Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Blood II > Final 2639L > Flashcards

Final 2639L Flashcards

1
Q
A

Stomatocyte
* coffee bean look
* cell folded
* usually seen with hypochromasia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q
A

Acanthocytes
* uneven distributions
* see with hemolytic anemia, liver disease, hemangiosarcoma, or DIC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q
A

Eccentrocyte
* hemoglobin concentrated to one side of cell
* oxidative injury of RBC
* Dog: zinc or onion toxicity
* Cat: tylenol, lymphoma, diabetes, hyperthyroid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q
A

Avian Eosinophil
* Round cell, light blue cytoplasm
* Granule size varies with species, but will be uniform within same patient
* Granules brighter than heterophils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q
A

Avian Heterophil
* Correspond to neutrophils
* Most common WBC in birds
* Round cell, colorless cytoplasm
* Brick red / rod shaped granules
* 2-3 lobed nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q
A

Promyelocyte
* WBC series
* 2nd in line
* large nucleus
* nucleoli may be present
* pink/red granules noted

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q
A

Prorubricyte
* RBC series
* 2nd in series
* nuclear material dense and clumped
* basophilic cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q
A

Multinucleation
* multiple nuclei within cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q
A

Barr Cell - Knizocyte

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q
A

Megakaryocyte
* platelet series
* multiple condensed nuclei
* large size
* not counted in M:E ratio

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q
A

Avian Basophil
* Small round cell
* Centrally located nucleus
* Nucleus often hidden by granules
* Granules are deeply basophilic
* Cytoplasm (if seen) is colorless to light purple/red

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q
A

Starfish Smear
* doesn’t damage fragile cells
* can have thick, unreadable areas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q
A

Myelocyte
* WBC series
* 3rd in line
* greater nucleus-to-cytoplasm ratio
* granules throughout cytoplasm
* where distinction of E, N, B

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q
A

Spherocytes
* lack central pallor
* macrophages partially eating antibody coating on cell
* see in IMHA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q
A

Compression Smear
* do not apply downward pressure - can lead to ruptured cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q
A

Metamyelocyte
* granules present in cytoplasm
* nucleus indented or “kidney-bean” shape
* nucleus smaller than before
* cytoplasm a lighter blue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q
A

Schistocytes
* fragments of RBCs sheared from intravascular trauma
* see with DIC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q
A

Rubriblast
* RBC series
* most immature
* large cell with large nucleus
* multiple nucleoli
* basophilic cytoplasm
* possible mitotic figures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q
A

Howell-Jolly Bodies
* nuclear remnant inside RBC
* sign of regeneration
* if no reticulocytes seen, consider macrophage dysfunction (splenic)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q
A

Metarubricyte
* RBC series
* also called nRBCs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q
A

Rubricyte
* RBC series
* 3rd in line
* hemoglobin being produced
* polychromatophilic
* blue/pink cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q
A

Myeloblasts
* WBC steries
* most immature
* multiple nucleoli
* large nucleus
* scant cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q
A

Line Smear
* similar to blood, but lift straight up at the end
* best if sample has low cellularity
* line will be very cellular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q
A

Echinocytes
* even distributions
* caused by crenation or too much EDTA
* sign of renal disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q
A

Modified Compression Smear
* less tendency to rupture cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q
A

Keratocyte
* blister cells
* caused by oxidative injury to cell or intravascular trauma
* see with liver disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q
A

Thrombocytes
* do not call them platelets in birds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q
A

Heinz Bodies
* oxidation and denaturation of hemoglobin in RBC
* common in cats
* caused by ingestion of onions, tylenol, and certain drugs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Classify Aspirate

A

Lymphoblastic Leukemia
* lymphoblasts present

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Aging Neutrophils

Neutrophil Morphology Change

A
  • Hypersegmented
  • Pyknotic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Anisocytosis

A
  • Abnormal variation in RBC size
  • Slight, Moderate, or Marked
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Identify Nuclear
Abnormality

