles
71
Identify Cell
Macrophage
* monocytes in blood, macrophages in tissue
* round / oval nucleus
* may have nucleolus
* light blue, usually vacuolated cytoplasm
* eat debris from surroundings and other cells; may see this or microorganisms within cell
72
Identify Cell
Mesothelial Cell
* lines the body cavities
* large cells
73
Identify Cell
Osteoclasts
* normal in BM
* break down bone
* giant cells
* multinucleated
74
Identify Cell
Osteoblasts
* normal in BM
* create bone
75
Identify Cell
(BM)
Mast Cell
* very low number in BM
* round cells
* round central nucleus
* small purple granules fill cytoplasm - may hide nucleus
76
Identify Cell
Hemosiderin
* iron pigment
* shows up as black granules with Romanowsky Stains
* prussian blue stain best to identify
* in macrophages and as free cells
* cats: not identifiable
* dogs: diseased or absent is significant
77
Identify Estrous Stage
**Estrus**
* "in heat"
* discharge becomes whiter as stage progresses
* lasts 9 days
* cornified squamous epithelial cells; usually anuclear
* neutrophils gone (increase at end)
* small amount of RBCs (decrease at end)
78
Identify Estrous Stage
**Diestrus**
* decreased swelling and discharge
* lasts 2-3 months
* parabasal and intermediate cells
* neutrophils increase initially, then decrease
* bacteria may be present
* no RBCs
79
Identify Estrous Stage
**Early Proestrus**
* high number of RBCs
* parabasal epithelial cells
* neutrophils
80
Identify Estrous Stage
**Late Proestrus**
* nearly all epithelial cells are intermediate cells
* RBCs and neutrophils present, but less
81
Identify Tumor
Transmissible Venereal Tumor
* Discrete Round Cell Tumor
* On base of penis, prepuce or vulva only in dogs
* Associated with breeding
* Chemo +/- surgery
82
Identify Tumor
(general)
Discrete Round Cell Tumors
* Small / medium round cells
* Highly cellular sample
* Do not exfoliate in clumps or clusters
83
Identify Tumor
Histiocytoma
* Discrete Round Cell Tumor
* See in young dogs (<4)
* Benign, fast growing
* Solitary, button-like pink nodules
* May randomly disappear in 3 months
84
Identify Tumor
Plasma Cell Tumor
* Discrete Round Cell Tumors
* Benign: plasmacytomas (look like histiocytomas)
* Malignant: multiple myeloma (affects BM)
* Golgi apparatus in cytoplasm
* More likely to have multi-nucleation (despite being benign)
85
Identify Tumor
(Basic)
Epithelial Tumor
* Large round / caudate cells
* Highly cellular samples
* Exfoliate in clumps or sheets
* May have vacuolization if glandular origin
86
Identify Tumor
(Basic)
Mesenchymal Cell Tumors
* small / medium spindle shaped cells
* low cellularity (cluster / high number is severe)
* exfoliate singly
* come from connective tissues, bone, muscle
* differentiate done via histology
* -oma vs -sarcoma
* locally invasive
* variable metastasis rate
* surgery recommended
87
Identify Tumor
Mast Cell Tumor
* Discrete Round Cell Tumors
* Mimic appearace of other tumors
* Contain histamine, heparin, serotonin
* Degranulation (give antihistamine before poking)
* Avoid morphine (causes histamine release)
* Dogs: need histopathology to determine grade
* Cats: generally benign (remove only if bothers)
* Remove with wide margins + chemo
88
Imprint Collection
* Easy to collect
* Collects few cells and more contaminants
* Infection and inflammation may mask neoplasia
89
Abnormal Nuclear Activity
Increased Mitotic Activity
* cells are rapidly dividing
* not seen in normal tissue
90
Inflammation
Normal response to tissue damage and microorganisms
