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Neuro 2 exam > Olinger Eye > Flashcards

Olinger Eye Flashcards

1
Q

Posterior chamber of the eye

A

Behind iris, before lens

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2
Q

Vitreous Layer

A

Everything posterior to posterior chamber

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3
Q

Outer Tunic

A

Sclera and cornea

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4
Q

Sclera

A

White of eye, absorbs light

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5
Q

Cornea

A

Transparent part of the eye

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6
Q

Middle tunic (Uvea)

A

Iris, ciliary processes, choroid

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7
Q

Iris

A

Pigmented part of the eye

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8
Q

Ciliary processes

A

used for focusing

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9
Q

Choroid

A

Blood of middle tunic

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10
Q

Inner tunic

A

Retina - has “seeing” neurons

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11
Q

Limbus

A

Transition zone between sclera and cornea

Part of outer tunic

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12
Q

Layers of the cornea (from anterior to posterior)

A

Core and epithelium, bowman’s layer, storms, descemet’s membrane, corneal endothelium

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13
Q

Corneal epithelium

A

Has hemidesmosomes where one end is attached to the next layer (bowman’s capsule)

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14
Q

What is present in the stroma of the cornea?

A

Fibroblasts

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15
Q

Corneal endothelium

A

Semi-permeable and not air tight - some things can get through it

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16
Q

CIliary Body

A

Posterior lined with epithelium but anterior chamber is not

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17
Q

Aqueous humor

A

Fluid like

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18
Q

Vitreous humor

A

Gel like

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19
Q

Sphincter of the pupil

A

Sphincter papillae m

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20
Q

Dilator Pupillae

A

Contraction caused pupil dilation

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21
Q

Anterior chamber of eye

A

Everything anterior to iris

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22
Q

Fovea

A

Where you see things the clearest

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23
Q

Papilla

A

Area where there is no photoreceptor cells

“Blind spot” of the retina

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24
Q

Where are the axons dumped into the optic nerve

A

Papilla

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25
Q

Inner tunic location

A

Lines inner portion of the cornea

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26
Q

Rods

A

light

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27
Q

Cones

A

Color

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28
Q

10 layers of the retina

A 
Inner limiting membrane
Nerve fiber layer
Ganglion cell layer
Inner plexiform layer
Inner nuclear layer
Outer plexiform layer
Outer nuclear layer
Outer limiting membrane 
Inner and outer segments of rods and cones
Pigmented epithelium
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29
Q

Inner limiting membrane

A

In direct contact with vitreous

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30
Q

Nerve fiber layer

A

Axons of ganglion cells

Make up optic n

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31
Q

Ganglion cell layer

A

Axons to make up optic n

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32
Q

Inner nuclear layer

A

Bipolar cell body cells

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33
Q

Outer plexiform layer

A

Where synapse takes place

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34
Q

Outer nuclear layer

A

Cell body and nuclei of photoreceptor

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35
Q

Bipolar cells

A

In inner nuclear layer
1 dendrite end, 1 axon end
Take in for for the rod and cell to send to ganglion cell

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36
Q

Photoreceptor cells

A

In deepest layer

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37
Q

Choroid

A

Blood vessels

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38
Q

Where do we see the best

A

Fovea centralis

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39
Q

Where is the blind spot

A

Optic disk - all axons converge on one stop

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40
Q

Rods Photoreceptor cell characteristics

A

Plasma membrane folds in on itself to increase surface area and get light in and exciting cells in lower light

41
Q

Cones photoreceptor cells

A

Short and do not have as much folding of outer segment

42
Q

Pedicel

A

In cone photoreceptor cells

Is what is communicating with bipolar cells

43
Q

Color blindness

A

When a single group of color-receptive cones is missing
Individual can’t distinguish some colors
On the X chromosome

44
Q

How does aqueous humor circulate

A

Made in the ciliary body, circulates around iris, picked up by trabecular meshwork, goes through canal of Schlemm and dumped into vein

45
Q

Canal of Schlemm

A

Fluid percolates through thin endothelial lining and loose connective tissue
not directly linked to trabecular meshwork

46
Q

Episcleral veins

A

What the aqueous humor eventually drains into from canal of Schlemm

47
Q

Plug up trabecular meshwork

A

The ciliary body will continue to make aqueous humor and it will build up and squish the retina

48
Q

Glaucoma

A

Obstruction of aqueous humor – blockage of canal of Schlemm or inflammation preventing aqueous humor form reaching trabecular meshwork