A

Anisokaryosis
* variable nuclear size

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Avian Monocytes

A
  • Largest WBC
  • Irregular cell size
  • Bilobed or round nucleus
  • Blue grey cytoplasm; granular appearance
  • +/- vacuoles
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Benign Neoplasia

A
  • Cant differentiate between this and hyperplasia
  • No criteria of malignancy
  • Increased number of cells - uniform appearance
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Canine Blood Types

A

8 Blood Groups
* DEA 1-8
* DEA 1.1 and 1.2 are major antigens
* DEA 1.1 universal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Canine Blood Types
DEA 1.1 and 1.2

A
  • Can be either negative for both or positive for one or the other (but not both)
  • Negatives do not have natural antibodies - acute hemolytic reaction if mixed with Positives
  • First transfusion ok to do without crossmatch, but antibodies will become known after
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Description of nucleus

A

Coarse Chromatin Pattern
* will appear ropy or cordlike
* multiple variations of color within nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Criteria of Malignancy
Exceptions

A

Rule does not apply if
* inflammation if present
* only a few cells display malignancy

Histopathology required to verify

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Crossmatch Procedure
“Control” Combo

A

Performed with Recipient blood to check for auto-agglutination (may indicate auto-immune disease)
* 2 parts Recipient plasma
* 1 part Recipient cells (RBC suspension)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Crossmatch Procedure
“Major” Combo

A
  • 2 parts Recipient plasma
  • 1 part Donor cells (RBC suspension)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Crossmatch Procedure
“Minor” Combo

A
  • 2 parts Donor plasma
  • 1 part Recipient cells (RBC suspension)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Crossmatching Procedure

A

Perform if been longer than 4-7 days since last crossmatch
* collect blood from both D and R into EDTA tubes
* centrifuge for 5 minutes to separate plasma from packed RBCs
* transfer plasma from each into new tubes
* “wash” packed RBCs with saline 3 times
* make RBC suspension (1 drop RBC : 20 drops saline)
* make Major, Minor, and Control tubes
* incubate for 15-30 minutes
* centrifuge briefly
* examine tubes for hemolysis and macro agglutination
* make slide and examine for micro agglutination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Cytology

A

Study of cells
* looks at a SINGLE cell
* cytopathology = study of diseased cells
* differentiate between inflammation and neoplasia (cancer)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Cytology Advantages

A
  • Non-invasive
  • Inexpensive
  • Out-patient procedure
  • Rapid results (1-2 days)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Cytology Disadvantages

A
  • Only used as a screening tool - not to be a diffinitive diagnostic
  • Can produce false negatives
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Determine Time of Breeding

A
  • Serum levels of P4 and LH
  • Microscopic evaluation of vaginal cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Dysplasia

A
  • Step above hyperplasia
  • Cells starting to show signs of malignancy, but not enough to call it cancer
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Effusion

A

Accumulation of fluid within anatomic space
* pleural: thorax
* peritoneal/ascites: abdomen
* pericardial: heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Effusion Analysis

A
  • Protein content
  • TNCC
  • Types of cells present
    (inflammatory vs neoplastic)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Inflammation

Eosinophilic

A

Consists of increased neutrophils and >10% eosinophils of TNCC
* see with parasitic or neoplasitc disorders

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Epithelial Tumors

A
  • Lines skin, MM, glandular structures
  • Benign = adenoma
  • Malignant = carcinoma / adenocarcinoma
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Erythroid Series
Characteristics

A
  • Darker basophilic blue cytoplasm
  • Circular nucleus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Estrogen

A
  • Rises early in proestrus
  • Peaks prior to estrus
  • Declines in estrus
  • Suppresses LH release
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Estrous Cycle Stages
(in order)

A
  • Proestrus
  • Estrus
  • Diestrus
  • Anestrus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Exudate
Basic

A
  • High Protein
  • High TNCC
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Exudate

