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IM3 > Cancer Treatments > Flashcards

Cancer Treatments Flashcards

1
Q

3 ways to treat cancer

A

Surgery
Radiation
Chemo

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2
Q

What is the most common type of treatment? How long do you have to wait in relation to chemo? Why?

A

Surgery - wait 2 months - because chemo delays healing

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3
Q

Types of surgery

A

Diagnostic , primary, prophylactic, palliative, reconstructive

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4
Q

What is a biopsy for?

A

Grading (differentiation)

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5
Q

What are the types of biopsy’s?

A

Shave, punch , incisional, excisional , fine needle, core needle

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6
Q

What is a shave biopsy used for often?

A

Skin cancers

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7
Q

How far does a punch biopsy go? What do they do? How do they close it? Normally for what type of cancers?

A

Into dermis, pull out specimen, closed with suture - skin cancers

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8
Q

What is an incisional biopsy? How is it closed?

A

Portion of tumor removed, closed with suture

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9
Q

What is an excisional biopsy?

A

Taking the whole tumor out

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10
Q

What is a fine needle biopsy?

A

30 G needle , aspirate fluid from tumor to look at cells, usually painless

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11
Q

What is a core needle biopsy?

A

12 G needle, core specimen - liver, kidney, sometimes breast , painful

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12
Q

Primary - surgery
Debulking

A

Remove as much of tumor as possible

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13
Q

Primary - surgery
Radical excisions

A

Can be disfiguring or altar functioning

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14
Q

Primary - surgery
Salvage surgery

A

Extensive surgery to site at which previous therapies have failed

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15
Q

What is prophylactic surgery?

A

Removal of tissue (non-vital) / organ that may develop cancer

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16
Q

What is palliative surgery for?

A

Pain relief, not for treating / curing, improve quality of life

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17
Q

What is reconstructive surgery for?

A

“Plastic surgery”
Repair injury or loss of function from curative or radical surgeries

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18
Q

How to care for a surgical pt. / things to do

A

-incision care
-prevent infection
-manage pain
-educate on drains, s/s of infection, dietary intake to promote healing (high protein)

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19
Q

What is the goal of radiation and chemo?

A

Eliminate cancerous cells

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20
Q

What cells do radiation and chemo affect?

A

Rapidly proliferating - hair, skin, GI, bone marrow

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21
Q

What is radiation therapy?

A

Energy to kill / shrink tumors , eliminate cancer cells

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22
Q

Can healthy cells be affected by radiation?

A

Yes

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23
Q

How is radiation done (over how long)?

A

Over weeks to allow healthy tissue to recover and periphery of tumor to re-oxygenate (making it more susceptible to radiation)

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24
Q

Radiation toxicity symptoms

A

1 - fatigue , anemia, n/v, thrombocytopenia

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25
Q

What is the external version of radiation?

A

Teletherapy

26
Q

What is the internal radiation therapy?

A

Brachytherapy

27
Q

Side effects of brachytherapy (internal)
Sealed implants

A

-body does not give off radiation, but pregnant women and kids should avoid exposure to pt.

28
Q

Side effects of brachytherapy (internal)
Unsealed implants

A

Body will give off radiation
Body secretions can be contaminated
Isolation

29
Q

Side effects of brachytherapy (internal)

A

1 fatigue

Anorexia
Immunosuppression

30
Q

Pt teaching for brachytherapy

A

-avoid close contact until treatment done
-no contact w / pregnant women
-bed rest
-balanced diet - small, frequent meals
-high fluid intake - 2 - 3 L / day

31
Q

What to do if radiation / brachytherapy becomes dislodged and is found?

A

Use Long handled forceps , put in lead lined container

32
Q

1 side effect of radiation

A

Fatigue

33
Q

Other side effects of radiation

A

-Skin changes
-alopecia
-immunosuppression
-radiation pneumonia
-ulcerations of oral mucous membranes
-nausea / vomiting , diarrhea

34
Q

Pt. Read it for teletherapy (external)

A

-wash treated area only w / tepid water and soft wash cloth
-no applications of heat or cold packs
-use electric razor only
-no products on treatment site
-do not remove treatment markers on skin
-avoid tight / fitting , starcher or stiff clothing over treatment area

35
Q

Radiation
Do not use -

A

Adhesive tape - use paper type only (outside treatment area)

36
Q

Radiation
Protect the

A

Skin from sun exposure

37
Q

Radiation
Pt. Must get proper

A

Rest, diet, fluids

38
Q

Radiation
If hair loss occurs,

A

Protect head

39
Q

What is the purpose of chemo?

A

Eliminate cancer cells (cytotoxic)

40
Q

How is chemo administered?

A

In cycles - daily, weekly, monthly

41
Q

Chemo can be excreted in body fluids up to how many hours after treatment ?
What should pt. / family do?

A

48 hours
Flush toilets 2x, rinse toilet w bleach once/day, caregiver wear gloves, avoid sex, wash hands!!!!!!!

42
Q

What lab values should be monitored during chemo?

A

WBC, RBC, H&H, platelets , etc.

43
Q

How is chemo usually given?

A

Through a port a cath

44
Q

How do you access a port a cath? What should you do BEFORE administering anything ?

A

Huber needle, CHECK FOR BLOOD RETURN

45
Q

What is the #1 side effect of chemo?

A

Nausea and vomiting

46
Q

Other side effects of chemo?

A

Alopecia, stomatitis , pain, enteritis, diarrhea, anemia, fatigue, panctyopenia, myelosuppression

47
Q

What is stomatitis ?

A

Ulcers in mouth through GI tract

48
Q

Med used to help with n/v related to chemo

A

Ondansetron

49
Q

What happens with immunosuppression?

A

Decreased ability to fight infection

50
Q

Immunosuppression
Risk for infection increases when …

A

Low WBC, low neutrophils

51
Q

Immunosuppression
Risk for anemia increase when ..

A

Low RBC, low H&H

52
Q

Immunosuppression
Risk for bleeding increases when..

A

Low platelets

53
Q

Treatments are based off of what? This determines what?

A

NADIR
how often treatment is given

54
Q

What is the NADIR?

A

Blood cell count at lowest point

55
Q

S/s of neutropenia
What labs are check?
What tests are done?

A

Tachycardia, fever of 100.5 or higher, fatigue, body aches, chills, sweating, hypotension

WBC, neutrophil

CXR, blood and urine cultures

56
Q

What is neutropenia?

A

Low neutrophils (white blood cells)

57
Q

Neutropenic precautions

A

Wash hands !!!!!!
Low bacteria diet (no fresh fruits / veggies)
No fresh flowers, plants , pets
Avoid crowds
No visitors w infections
No vaccines

58
Q

What is thrombocytopenia? Which affects what?

A

Low platelet count
Clotting

59
Q

What temp should platelets be when administering?

A

Room temperature

60
Q

Pt. Teaching for thrombocytopenia

A

-monitor stools/urine for blood
-electric razor only
-apply ice to affected area if trauma
-no dental work / invasive procedures
-no aspirin or aspirin - containing products
-soft toothbrush / no flossing

61
Q

Nursing management for thrombocytopenia

A

-monitor platelet count
-check stools/urine for blood
-asses skin
-educate client abt bleeding safety precautions
-avoid IM injections & limit venipuncture

62
Q

What to watch for when giving pain meds?

A

Respiration & constipation

IM3 (13 decks)

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