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Blood II > Hemogram Review > Flashcards

Hemogram Review Flashcards

1
Q

CBC vs Blood Smear

A

CBC
* RBC
* TBC Indices
* WBC
* Differential WBC
* PCT / TP

Blood Smear
* RBC / WBC / Platelet Morphology
* Interpretation of shifts

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2
Q

Normal PCV

A
  • Dogs: 45% (37-55)
  • Cats: 37% (24-45)
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3
Q

Total Protein Normal

A

6.0 - 7.5 g/dl

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4
Q

RBC Normal Range

A

6-7 x 10^6 uL

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5
Q

Determine RBC Count

A

PCV / 6
* label with ×10^6 /uL

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6
Q

Hbg Normal Range

A
  • Dogs: 12-18 g/dL
  • Cats: 8-15 g/dL
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7
Q

Determine Hgb

A

PCV / 3
* label with g/dl

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8
Q

MCV Normal Range

A
  • Dogs: 60-80 fL
  • Cats: 40-60 fL
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9
Q

MCV Calculations

A
  • PCV x 10 divided by RBC
  • Label in fL (femtoliters)
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10
Q

MCH Formula and Normal

A
  • Hgb x 10 divided by RBC
  • Normal = 20 pg (picograms)
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11
Q

MCHC Calculations & Normal Range

A
  • Hbg x 100 divided PCV
  • Normal = 30-36 g/dL or %
  • Most accurate
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12
Q

Reticulocytes and Regeneration

A

Considered a regenerative response if reticulocyte count (absolute) is >100,000 /uL

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13
Q

Observed Retic Count

A

Number of reticulocytes per 1000 RBCs
* number counted per 10 fields, divide by 1000
* times by 100 to turn into a percent (%)

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14
Q

Corrected Retics Count

A

Calculated to take patient’s degree of anemia into account
* observed % x patient PCV / normal PCV
* keep all numbers in % form
* answer in %

Should always be lower than observed

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15
Q

Absolute Retics Formula

A

Observed (not %) x RBC
* answer in uL
* use whole RBC number

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16
Q

Lymphocyte vs Reticulocyte

A

Reticulocyte
* more cytoplasm
* denser, smaller nucleus

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17
Q

Aggregate Retics

A
  • Most common
  • Counted
  • Contain large clumps of reticulum (more than 5 clumps)
  • Younger
  • Active regeneration when seen in cat
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18
Q

Punctate Retics

A
  • Variable number of “dots” that clump (<5)
  • Older
  • Not counted in feline
  • Unique to cats
  • Do not stain polychromatiphilic
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19
Q

Rouleaux

A
  • Stacked RBCs
  • Common in cats
  • Will separate with saline
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20
Q

Rouleaux Cause

A
  • Increases with increased globulin concentation (inflammation)
  • Artifact with older blood before smear or if refrigerated
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21
Q

Agglutination

A
  • Clumping of cells
  • Will not separate with saline
  • Seen in cases of autoimmune disease
  • Form due to excess antibodies on cell surface
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22
Q

Polychromasia

A
  • Variation in cell colors
  • Immature RBC stains blue
  • Slight, Moderate, or Marked
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23
Q

Anisocytosis

A
  • Abnormal variation in RBC size
  • Slight, Moderate, or Marked
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24
Q

Nucleated RBC

A
  • Counted as WBC on cell counter
  • Metarubricytes (step before reticulocyte)
  • May be seen in regeneration, IMHA, lead poisoning, liver disease
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25
Q
A

Echinocytes
* even distributions
* caused by crenation or too much EDTA
* sign of renal disease

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26
Q
A

Acanthocytes
* uneven distributions
* see with hemolytic anemia, liver disease, hemangiosarcoma, or DIC

27
Q
A

Keratocyte
* blister cells
* caused by oxidative injury to cell or intravascular trauma
* see with liver disease

28
Q
A

Schistocytes
* fragments of RBCs sheared from intravascular trauma
* see with DIC
* quantitate with a percentage

29
Q
A

Heinz Bodies
* oxidation and denaturation of hemoglobin in RBC
* common in cats
* caused by ingestion of onions, tylenol, and certain drugs
* quantitate with a percentage

30
Q
A

Eccentrocyte
* hemoglobin concentrated to one side of cell
* oxidative injury of RBC
* Dog: zinc or onion toxicity
* Cat: tylenol, lymphoma, diabetes, hyperthyroid