49
Q

End result of glaucoma

A

Increase intraoccular pressure

50
Q

Zonular fibers of the lens

A

Attach to lens on one end and ciliary body on the other

51
Q

3 regions of the lens

A

Anterior potion, equator of lens, Equatorial region

52
Q

Anterior portion of lens

A

Epithelial, flattened cells

53
Q

Equator of lens

A

More elongated cells and a of cell divison

54
Q

Equatorial region

A

Helps focus image- Cortical lens fibers that liar cells to ciliary body

55
Q

Cortical lens fibers

A

Squished cells in Equatorial region

56
Q

Cataracts

A

Opacity of lens caused by Change in solubility of lens proteins

57
Q

Conditions that can increase cataracts

A

Aging and diabetes

58
Q

Conjunctiva

A

Lining of inner eyelid and folds over sclera

59
Q

Tarsal glands

A

Inside the eyelid

Secretes fluid to help the eyelid float on the eyeball

60
Q

Moll’s glands

A

Sebaceous glands that make eye boogers

61
Q

Two things that make eye boogers

A

Moll’s glands and tarsal glands

62
Q

Red eye (pink eye)

A

Subconjunctival hemorrhage and conjunctivitis where the conjunctiva swell

63
Q

3 parts of the ear

A

External, middle, internal

64
Q

Outer ear

A

Convey sound to tympanic membrane

65
Q

Middle ear

A

Contains ossicles of ear
Where ear communicated with pharynx

tympanic cavity

66
Q

Inner Ear

A

Where we do the actual hearing and determining the balance of our head

67
Q

Malleus

A

In middle ear

Known as the “hammer”

68
Q

Incus

A

In middle ear

Between the malleus and stapes

69
Q

Stapes

A

In middle ear

Has a foot plate that sits in the oval window and goes in and out of it with the vibrations of the sound stimulus

70
Q

Process of hearing

A

Sound hits the tympanic membrane which causes vibrations to the malleus, incus, and stapes. The stapes moves in and out of the oval window to move the fluid

71
Q

Function of the tensor tympani m and the stapedius m

A

To slow down the vibrations

72
Q

Components of the membranous labyrinth

A

2 small sacs- utricle and saccule

73
Q

Labyrinth membrane

A

Each membrane lines the actual bony space

74
Q

Innervation to the ear

A

Vestibulocochlear n – specifically the vestibular n

75
Q

Peri lymphatic duct

A

Extends from vestibule (saccule and utricle) to the subarachnoid space

76
Q

Endolympathic duct

A

Dumps the endolymph into the endolympathic sac

77
Q

Function of vestibule

A

Spatial awareness

78
Q

How vestibule works

A

Fluid moves past sensory area that causes special cells to move and depolarize

79
Q

Macula

A

Sensory receptor areas located in the wall of the saccule and utricle

80
Q

Hair cells

A

When fluid moves, some hair cells depolarize in one direction while other hair cells depolarize when in another direction

in saccule and utricle

81
Q

Kinocilium

A

Most important thing in producing depolarization or hyperpolarization controlled by ion channels

82
Q

Type I hair cells

A

Further away from the base of the cupula

83
Q

Type II hair cells

A

Located more towards the cupula

84
Q

cupula

A

Glycoprotein-containing structure surrounded by endolymph in the ampulla of the semicircular canal

85
Q

Cochlea

A

After stapes moves oval window which moves fluid – fluid goes to cochlea and hits the round window to dissipate what came through the vibration

86
Q

How many parts of the cochlear duct

A

3 Scala

87
Q

What are the 2 Scala

A

Scala vestibuli, Scala media, Scala tympani

88
Q

2 Scala with peri lymph

A

Scala vestibuli and Scala tympani

89
Q

What lymph is in the Scala media

A

Endolymph

90
Q

What separated the Scala vestibuli and the Scala media

A

Reissner’s membrane

91
Q

What separates the Scala media and the Scala tympani

A

Organ of corti and the basilar membrane

92
Q

Stria vascular is

A

Associated with blood vessels in the cochlea

93
Q

Where are the outer hair cells located

A

On the organ or corti

94
Q

Where are the inner hair cells located

A

In between the organ of corti and the basilar membrane

95
Q

How are inner and outer hair cells named

A

In relation to the center of the spiral

96
Q

Tectorial membrane

A

Anchored to outer hair cells and fluid vibrates around the membrane and causes it to move the hair cells

97
Q

Helicotreama

A

Vibrations from the Scala tympani go through, hit helicotreama, and then it sends the vibration to round window

98
Q

Unique about Scala media

A

Vibrations never hit it

99
Q

Outer hair cells vs inner hair cells

A

Outer are attached to tectorial membrane and inner are NOT

Neuro 2 exam (8 decks)

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