Olinger Eye Flashcards
Posterior chamber of the eye
Behind iris, before lens
Vitreous Layer
Everything posterior to posterior chamber
Outer Tunic
Sclera and cornea
Sclera
White of eye, absorbs light
Cornea
Transparent part of the eye
Middle tunic (Uvea)
Iris, ciliary processes, choroid
Iris
Pigmented part of the eye
Ciliary processes
used for focusing
Choroid
Blood of middle tunic
Inner tunic
Retina - has “seeing” neurons
Limbus
Transition zone between sclera and cornea
Part of outer tunic
Layers of the cornea (from anterior to posterior)
Core and epithelium, bowman’s layer, storms, descemet’s membrane, corneal endothelium
Corneal epithelium
Has hemidesmosomes where one end is attached to the next layer (bowman’s capsule)
What is present in the stroma of the cornea?
Fibroblasts
Corneal endothelium
Semi-permeable and not air tight - some things can get through it
CIliary Body
Posterior lined with epithelium but anterior chamber is not
Aqueous humor
Fluid like
Vitreous humor
Gel like
Sphincter of the pupil
Sphincter papillae m
Dilator Pupillae
Contraction caused pupil dilation
Anterior chamber of eye
Everything anterior to iris
Fovea
Where you see things the clearest
Papilla
Area where there is no photoreceptor cells
“Blind spot” of the retina
Where are the axons dumped into the optic nerve
Papilla
Inner tunic location
Lines inner portion of the cornea
Rods
light
Cones
Color
10 layers of the retina
Inner limiting membrane Nerve fiber layer Ganglion cell layer Inner plexiform layer Inner nuclear layer Outer plexiform layer Outer nuclear layer Outer limiting membrane Inner and outer segments of rods and cones Pigmented epithelium
Inner limiting membrane
In direct contact with vitreous
Nerve fiber layer
Axons of ganglion cells
Make up optic n
Ganglion cell layer
Axons to make up optic n
Inner nuclear layer
Bipolar cell body cells
Outer plexiform layer
Where synapse takes place
Outer nuclear layer
Cell body and nuclei of photoreceptor
Bipolar cells
In inner nuclear layer
1 dendrite end, 1 axon end
Take in for for the rod and cell to send to ganglion cell
Photoreceptor cells
In deepest layer
Choroid
Blood vessels
Where do we see the best
Fovea centralis
Where is the blind spot
Optic disk - all axons converge on one stop
Rods Photoreceptor cell characteristics
Plasma membrane folds in on itself to increase surface area and get light in and exciting cells in lower light
Cones photoreceptor cells
Short and do not have as much folding of outer segment
Pedicel
In cone photoreceptor cells
Is what is communicating with bipolar cells
Color blindness
When a single group of color-receptive cones is missing
Individual can’t distinguish some colors
On the X chromosome
How does aqueous humor circulate
Made in the ciliary body, circulates around iris, picked up by trabecular meshwork, goes through canal of Schlemm and dumped into vein
Canal of Schlemm
Fluid percolates through thin endothelial lining and loose connective tissue
not directly linked to trabecular meshwork
Episcleral veins
What the aqueous humor eventually drains into from canal of Schlemm
Plug up trabecular meshwork
The ciliary body will continue to make aqueous humor and it will build up and squish the retina
Glaucoma
Obstruction of aqueous humor – blockage of canal of Schlemm or inflammation preventing aqueous humor form reaching trabecular meshwork
End result of glaucoma
Increase intraoccular pressure
Zonular fibers of the lens
Attach to lens on one end and ciliary body on the other
3 regions of the lens
Anterior potion, equator of lens, Equatorial region
Anterior portion of lens
Epithelial, flattened cells
Equator of lens
More elongated cells and a of cell divison
Equatorial region
Helps focus image- Cortical lens fibers that liar cells to ciliary body
Cortical lens fibers
Squished cells in Equatorial region
Cataracts
Opacity of lens caused by Change in solubility of lens proteins
Conditions that can increase cataracts
Aging and diabetes
Conjunctiva
Lining of inner eyelid and folds over sclera
Tarsal glands
Inside the eyelid
Secretes fluid to help the eyelid float on the eyeball
Moll’s glands
Sebaceous glands that make eye boogers
Two things that make eye boogers
Moll’s glands and tarsal glands
Red eye (pink eye)
Subconjunctival hemorrhage and conjunctivitis where the conjunctiva swell
3 parts of the ear
External, middle, internal
Outer ear
Convey sound to tympanic membrane
Middle ear
Contains ossicles of ear
Where ear communicated with pharynx
tympanic cavity
Inner Ear
Where we do the actual hearing and determining the balance of our head
Malleus
In middle ear
Known as the “hammer”
Incus
In middle ear
Between the malleus and stapes
Stapes
In middle ear
Has a foot plate that sits in the oval window and goes in and out of it with the vibrations of the sound stimulus
Process of hearing
Sound hits the tympanic membrane which causes vibrations to the malleus, incus, and stapes. The stapes moves in and out of the oval window to move the fluid
Function of the tensor tympani m and the stapedius m
To slow down the vibrations
Components of the membranous labyrinth
2 small sacs- utricle and saccule
Labyrinth membrane
Each membrane lines the actual bony space
Innervation to the ear
Vestibulocochlear n – specifically the vestibular n
Peri lymphatic duct
Extends from vestibule (saccule and utricle) to the subarachnoid space
Endolympathic duct
Dumps the endolymph into the endolympathic sac
Function of vestibule
Spatial awareness
How vestibule works
Fluid moves past sensory area that causes special cells to move and depolarize
Macula
Sensory receptor areas located in the wall of the saccule and utricle
Hair cells
When fluid moves, some hair cells depolarize in one direction while other hair cells depolarize when in another direction
in saccule and utricle
Kinocilium
Most important thing in producing depolarization or hyperpolarization controlled by ion channels
Type I hair cells
Further away from the base of the cupula
Type II hair cells
Located more towards the cupula
cupula
Glycoprotein-containing structure surrounded by endolymph in the ampulla of the semicircular canal
Cochlea
After stapes moves oval window which moves fluid – fluid goes to cochlea and hits the round window to dissipate what came through the vibration
How many parts of the cochlear duct
3 Scala
What are the 2 Scala
Scala vestibuli, Scala media, Scala tympani
2 Scala with peri lymph
Scala vestibuli and Scala tympani
What lymph is in the Scala media
Endolymph
What separated the Scala vestibuli and the Scala media
Reissner’s membrane
What separates the Scala media and the Scala tympani
Organ of corti and the basilar membrane
Stria vascular is
Associated with blood vessels in the cochlea
Where are the outer hair cells located
On the organ or corti
Where are the inner hair cells located
In between the organ of corti and the basilar membrane
How are inner and outer hair cells named
In relation to the center of the spiral
Tectorial membrane
Anchored to outer hair cells and fluid vibrates around the membrane and causes it to move the hair cells
Helicotreama
Vibrations from the Scala tympani go through, hit helicotreama, and then it sends the vibration to round window
Unique about Scala media
Vibrations never hit it
Outer hair cells vs inner hair cells
Outer are attached to tectorial membrane and inner are NOT