A
  • Variable amount
  • Turbid, white or slightly yellow
  • Protein: >3 g/dL
  • TNCC: >7000 /uL
  • Neutrophils, macrophages, lymphocytes, eosinophils
  • See with inflammation response - increasing permeability of capillaries (infection, necrosis)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Feline Blood Types

A

1 Blood Group
* A
* B
* AB

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

Feline Blood Types
Crossmatching

A

Always crossmatch before transfusion, even first round
* anti-antibodies in both types A and B blood can result in illness / death
* type AB can get type AB or Type A blood (type B has too high of antibodies)
* type A getting type B blood = mild reaction
* type B getting type A blood = severe reaction +/- death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

Feline Blood Types
Antibodies

A
  • Type B has anti-A antibodies
  • Type A has anti-B antibodies
  • Type AB has no antibodies
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

Feline Blood Types
How Common

A

A
* most common of domestics

B
* most common with exotic breeds

AB
* Uncommon
* Universal recipient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

Fine Needle Biopsy Collection

A
  • Get fewer cells
  • Avoides superficial contamination
  • Aspirate vs Nonaspirate
62
Q

FNA Collection
DONT’s

A
  • Avoid excess pressure on syringe and when transfering cells to slide
  • Don’t ship slides in same box with formalin - can change cells
  • Careful to not make slides too thick
  • Needs to completely air dry before staining
63
Q

FNA Failures
(why might they not turn out)

A
  • Poorly exfoliative tissue (don’t get good cells)
  • Hemorrhage association
  • Cells ruptured
  • Pre-existing necrosis / inflammation
  • Improper handling
  • Localized and aspirated wrong area
64
Q

Follicle Stimulating Hormone
(FSH)

A
  • Hormone of anestrus
  • Promotes growth of follicles in ovary
  • Required for production of estrogen; triggers next stage
65
Q

Inflammation

Granulomatous or Pyogranulomatous

A

Consists of >15% macrophages of TNCC
* common for fungal and parasitic infections

66
Q

Hemangiosarcoma

A
  • Mesenchymal Cell Tumor
  • Affects spleen, heart, and liver (mainly in lg breed dogs)
  • High metastatic rate
  • Surgery + Chemo
67
Q

High Power BM Exam

A
  • Percentage of erythroid and myeloid cells (M:E ratio)
  • Evalutes for hemosiderin
  • Describe morphology
68
Q

Histology

A

Study of tissue struction
* cells in relation to neighboring cells
* histopathology = study of diseased tissue

69
Q

Hyperplasia

A

Non-neoplastic enlargement of tissue
* step up from normal
* overproduction of a cell type

70
Q

Identify Cell

A

Mott Cell
* “plasma cell on steroids”
* filled with immuno-globulins
* creates vacuoles

71
Q

Identify Cell

A

Macrophage
* monocytes in blood, macrophages in tissue
* round / oval nucleus
* may have nucleolus
* light blue, usually vacuolated cytoplasm
* eat debris from surroundings and other cells; may see this or microorganisms within cell

72
Q

Identify Cell

A

Mesothelial Cell
* lines the body cavities
* large cells

73
Q

Identify Cell

A

Osteoclasts
* normal in BM
* break down bone
* giant cells
* multinucleated

74
Q

Identify Cell

A

Osteoblasts
* normal in BM
* create bone

75
Q

Identify Cell
(BM)

A

Mast Cell
* very low number in BM
* round cells
* round central nucleus
* small purple granules fill cytoplasm - may hide nucleus

76
Q

Identify Cell

A

Hemosiderin
* iron pigment
* shows up as black granules with Romanowsky Stains
* prussian blue stain best to identify
* in macrophages and as free cells
* cats: not identifiable
* dogs: diseased or absent is significant

77
Q

Identify Estrous Stage

A

Estrus
* “in heat”
* discharge becomes whiter as stage progresses
* lasts 9 days
* cornified squamous epithelial cells; usually anuclear
* neutrophils gone (increase at end)
* small amount of RBCs (decrease at end)

