Karius Special Senses: Hearing

Question 1

Outer ear function

Answer 1

funnel the sound waves into ear

Question 2

Middle ear

Answer 2

Impedance matching - most sound from air to liquid

Question 3

Inner ear

Answer 3

cochlea converts sound to action potentials

Question 4

Scala vestibuli and Scala tympani relationship

Answer 4

continuous, fluid-filled compartments (perilymph)

Question 5

Helicotrema function

Answer 5

connects the scala tympani and scala vestibuli

Question 6

Perilymph composition

Answer 6

High Na+, low K+ (similar to ECF)

Question 7

What separates the scala media from the scala tympani and scala vestibuli

Answer 7

Reissner’s membrane and Basilar membrane

Question 8

Fluid inside the scala media

Answer 8

endolymph

Question 9

Endolymph composition

Answer 9

high K+ and low Na+

Question 10

What is something disrupts the cochlea and perilymph mixes with the endolymph

Answer 10

hearing will be effected profoundly

Question 11

Head motions

Answer 11

crucial for external ear - helps turn towards noise and improve hearing

Question 12

Middle ear hearing process

Answer 12

transmit sound waves to aqueous environment of cochlea thru ossicles and oval window

Question 13

Inner ear hearing process

Answer 13

stapes hits oval window causing basilar membrane to vibrate

Question 14

High frequency, short wavelength

Answer 14

higher pitch- cause maximum vibration closest to oval window

Question 15

Low frequency, long wavelength

Answer 15

lower pitch, maximum vibration of basilar membrane farthest away from oval window (towards helicotrema)

Question 16

Organ of Corti

Answer 16

as basilar membrane moves, organ of corti doesn’t fully connect to basilar membrane so it won’t move with it

Question 17

Hair cells of basilar membrane and tectorial membrane

Answer 17

dependent on tectorial membrane movement

Question 18

Tectorial membrane and hair cell movement

Answer 18

doesn’t move when the basilar membrane moves– this causes movement of hair cells (because one side stationary and one side is moving)

Question 19

Outer hair cells

Answer 19

give us our hearing

Question 20

Hair cell structure

Answer 20

have shorter stereocilia– get progressively longer and connect at top protein

Question 21

Tip ink

Answer 21

links tips of each sterocilia so they all move together as 1 hair cell

Question 22

Kinocilium function

Answer 22

determines whether sound is coming towards or away from it and determines whether to depolarize of hyperpolarize

only present during dvpt then goes away

Question 23

What causes hair cell depolarization

Answer 23

during transduction, if sterocilia are bent towards kinocilium

Question 24

What causes hair cell to hyperpolarize

Answer 24

stereocilia move away from kinocilium

Question 25

What channels open during depolarization (mvnt towards kinocilium)

Answer 25

K+ channels open and K+ enters cell

Question 26

Two paths in the cochlear nucleus

Answer 26

dorsal and ventral

Question 27

Ventral pathway

Answer 27

processing of temporal and spectral features of the sound

Question 28

Dorsal pathway

Answer 28

localizing sound

Question 29

Medial superior olive

Answer 29

intraaural time difference- how the sound arrived at the two ears differently (where the sound is) ex. how sound coming from R side reaches the right ear miliseconds before the L ear

Question 30

Lateral superior olive

Answer 30

Intensity -- how the sound arrived at the two ears differently ex. how sound is slightly reduced compared to what the right ear detected

Question 31

2 factors in determining where a sound originated from

Answer 31

time and intensity

Question 32

Inferior colliculus

Answer 32

suppresses information related to echoes and determines location on horizon Where is it L, R, front, back NOT above or below

Question 33

Superior colliculus

Answer 33

create spatial map of the sound's location | tells me above and below

Question 34

Primary auditory cortex (A1)

Answer 34

tonotopic representation, loudness, volume, rate of frequency

Question 35

Tonotopic

Answer 35

oriented by tone

Question 36

Rostral area of primary auditory cortex

Answer 36

Low frequency

Question 37

Caudal area of primary auditory cortex

Answer 37

high frequency detection

Question 38

Auditory Association Cortex

Answer 38

area that helps start to interpret the sound | *broca's and wenicke's*

Question 39

Linear acceleration

Answer 39

motion that occurs in horizontal plane or vertical plane

Question 40

Angular acceleration

Answer 40

requires rotation around one or more planes

Question 41

What detects acceleration?

Answer 41

semicircular canals, utricle, saccule

Question 42

Utricle

Answer 42

detect horizontal plane sound

Question 43

Saccule

Answer 43

detect vertical accelerations

Question 44

Rotation acceleration

Answer 44

detected by horizontal (lateral) canal

Question 45

Falling downward (or being thrown backwards)

Answer 45

detected by posterior semicircular canals

Question 46

Falling forwards

Answer 46

detected by anterior semicircular canal

Question 47

Ampulla

Answer 47

detects movement of hair cells *in semicircular canals* and whether they depolarize or hyperpolarize

Question 48

Macula

Answer 48

detects movement of hair cells *utricle and saccule* and whether they depolarize or hyperpolarize

Question 49

Fluid movement when there is motion of the body

Answer 49

endolymph motion, bending of hair cells in ampulla or macula, and activating the nerves

Question 50

What muscle is activated with anterior semicircular canal?

Answer 50

superior rectus

Question 51

What muscle is inhibited with anterior semicircular canal?

Answer 51

inferior rectus

Question 52

What way do eyes move when I fall forward

Answer 52

Up

Question 53

What muscle is activated with posterior semicircular canal?

Answer 53

superior oblique

Question 54

What muscle is inhibited with posterior semicircular canal?

Answer 54

inferior oblique

Question 55

What way do eyes move when I fall backward

Answer 55

Down

Question 56

What muscle is activated with horizontal semicircular canal?

Answer 56

medial rectus of ipsilateral eye, lateral rectus of contralateral eye

Question 57

What muscle is inhibited with horizontal semicircular canal?

Answer 57

lateral rectus of ipsilateral eye, medial rectus of contralateral eye