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Neuro 2 exam > Karius Special Senses: Hearing > Flashcards

Karius Special Senses: Hearing Flashcards

1
Q

Outer ear function

A

funnel the sound waves into ear

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2
Q

Middle ear

A

Impedance matching - most sound from air to liquid

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3
Q

Inner ear

A

cochlea converts sound to action potentials

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4
Q

Scala vestibuli and Scala tympani relationship

A

continuous, fluid-filled compartments (perilymph)

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5
Q

Helicotrema function

A

connects the scala tympani and scala vestibuli

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6
Q

Perilymph composition

A

High Na+, low K+ (similar to ECF)

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7
Q

What separates the scala media from the scala tympani and scala vestibuli

A

Reissner’s membrane and Basilar membrane

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8
Q

Fluid inside the scala media

A

endolymph

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9
Q

Endolymph composition

A

high K+ and low Na+

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10
Q

What is something disrupts the cochlea and perilymph mixes with the endolymph

A

hearing will be effected profoundly

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11
Q

Head motions

A

crucial for external ear - helps turn towards noise and improve hearing

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12
Q

Middle ear hearing process

A

transmit sound waves to aqueous environment of cochlea thru ossicles and oval window

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13
Q

Inner ear hearing process

A

stapes hits oval window causing basilar membrane to vibrate

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14
Q

High frequency, short wavelength

A

higher pitch- cause maximum vibration closest to oval window

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15
Q

Low frequency, long wavelength

A

lower pitch, maximum vibration of basilar membrane farthest away from oval window (towards helicotrema)

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16
Q

Organ of Corti

A

as basilar membrane moves, organ of corti doesn’t fully connect to basilar membrane so it won’t move with it

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17
Q

Hair cells of basilar membrane and tectorial membrane

A

dependent on tectorial membrane movement

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18
Q

Tectorial membrane and hair cell movement

A

doesn’t move when the basilar membrane moves– this causes movement of hair cells (because one side stationary and one side is moving)

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19
Q

Outer hair cells

A

give us our hearing

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20
Q

Hair cell structure

A

have shorter stereocilia– get progressively longer and connect at top protein

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21
Q

Tip ink

A

links tips of each sterocilia so they all move together as 1 hair cell

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22
Q

Kinocilium function

A

determines whether sound is coming towards or away from it and determines whether to depolarize of hyperpolarize

only present during dvpt then goes away

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23
Q

What causes hair cell depolarization

A

during transduction, if sterocilia are bent towards kinocilium

24
Q

What causes hair cell to hyperpolarize

A

stereocilia move away from kinocilium

25
Q

What channels open during depolarization (mvnt towards kinocilium)

A

K+ channels open and K+ enters cell

26
Q

Two paths in the cochlear nucleus

A

dorsal and ventral

27
Q

Ventral pathway

A

processing of temporal and spectral features of the sound

28
Q

Dorsal pathway

A

localizing sound

29
Q

Medial superior olive

A

intraaural time difference- how the sound arrived at the two ears differently (where the sound is)

ex. how sound coming from R side reaches the right ear miliseconds before the L ear

30
Q

Lateral superior olive

A

Intensity – how the sound arrived at the two ears differently

ex. how sound is slightly reduced compared to what the right ear detected

31
Q

2 factors in determining where a sound originated from

A

time and intensity

32
Q

Inferior colliculus

A

suppresses information related to echoes and determines location on horizon
Where is it L, R, front, back NOT above or below

33
Q

Superior colliculus

A

create spatial map of the sound’s location

tells me above and below

34
Q

Primary auditory cortex (A1)

A

tonotopic representation, loudness, volume, rate of frequency

35
Q

Tonotopic

A

oriented by tone

36
Q

Rostral area of primary auditory cortex

A

Low frequency

37
Q

Caudal area of primary auditory cortex

A

high frequency detection

38
Q

Auditory Association Cortex

A

area that helps start to interpret the sound

broca’s and wenicke’s

39
Q

Linear acceleration

A

motion that occurs in horizontal plane or vertical plane

40
Q

Angular acceleration

A

requires rotation around one or more planes

41
Q

What detects acceleration?

A

semicircular canals, utricle, saccule

42
Q

Utricle

A

detect horizontal plane sound

43
Q

Saccule

A

detect vertical accelerations

44
Q

Rotation acceleration

A

detected by horizontal (lateral) canal

45
Q

Falling downward (or being thrown backwards)

A

detected by posterior semicircular canals

46
Q

Falling forwards

A

detected by anterior semicircular canal

47
Q

Ampulla

A

detects movement of hair cells in semicircular canals and whether they depolarize or hyperpolarize

48
Q

Macula

A

detects movement of hair cells utricle and saccule and whether they depolarize or hyperpolarize

49
Q

Fluid movement when there is motion of the body

A

endolymph motion, bending of hair cells in ampulla or macula, and activating the nerves

50
Q

What muscle is activated with anterior semicircular canal?

A

superior rectus

51
Q

What muscle is inhibited with anterior semicircular canal?

A

inferior rectus

52
Q

What way do eyes move when I fall forward

A

Up

53
Q

What muscle is activated with posterior semicircular canal?

A

superior oblique

54
Q

What muscle is inhibited with posterior semicircular canal?

A

inferior oblique

55
Q

What way do eyes move when I fall backward

A

Down

56
Q

What muscle is activated with horizontal semicircular canal?

A

medial rectus of ipsilateral eye, lateral rectus of contralateral eye

57
Q

What muscle is inhibited with horizontal semicircular canal?

A

lateral rectus of ipsilateral eye, medial rectus of contralateral eye

Neuro 2 exam (8 decks)

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