78
Q

Identify Estrous Stage

A

Diestrus
* decreased swelling and discharge
* lasts 2-3 months
* parabasal and intermediate cells
* neutrophils increase initially, then decrease
* bacteria may be present
* no RBCs

79
Q

Identify Estrous Stage

A

Early Proestrus
* high number of RBCs
* parabasal epithelial cells
* neutrophils

80
Q

Identify Estrous Stage

A

Late Proestrus
* nearly all epithelial cells are intermediate cells
* RBCs and neutrophils present, but less

81
Q

Identify Tumor

A

Transmissible Venereal Tumor
* Discrete Round Cell Tumor
* On base of penis, prepuce or vulva only in dogs
* Associated with breeding
* Chemo +/- surgery

82
Q

Identify Tumor
(general)

A

Discrete Round Cell Tumors
* Small / medium round cells
* Highly cellular sample
* Do not exfoliate in clumps or clusters

83
Q

Identify Tumor

A

Histiocytoma
* Discrete Round Cell Tumor
* See in young dogs (<4)
* Benign, fast growing
* Solitary, button-like pink nodules
* May randomly disappear in 3 months

84
Q

Identify Tumor

A

Plasma Cell Tumor
* Discrete Round Cell Tumors
* Benign: plasmacytomas (look like histiocytomas)
* Malignant: multiple myeloma (affects BM)
* Golgi apparatus in cytoplasm
* More likely to have multi-nucleation (despite being benign)

85
Q

Identify Tumor
(Basic)

A

Epithelial Tumor
* Large round / caudate cells
* Highly cellular samples
* Exfoliate in clumps or sheets
* May have vacuolization if glandular origin

86
Q

Identify Tumor
(Basic)

A

Mesenchymal Cell Tumors
* small / medium spindle shaped cells
* low cellularity (cluster / high number is severe)
* exfoliate singly
* come from connective tissues, bone, muscle
* differentiate done via histology
* -oma vs -sarcoma
* locally invasive
* variable metastasis rate
* surgery recommended

87
Q

Identify Tumor

A

Mast Cell Tumor
* Discrete Round Cell Tumors
* Mimic appearace of other tumors
* Contain histamine, heparin, serotonin
* Degranulation (give antihistamine before poking)
* Avoid morphine (causes histamine release)
* Dogs: need histopathology to determine grade
* Cats: generally benign (remove only if bothers)
* Remove with wide margins + chemo

88
Q

Imprint Collection

A
  • Easy to collect
  • Collects few cells and more contaminants
  • Infection and inflammation may mask neoplasia
89
Q

Abnormal Nuclear Activity

A

Increased Mitotic Activity
* cells are rapidly dividing
* not seen in normal tissue

90
Q

Inflammation

A

Normal response to tissue damage and microorganisms
* see neutrophils and macrophages (sometimes lymphocytes and eosinophils)

91
Q

Inflammation Types

A
  • Suppurative (purulent)
  • Granulomatous
  • Pyogranulomatous
  • Eosinophilic
92
Q

Inflammatory Changes

A

Degeneration of Leukocytes
* karyolysis
* karyorrhexis
* pyknosis

Presence of bacteria (septic)

93
Q

Classify Aspirate

A

Inflammatory Leukogram
* almost all cells are myeloid precursors and neutrophils

94
Q

Identify Cell
Abnormality

A

Karyolysis
* Swollen nucleus with reduced staining
* Rapid cell death

95
Q

Identify Cell
Abnormality

A

Karyorrhexis
* Fragmented nucleus
* Breaks up into individual segments/blobs

96
Q

Leptocytes

A
  • Large cells with thin membrane and fold easily
  • Target cells - codocytes
  • Barr cells - knizocytes
  • Sign of liver disease
  • Report as either target or barr cells
97
Q

Low Power BM Exam

A

Acellular vs Hypercellular vs Hypocellular

Look for megakaryocytes
* may be at edge of slide
* 2-10 /LPF normal
* not evenly distributed
* determines if platelets are normal or not

98
Q

Luteinizing Hormone
(LH)