* see neutrophils and macrophages (sometimes lymphocytes and eosinophils)
91
Inflammation Types
* Suppurative (purulent)
* Granulomatous
* Pyogranulomatous
* Eosinophilic
92
Inflammatory Changes
Degeneration of Leukocytes
* karyolysis
* karyorrhexis
* pyknosis
Presence of bacteria (septic)
93
Classify Aspirate
Inflammatory Leukogram
* almost all cells are myeloid precursors and neutrophils
94
Identify Cell
Abnormality
Karyolysis
* Swollen nucleus with reduced staining
* Rapid cell death
95
Identify Cell
Abnormality
Karyorrhexis
* Fragmented nucleus
* Breaks up into individual segments/blobs
96
Leptocytes
* Large cells with thin membrane and fold easily
* Target cells - codocytes
* Barr cells - knizocytes
* Sign of liver disease
* Report as either target or barr cells
97
Low Power BM Exam
Acellular vs Hypercellular vs Hypocellular
Look for megakaryocytes
* may be at edge of slide
* 2-10 /LPF normal
* not evenly distributed
* determines if platelets are normal or not
98
Luteinizing Hormone
(LH)
* LH surge starts estrus
* Surge causes ovulation in about 2 days
* Turns follicle into corpus luteum (CL) - secretes progesterone
99
Lymph Node Aspirates
If enlarged, need to do a FNA to diagnose
* reactivity - hyperplasia or inflammation
* neoplasia - primary or metastatic
100
Lymphoma
* Discreet Round Cell Tumor
* Always malignant
* Mainly lymphoblasts
* Dogs: multicentrical (multiple LN involved)
* Cats: intestinal
* Chemo and Steroids
101
M:E Ratio
Classify 500 cells
* erythroid: 80-90% rubricytes and metarubricytes
* myeloid: 80-90% metamyelocytes, bands, and segs
Normal = 0.75:1 and 2:1 (use 1:1 for class)
102
Malignant Neoplasia
(8)
Have at least 3 signs of malignancy
* anisokaryosis
* pleomorphism
* high / variable C:N ratio
* increased mitotic activity
* nucleoli
* coarse chromatin pattern
* nuclear molding
* multinucleation
103
Melanoma
* Mesenchymal Cell Tumor
* Benign: small, slow-growing, hairless and dark
* Malignant: large, dome-shaped, varying pigment (oral and toe more malignant)
* Early metastasis
* Surgery, Radiation +/- Chemo
104
Modified Transudate
* Variable amount
* Variable color, usually clear
* Protein: 2.5-7 g/dL
* TNCC: 1000-7000 /uL
* Mostly lymphocytes, some mesothelial cells, non-degenerate neutrophils
* See with chylous or lymphatic effusions
105
Modified Transudate
Basic
* High Protein
* Low-Mod TNCC
106
Myeloid Series
* Lighter lavender color cytoplasm
* Nucleus amoeboid shape
107
Neoplasia
Homogenous population of cells of the same origin
* can have mixed populations (cancer with inflamation)
* classify by cell type (origin) and their malignancy characteristics
108
Neutrophil Morphology Change
* Non-septic inflammation
* Aging neutrophils
* Septic inflammation
109
Non-septic Inflammation
| Neutrophil Morphology Change
* Fairly normal appearance
* Inflammation without bacteria
110
Normal Fluid
* Hard to get due to being scant amounts
* Colorless / Clear / Odorless
* Protein: <2.5 g/dL
* TNCC: <3000 /uL
* Mix of macrophages, lymphocytes, and mesothelial cells
111
Nuclear Hypersegmentation
* Nucleus with >5 segments
* Caused by aging of neutrophil - stress or prolonged storage
* Report only if seeing lots
112
Nuclear Molding
* deformation of nucleus by other nuclei within cell or from one in an adjacent cell
113
Osteosarcoma
* Mesenchymal Cell Tumor
* Affects limb bones of large breed dogs
* High metastatic rate
* Surgery + Chemo
* If only amputation, high death rate within 1 year
114
Ovulation
* Ova not mature upon ovulation
* Takes 2-3 days to mature
* Peak fertilization after LH surge is 4-6 days after