31
Q
A

Howell-Jolly Bodies
* nuclear remnant inside RBC
* sign of regeneration
* if no reticulocytes seen, consider macrophage dysfunction (splenic)

32
Q
A

Spherocytes
* lack central pallor
* macrophages partially eating antibody coating on cell
* see in IMHA
* quantitate with a percentage

33
Q

Leptocytes

A
  • Large cells with thin membrane and fold easily
  • Target cells - codocytes
  • Barr cells - knizocytes
  • Sign of liver disease
  • Report as either target or barr cells
34
Q
A

Barr Cell - Knizocyte

35
Q
A

Stomatocyte
* coffee bean look
* cell folded
* usually seen with hypochromasia

36
Q

Anemia Causes

A
  1. Blood loss
  2. Hemolysis
  3. Lack of production
37
Q

Signs of Regeneration

A
  • Nucleated RBCs
  • Anisocytosis
  • Polychromasia
  • HJB
38
Q

Regenerative Anemia

Characteristics (5)

A
  • Decreased PCV
  • Increased reticulocyte count
  • Polychromasia and Anisocytosis in blood film
  • Elevated MCV
  • Decreased MCHC
39
Q

Non-Regenerative Anemia

Characteristics

A
  • Decreased PCV
  • No reticulocytosis
  • Needs a bone marrow exam
40
Q

Normal Platelet Count

Dogs vs Cat

A

Dog
* 200,000 - 500,000 /uL
* average 300,000

Cat
* 300,000 - 700,000 /uL
* average 450,000

41
Q

Platelet Counting

A
  • 8-12 platelets / oil field
  • 1 platelet/field = 15-20,000 /uL
  • Describe as adequate, increased, or decreased
  • Can’t detect abnormal morphology
42
Q

BMBT

A
  • Buccal Mucosa Bleeding Time
  • Primary test for detecting thrombopathia
  • Normal: 1-5 minutes
43
Q

Blood Smear WBC Count

A
  • Normal: 10-30 WBCs per x10 counting field
  • # (average) x 10 = WBCs /uL
44
Q

WBC

Normal Range

A
  • 6,000-16,000 / uL
  • Absolute vs %
45
Q

Neutrophil Normal Range

A

3,000 - 11,300 /uL

46
Q

Banded Normal Range

A

0 - 400 /uL
* left shift when >500 /uL

47
Q

Lymphocyte Normal Range

A

1,000 - 4,800 /uL

48
Q

Monocyte Normal Range

A

200 - 1,300 /uL

49
Q

Eosinophil Normal Range

A

100 - 750 /uL

50
Q

Basophil Normal Range

A

0 - 30 /uL

51
Q

SMILED

A

When stressed, you should smile
* Segs and
* Monos
* Increased
* Lymphs and
* Eosins
* Decreased

52
Q

Neutrophilia

A
  • High neutrophil count
  • Acute inflammation
53
Q

Neutropenia

A
  • Low neutrophil count
  • Severe infection
54
Q

Toxic Change

Appearance

A
  • Neutrophil with basophilic cytoplasm
  • Dohle bodies
  • “Foaminess”
  • Vacuoles
55
Q

Toxic Change Cause

A
  • Inflammation
  • Infection (bacterial)
  • Drug toxicity
56
Q

Nuclear Hypersegmentation

A
  • Nucleus with >5 segments
  • Caused by aging of neutrophil - stress or prolonged storage
  • Report only if seeing lots
57
Q

Pelger-Huet Anomaly

A
  • Nuclear hyposegmentation
  • Common in Aussies
  • Chromatin still condensed
  • Look like bands - nucleus looks mature, darker
58
Q

Lymphocytosis

A
  • Increased lymphocyte count
  • Vaccinations or Viral response
  • May see with young animals (immunity)
59
Q

Lymphopenia

A
  • Decreased lymphocyte count
  • Stress
60
Q

Eosinophilia

A
  • Increased eosinophils
  • Allergies, Fleas, HW
61
Q

Eosinopenia

A
  • Low eosinophil count
  • Stress or Steroids
62
Q

Eosinophils

Granual Shapes

A
  • Pink coloration
  • Dogs: round shaped
  • Cats: rod shaped (fills cytoplasm)
  • Greyhounds don’t stain
63
Q

Monocytosis

A
  • Increased monocyte count
  • Chronic inflammation
64
Q

Basophilia

A
  • Increased basophil count
  • Parasites and Allergies

Blood II (13 decks)

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