A
  • LH surge starts estrus
  • Surge causes ovulation in about 2 days
  • Turns follicle into corpus luteum (CL) - secretes progesterone
99
Q

Lymph Node Aspirates

A

If enlarged, need to do a FNA to diagnose
* reactivity - hyperplasia or inflammation
* neoplasia - primary or metastatic

100
Q

Lymphoma

A
  • Discreet Round Cell Tumor
  • Always malignant
  • Mainly lymphoblasts
  • Dogs: multicentrical (multiple LN involved)
  • Cats: intestinal
  • Chemo and Steroids
101
Q

M:E Ratio

A

Classify 500 cells
* erythroid: 80-90% rubricytes and metarubricytes
* myeloid: 80-90% metamyelocytes, bands, and segs

Normal = 0.75:1 and 2:1 (use 1:1 for class)

102
Q

Malignant Neoplasia
(8)

A

Have at least 3 signs of malignancy
* anisokaryosis
* pleomorphism
* high / variable C:N ratio
* increased mitotic activity
* nucleoli
* coarse chromatin pattern
* nuclear molding
* multinucleation

103
Q

Melanoma

A
  • Mesenchymal Cell Tumor
  • Benign: small, slow-growing, hairless and dark
  • Malignant: large, dome-shaped, varying pigment (oral and toe more malignant)
  • Early metastasis
  • Surgery, Radiation +/- Chemo
104
Q

Modified Transudate

A
  • Variable amount
  • Variable color, usually clear
  • Protein: 2.5-7 g/dL
  • TNCC: 1000-7000 /uL
  • Mostly lymphocytes, some mesothelial cells, non-degenerate neutrophils
  • See with chylous or lymphatic effusions
105
Q

Modified Transudate
Basic

A
  • High Protein
  • Low-Mod TNCC
106
Q

Myeloid Series

A
  • Lighter lavender color cytoplasm
  • Nucleus amoeboid shape
107
Q

Neoplasia

A

Homogenous population of cells of the same origin
* can have mixed populations (cancer with inflamation)
* classify by cell type (origin) and their malignancy characteristics

108
Q

Neutrophil Morphology Change

A
  • Non-septic inflammation
  • Aging neutrophils
  • Septic inflammation
109
Q

Non-septic Inflammation

Neutrophil Morphology Change

A
  • Fairly normal appearance
  • Inflammation without bacteria
110
Q

Normal Fluid

A
  • Hard to get due to being scant amounts
  • Colorless / Clear / Odorless
  • Protein: <2.5 g/dL
  • TNCC: <3000 /uL
  • Mix of macrophages, lymphocytes, and mesothelial cells
111
Q

Nuclear Hypersegmentation

A
  • Nucleus with >5 segments
  • Caused by aging of neutrophil - stress or prolonged storage
  • Report only if seeing lots
112
Q
A

Nuclear Molding
* deformation of nucleus by other nuclei within cell or from one in an adjacent cell

113
Q

Osteosarcoma

A
  • Mesenchymal Cell Tumor
  • Affects limb bones of large breed dogs
  • High metastatic rate
  • Surgery + Chemo
  • If only amputation, high death rate within 1 year
114
Q

Ovulation

A
  • Ova not mature upon ovulation
  • Takes 2-3 days to mature
  • Peak fertilization after LH surge is 4-6 days after
115
Q

Identify Cell

A

Plasma Cells
* Similar to small lymphocytes
* Nuclear chromatin more dense
* Cytoplasm is blue and abundant
* Golgi apparatus (perinuclear clear zone)

116
Q

Polychromasia

A
  • Variation in cell colors
  • Immature RBC stains blue
  • Slight, Moderate, or Marked
117
Q

Proestrus

A
  • bloody discharge
  • swollen vulva (estrogen)
  • males attracted, but can’t breed
  • lasts 9 days
  • early vs late
118
Q

