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IM3 > Oncology > Flashcards

Oncology Flashcards

1
Q

Proto-Oncogene

A

-good gene
-controls growth of cells

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2
Q

Oncogene

A

-bad gene
-mutated Proto-oncogene
-uncontrolled cell growth

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3
Q

Tumor suppressor gene

A

-good gene
-slow down cellular division, cause cell death

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4
Q

Mutated tumor suppressor gene

A

-bad gene
-uncontrolled cell growth

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5
Q

Differentiated cells

A

Maturity or development of tumor cells

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6
Q

Well differentiated characteristics

A

-resemble normal cells
-mature cells
-function more like normal cell
-grow at slower rate
-less aggressive
-typically benign

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7
Q

Poorly differentiated cells - characteristics

A

-do NOT resemble normal cells
-immature cells
-lack structure / function
-aggressive
-typically malignant

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8
Q

Benign

A

Not cancer - cannot metastasize, but can cause problems locally (block blood flow, cause pain, etc.)

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9
Q

Malignant

A

Cancerous, will metastasize

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10
Q

Benign characteristics - cell type

A

-well differentiated

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11
Q

Benign characteristics - mode or growth and rate

A

-expands, usually encapsulated
-slow growing

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12
Q

Benign characteristics - does it metastasize ?

A

NO

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13
Q

Benign characteristics - general effects

A

Usually Localized

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14
Q

Benign characteristics - destruction ?

A

Usually none unless blood flow impaired

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15
Q

Benign characteristics - morbidity

A

Minimal - unless location interferes with vital function

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16
Q

Malignant characteristics - cell

A

Poorly differentiated

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17
Q

Malignant characteristics - mode of growth and rate

A

-sends out projections that infiltrate and destroy
-growth rate variable

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18
Q

Malignant characteristics - does it metastasize ?

A

YES

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19
Q

Malignant characteristics - general effects

A

-generalized : anemia, weakness, weight loss

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20
Q

Malignant characteristics - destruction?

A

Often extensive - excretes toxins, uses up blood supply

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21
Q

Malignant characteristics - morbidity

A

High - unless growth and spread can be controlled or halted

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22
Q

How does cancer spread?
Locally invasive

A

“Fingers” of cancer cells invade surrounding tissue

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23
Q

How does cancer spread?
Metastasis

A

Malignant cells travel through blood or lymph system and invade other tissue or organs to form secondary tissue

24
Q

Most common sites of metastasis

A

BBLL - brain, bone, lung, liver
Bone - most painful

25
Q

What do viruses do?
Can they put you more at risk / more susceptible for cancer?

A

Cause inflammation
Yes - if act with other factors

26
Q

Virus example + which cancer it could lead to
HPV

A

Cervical CA

27
Q

Virus example + which cancer it could lead to
Hepatitis B/C

A

Liver CA

28
Q

Virus example + which cancer it could lead to
Einstein - Barr

A

Lymphoma

29
Q

Virus example + which cancer it could lead to
Human herpes virus 8

A

Kaposis sarcoma

30
Q

Virus example + which cancer it could lead to
HIV

A

Lymphoma + kaposis sarcoma

31
Q

Virus example + which cancer it could lead to
Helicobacter- pylori

A

Stomach ulcers, lymphoma in the stomach lining

32
Q

Hormone replacement therapy - which hormones are involved?

A

Estrogen & progestin

33
Q

Health education and Disease prevention
PRIMARY PREVENTION

A

health promotion and illness prevention - WELLNESS

34
Q

Health education and Disease prevention
PRIMARY PREVENTION - accomplished by …?

A

-avoiding a carcinogen
-adequate and proper nutrition
-low stress
-lifestyle changes
-dietary changes

35
Q

Health education and Disease prevention
SECONDARY PREVENTION

A

-SCREENING (self Brest & testicular exams) & DIAGNOSIS + TREATMENT

36
Q

Health education and Disease prevention
SECONDARY PREVENTION / goal?

A

Halt the progress of cancer through EARLY SCREENING & DIAGNOSIS

37
Q

Health education and Disease prevention
TERTIARY PREVENTION

A

Disease TREATMENT & REHAB + health RESTORATION

38
Q

Health education and Disease prevention
TERTIARY PREVENTION - goal?

A

Prevent further deterioration

39
Q

Health education and Disease prevention
Chemoprevention

A

-the use of substances to lower risk of cancer

40
Q

Health education and Disease prevention
Chemoprevention - SERMs (BCA)

A

Tamoxifen - decreases risk of breast cancer (binds estrogen)

41
Q

What is the purpose of screening?

A

Look for cancer before symptoms appear

42
Q

Types of screening

A

Physical exam, lab tests, imaging procedures, genetic testing

43
Q

Colorectal screening guidelines
What age? For who?
What exams?

A

Beginning at AGE 45 - men & women
-fecal occult blood test (FOBT) - yearly
-flexible sigmoidoscopy- every 5 years
-colonoscopy- every 10 years unless family hx or something on scan

44
Q

Warning signs of cancer
CAUTION

A

Change in bowel or bladder habits
A sore that does not heal
Unusual bleeding or discharge
Thickening or lump in breast or else where
Indigestion or difficulty swallowing
Obvious change in a wart or mole
Nagging cough or hoarseness

45
Q

Grading

A

Pathologist compares the appearance of cancer cells to normal surrounding cells - differentiation

46
Q

Staging

A

Classifying a malignancy by the extent of spread within the body

47
Q

What does a higher number mean with grading and staging?

A

The worse the cancer is

48
Q

What is the system used for staging and what does it mean?

A

T - size of tumor
N - number of lymph nodes involved
M - extent of metastasis

49
Q

Who stages the cancer?

A

Oncologist

50
Q

What does “in Situ “ mean?

A

In one area - best case for treatment

51
Q

What are the lymph nodes?

A

Highway system through the body

52
Q

(Staging ) Localized

A

Still in the original origin

53
Q

Staging - regional

A

Spread to nearby lymph nodes or organs

54
Q

Staging- distant

A

Spread to distant body parts

55
Q

Tumor markers are used for what?

A

To determine effectiveness of treatment

IM3 (13 decks)

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