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Oncology Flashcards

1
Q

Proto-Oncogene

A

-good gene
-controls growth of cells

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2
Q

Oncogene

A

-bad gene
-mutated Proto-oncogene
-uncontrolled cell growth

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3
Q

Tumor suppressor gene

A

-good gene
-slow down cellular division, cause cell death

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4
Q

Mutated tumor suppressor gene

A

-bad gene
-uncontrolled cell growth

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5
Q

Differentiated cells

A

Maturity or development of tumor cells

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6
Q

Well differentiated characteristics

A

-resemble normal cells
-mature cells
-function more like normal cell
-grow at slower rate
-less aggressive
-typically benign

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7
Q

Poorly differentiated cells - characteristics

A

-do NOT resemble normal cells
-immature cells
-lack structure / function
-aggressive
-typically malignant

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8
Q

Benign

A

Not cancer - cannot metastasize, but can cause problems locally (block blood flow, cause pain, etc.)

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9
Q

Malignant

A

Cancerous, will metastasize

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10
Q

Benign characteristics - cell type

A

-well differentiated

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11
Q

Benign characteristics - mode or growth and rate

A

-expands, usually encapsulated
-slow growing

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12
Q

Benign characteristics - does it metastasize ?

A

NO

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13
Q

Benign characteristics - general effects

A

Usually Localized

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14
Q

Benign characteristics - destruction ?

A

Usually none unless blood flow impaired

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15
Q

Benign characteristics - morbidity

A

Minimal - unless location interferes with vital function

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16
Q

Malignant characteristics - cell

A

Poorly differentiated

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17
Q

Malignant characteristics - mode of growth and rate

A

-sends out projections that infiltrate and destroy
-growth rate variable

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18
Q

Malignant characteristics - does it metastasize ?

A

YES

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19
Q

Malignant characteristics - general effects

A

-generalized : anemia, weakness, weight loss

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20
Q

Malignant characteristics - destruction?

A

Often extensive - excretes toxins, uses up blood supply

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21
Q

Malignant characteristics - morbidity

A

High - unless growth and spread can be controlled or halted

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22
Q

How does cancer spread?
Locally invasive

A

“Fingers” of cancer cells invade surrounding tissue

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23
Q

How does cancer spread?
Metastasis

A

Malignant cells travel through blood or lymph system and invade other tissue or organs to form secondary tissue

24
Q

Most common sites of metastasis

A

BBLL - brain, bone, lung, liver
Bone - most painful

25
What do viruses do? Can they put you more at risk / more susceptible for cancer?
Cause inflammation Yes - if act with other factors
26
Virus example + which cancer it could lead to HPV
Cervical CA
27
Virus example + which cancer it could lead to Hepatitis B/C
Liver CA
28
Virus example + which cancer it could lead to Einstein - Barr
Lymphoma
29
Virus example + which cancer it could lead to Human herpes virus 8
Kaposis sarcoma
30
Virus example + which cancer it could lead to HIV
Lymphoma + kaposis sarcoma
31
Virus example + which cancer it could lead to Helicobacter- pylori
Stomach ulcers, lymphoma in the stomach lining
32
Hormone replacement therapy - which hormones are involved?
Estrogen & progestin
33
Health education and Disease prevention PRIMARY PREVENTION
health promotion and illness prevention - WELLNESS
34
Health education and Disease prevention PRIMARY PREVENTION - accomplished by …?
-avoiding a carcinogen -adequate and proper nutrition -low stress -lifestyle changes -dietary changes
35
Health education and Disease prevention SECONDARY PREVENTION
-SCREENING (self Brest & testicular exams) & DIAGNOSIS + TREATMENT
36
Health education and Disease prevention SECONDARY PREVENTION / goal?
Halt the progress of cancer through EARLY SCREENING & DIAGNOSIS
37
Health education and Disease prevention TERTIARY PREVENTION
Disease TREATMENT & REHAB + health RESTORATION
38
Health education and Disease prevention TERTIARY PREVENTION - goal?
Prevent further deterioration
39
Health education and Disease prevention Chemoprevention
-the use of substances to lower risk of cancer
40
Health education and Disease prevention Chemoprevention - SERMs (BCA)
Tamoxifen - decreases risk of breast cancer (binds estrogen)
41
What is the purpose of screening?
Look for cancer before symptoms appear
42
Types of screening
Physical exam, lab tests, imaging procedures, genetic testing
43
Colorectal screening guidelines What age? For who? What exams?
Beginning at AGE 45 - men & women -fecal occult blood test (FOBT) - yearly -flexible sigmoidoscopy- every 5 years -colonoscopy- every 10 years unless family hx or something on scan
44
Warning signs of cancer CAUTION
Change in bowel or bladder habits A sore that does not heal Unusual bleeding or discharge Thickening or lump in breast or else where Indigestion or difficulty swallowing Obvious change in a wart or mole Nagging cough or hoarseness
45
Grading
Pathologist compares the appearance of cancer cells to normal surrounding cells - differentiation
46
Staging
Classifying a malignancy by the extent of spread within the body
47
What does a higher number mean with grading and staging?
The worse the cancer is
48
What is the system used for staging and what does it mean?
T - size of tumor N - number of lymph nodes involved M - extent of metastasis
49
Who stages the cancer?
Oncologist
50
What does “in Situ “ mean?
In one area - best case for treatment
51
What are the lymph nodes?
Highway system through the body
52
(Staging ) Localized
Still in the original origin
53
Staging - regional
Spread to nearby lymph nodes or organs
54
Staging- distant
Spread to distant body parts
55
Tumor markers are used for what?
To determine effectiveness of treatment

IM3 (13 decks)

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