115
Identify Cell
Plasma Cells
* Similar to small lymphocytes
* Nuclear chromatin more dense
* Cytoplasm is blue and abundant
* Golgi apparatus (perinuclear clear zone)
116
Polychromasia
* Variation in cell colors
* Immature RBC stains blue
* Slight, Moderate, or Marked
117
Proestrus
* bloody discharge
* swollen vulva (estrogen)
* males attracted, but can't breed
* lasts 9 days
* early vs late
118
Progesterone
Hormone that helps maintain pregnancy
* levels begin to rise after LH surge
* more produced after CL formed (secreted)
* continues to rise and peaks 2-4 days
* rapid declines right before whelping (occurs within 24 hours)
119
Punch Biopsy
* Come in various sizes
* Easy and rapid use
* Rotate in one direction to avoid shearing
120
Identify Cell
Abnormality
Pyknosis
* Small, condensed nucleus
* Stains darkly
* Slow cell death
121
Reading Bone Marrow Smears
* Do peripheral blood smear at same time
* Start on Low Power - gives overall cellularity
* Fat does not stain (will look like vacuoles)
* High Power gives M:E ratio
122
Scraping Collection
* Collects many cells
* More difficult to collect
* Only collects superficial cells
* Infection and inflammation may mask neoplasia
123
Septic Inflammation
| Neutrophil Morphology Change
* Bacterial infection along with inflammation
* Neutrophils dying quickly
* Karyolysis
124
Signs of Regeneration
* Nucleated RBCs
* Anisocytosis
* Polychromasia
* HJB
125
# Inflammation
Suppurative (purulent)
Consists of >85% neutrophils of the TNCC
126
Time of Breeding
Cytology
Start cytology a few days after signs of vaginal bleeding
* breed when >50% of cells are cornified
* breed EOD until diestrus, or when females stop allowing males
127
Tissue Biopsy
Sampling of tissue for exam
* wedge vs punch
* technique depends on accessibility, tissue itself, and the location
* want to have both normal and abnormal tissue
128
TNCC
Can do either automated or manual method
* count and differentiate 100 nucleated cells
* nucleated cells: leukocytes and mesothelial cells
129
Toxic Change
| Appearance
* Neutrophil with basophilic cytoplasm
* Dohle bodies
* "Foaminess"
* Vacuoles
130
Toxic Change Cause
* Inflammation
* Infection (bacterial)
* Drug toxicity
131
Transudate
* Large amount (of normal fluid)
* Clear / Colorless or Red-tinged
* Protein: <2.5 g/dL
* TNCC: <1500 /uL
* Mix of macrophages, lymphocytes, mesothelial cells (normal or reactive)
* Happens when blocked blood flow or lymphatic chanel; low protein or pressure
132
Transudate
Basic
* Low Protein
* Low TNCC
133
Types of Fluids
* Transudate
* Modified Transudate
* Exudate
134
Wedge Biopsy
* Obtain with a scalpel
* Excisional: entire lession removed with a bit of normal area
* Incisional: partial piece with a transition zone
135
What is this from?
Normal or Not?
Normal Lymph Node
* small mature lymphocytes are 3/4th TNCC
* small numbers of immature lymphocytes, lymphoblasts, and macrophages
* occasional plasma cells
* tell it is lymph tissue by the lymphoglandular bodies - small cytoplasmic fragments in background
136
Horse Eosinophil
137
Horse Basophil
138
Horse Neutrophil
139
Horse Monocyte
140
Horse Lymphocyte
141
Horse
WBC
Neutrophils and Lymphocytes most common
142
Cow
WBC
Lymphocytes outnumber neutrophils
143
Cow Eosinophil
144
Cow Basophil
145
Cow Neutrophil
146
Cow Lymphocyte
147
Cow Monocyte
148
Goat (Caprine)
RBC Morphology
* Smallest RBCs of domestic species
149
Goat (Caprine)
WBC
Lymphocytes outnumber neutrophils
150
Sheep
WBC
Lymphocytes outnumber Segmented Neutrophils
