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Blood II > Intro to Cytology > Flashcards

Intro to Cytology Flashcards

1
Q

Cytology

A

Study of cells
* looks at a SINGLE cell
* cytopathology = study of diseased cells
* differentiate between inflammation and neoplasia (cancer)

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2
Q

Histology

A

Study of tissue struction
* cells in relation to neighboring cells
* histopathology = study of diseased tissue

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3
Q

Cytology Advantages

A
  • Non-invasive
  • Inexpensive
  • Out-patient procedure
  • Rapid results (1-2 days)
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4
Q

Cytology Disadvantages

A
  • Only used as a screening tool - not to be a diffinitive diagnostic
  • Can produce false negatives
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5
Q

Scraping Collection

A
  • Collects many cells
  • More difficult to collect
  • Only collects superficial cells
  • Infection and inflammation may mask neoplasia
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6
Q

Imprint Collection

A
  • Easy to collect
  • Collects few cells and more contaminants
  • Infection and inflammation may mask neoplasia
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7
Q

Fine Needle Biopsy Collection

A
  • Get fewer cells
  • Avoides superficial contamination
  • Aspirate vs Nonaspirate
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8
Q

FNA Collection
DONT’s

A
  • Avoid excess pressure on syringe and when transfering cells to slide
  • Don’t ship slides in same box with formalin - can change cells
  • Careful to not make slides too thick
  • Needs to completely air dry before staining
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9
Q

FNA Failures
(why might they not turn out)

A
  • Poorly exfoliative tissue (don’t get good cells)
  • Hemorrhage association
  • Cells ruptured
  • Pre-existing necrosis / inflammation
  • Improper handling
  • Localized and aspirated wrong area
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10
Q
A

Compression Smear
* do not apply downward pressure - can lead to ruptured cells

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11
Q
A

Modified Compression Smear
* less tendency to rupture cells

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12
Q
A

Starfish Smear
* doesn’t damage fragile cells
* can have thick, unreadable areas

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13
Q
A

Line Smear
* similar to blood, but lift straight up at the end
* best if sample has low cellularity
* line will be very cellular

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14
Q

Romanowsky Stains

A
  • Easy to use
  • Readily available
  • Inexpensive
  • Stains cytoplasm and nuclear detail well enough
  • Thicker smears = longer stain time
  • Mast cells may or may not stain
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15
Q

New Methylene Blue

A
  • Stains cytoplasm weakly
  • Excellent nuclear detail
  • Good if hemorrage present (RBCs don’t stain)
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16
Q

Cytology Microscopic Exam
Low Power

A

Start initial exam and look for
* adequate staining
* localized areas of increased cellularity
* large cells or clusters of cells
* parasites
* crystals

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17
Q

Cytology Microscopic Exam
High Power

A

Second portion of exam for
* evaluation of individual cells
* cytoplasmic abnormalities
* malignancy signs

18
Q

Inflammation

A

Normal response to tissue damage and microorganisms
* see neutrophils and macrophages (sometimes lymphocytes and eosinophils)

19
Q

Inflammation Types

A
  • Suppurative (purulent)
  • Granulomatous
  • Pyogranulomatous
  • Eosinophilic
20
Q

Inflammation

Granulomatous or Pyogranulomatous

A

Consists of >15% macrophages of TNCC
* common for fungal and parasitic infections

21
Q

Inflammation

Suppurative (purulent)

A

Consists of >85% neutrophils of the TNCC

22
Q

Inflammation

Eosinophilic

A

Consists of increased neutrophils and >10% eosinophils of TNCC
* see with parasitic or neoplasitc disorders

23
Q

Inflammatory Changes

A

Degeneration of Leukocytes
* karyolysis
* karyorrhexis
* pyknosis

Presence of bacteria (septic)

24
Q

Identify Cell

A

Karyolysis
* Swollen nucleus with reduced staining
* Rapid cell death

25
Q

Identify Cell

A

Karyorrhexis
* Fragmented nucleus
* Breaks up into individual segments/blobs

26
Q

Identify Cell

A

Pyknosis
* Small, condensed nucleus
* Stains darkly
* Slow cell death

27
Q

Neoplasia

A

Homogenous population of cells of the same origin
* can have mixed populations (cancer with inflamation)
* classify by cell type (origin) and their malignancy characteristics

28
Q

Hyperplasia

A

Non-neoplastic enlargement of tissue
* step up from normal
* overproduction of a cell type

29
Q

Dysplasia

A
  • Step above hyperplasia
  • Cells starting to show signs of malignancy, but not enough to call it cancer
30
Q

Benign Neoplasia

A
  • Cant differentiate between this and hyperplasia
  • No criteria of malignancy
  • Increased number of cells - uniform appearance
31
Q

Malignant Neoplasia

A

Have at least 3 signs of malignancy
* anisokaryosis
* pleomorphism
* high / variable C:N ratio
* increased mitotic activity
* nucleoli
* coarse chromatin pattern
* nuclear molding
* multinucleation

32
Q
A

Anisokaryosis
* variable nuclear size

33
Q
A

Pleomorphism
* also called anisocytosis
* variable cell size and shape

34
Q
A

Increased Mitotic Activity
* cells are rapidly dividing
* not seen in normal tissue

35
Q
A

Coarse Chromatin Pattern
* will appear ropy or cordlike
* multiple variations of color within nucleus

36
Q
A

Nuclear Molding
* deformation of nucleus by other nuclei within cell or from one in an adjacent cell

37
Q
A

Multinucleation
* multiple nuclei within cell

38
Q

Criteria of Malignancy
Exceptions

A

Rule does not apply if
* inflammation if present
* only a few cells display malignancy

Histopathology required to verify

39
Q

Histopathology - Neoplasia

A

Assessment of whether there is local tissue infiltration
(tissue is invading into other areas)

40
Q

Tissue Biopsy

A

Sampling of tissue for exam
* wedge vs punch
* technique depends on accessibility, tissue itself, and the location
* want to have both normal and abnormal tissue

41
Q

Wedge Biopsy

A
  • Obtain with a scalpel
  • Excisional: entire lession removed with a bit of normal area
  • Incisional: partial piece with a transition zone
42
Q

Punch Biopsy

A
  • Come in various sizes
  • Easy and rapid use
  • Rotate in one direction to avoid shearing

Blood II (13 decks)

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