Progesterone

A

Hormone that helps maintain pregnancy
* levels begin to rise after LH surge
* more produced after CL formed (secreted)
* continues to rise and peaks 2-4 days
* rapid declines right before whelping (occurs within 24 hours)

119
Q

Punch Biopsy

A
  • Come in various sizes
  • Easy and rapid use
  • Rotate in one direction to avoid shearing
120
Q

Identify Cell
Abnormality

A

Pyknosis
* Small, condensed nucleus
* Stains darkly
* Slow cell death

121
Q

Reading Bone Marrow Smears

A
  • Do peripheral blood smear at same time
  • Start on Low Power - gives overall cellularity
  • Fat does not stain (will look like vacuoles)
  • High Power gives M:E ratio
122
Q

Scraping Collection

A
  • Collects many cells
  • More difficult to collect
  • Only collects superficial cells
  • Infection and inflammation may mask neoplasia
123
Q

Septic Inflammation

Neutrophil Morphology Change

A
  • Bacterial infection along with inflammation
  • Neutrophils dying quickly
  • Karyolysis
124
Q

Signs of Regeneration

A
  • Nucleated RBCs
  • Anisocytosis
  • Polychromasia
  • HJB
125
Q

Inflammation

Suppurative (purulent)

A

Consists of >85% neutrophils of the TNCC

126
Q

Time of Breeding
Cytology

A

Start cytology a few days after signs of vaginal bleeding
* breed when >50% of cells are cornified
* breed EOD until diestrus, or when females stop allowing males

127
Q

Tissue Biopsy

A

Sampling of tissue for exam
* wedge vs punch
* technique depends on accessibility, tissue itself, and the location
* want to have both normal and abnormal tissue

128
Q

TNCC

A

Can do either automated or manual method
* count and differentiate 100 nucleated cells
* nucleated cells: leukocytes and mesothelial cells

129
Q

Toxic Change

Appearance

A
  • Neutrophil with basophilic cytoplasm
  • Dohle bodies
  • “Foaminess”
  • Vacuoles
130
Q

Toxic Change Cause

A
  • Inflammation
  • Infection (bacterial)
  • Drug toxicity
131
Q

Transudate

A
  • Large amount (of normal fluid)
  • Clear / Colorless or Red-tinged
  • Protein: <2.5 g/dL
  • TNCC: <1500 /uL
  • Mix of macrophages, lymphocytes, mesothelial cells (normal or reactive)
  • Happens when blocked blood flow or lymphatic chanel; low protein or pressure
132
Q

Transudate
Basic

A
  • Low Protein
  • Low TNCC
133
Q

Types of Fluids

A
  • Transudate
  • Modified Transudate
  • Exudate
134
Q

Wedge Biopsy

A
  • Obtain with a scalpel
  • Excisional: entire lession removed with a bit of normal area
  • Incisional: partial piece with a transition zone
135
Q

What is this from?
Normal or Not?

A

Normal Lymph Node
* small mature lymphocytes are 3/4th TNCC
* small numbers of immature lymphocytes, lymphoblasts, and macrophages
* occasional plasma cells
* tell it is lymph tissue by the lymphoglandular bodies - small cytoplasmic fragments in background

136
Q
A

Horse Eosinophil

137
Q
A

Horse Basophil

138
Q
A

Horse Neutrophil

139
Q
A

Horse Monocyte

140
Q
A

Horse Lymphocyte

141
Q

Horse
WBC

A

Neutrophils and Lymphocytes most common

142
Q

Cow
WBC

A

Lymphocytes outnumber neutrophils

143
Q
A

Cow Eosinophil

144
Q
A

Cow Basophil

145
Q
A

Cow Neutrophil

146
Q
A

Cow Lymphocyte

147
Q
A

Cow Monocyte

148
Q

Goat (Caprine)
RBC Morphology

A
  • Smallest RBCs of domestic species
149
Q

Goat (Caprine)
WBC

A

Lymphocytes outnumber neutrophils

150
Q

Sheep
WBC

A

Lymphocytes outnumber Segmented Neutrophils

Blood II (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions