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Neuro 2 exam > Karius Special Senses: Vision > Flashcards

Karius Special Senses: Vision Flashcards

1
Q

Direction of light rays for object that is far away

A

only parallel light rays enter the eye, little refraction to focus on retina

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2
Q

Direction of light rays for object that is nearby

A

the light rays are still diverging, need more refraction to focus on retina

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3
Q

Refraction

A

bending of light

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4
Q

Where is the first site that refraction occurs

A

cornea- bends light the most

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5
Q

Damage to cornea

A

very impactful on vision ex. astigmatism

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6
Q

2 parts of the eye that bend light?

A

cornea and lens

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7
Q

Why do we need the variable refraction provided by the lens?

A

to see things that are closer or far away

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8
Q

What does accommodation require

A

ciliary muscle, suspensory ligaments, lens itself

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9
Q

What happens to the lens during accommodation

A

make lens rounder

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10
Q

Function of ciliary muscle and suspensory ligaments during accommodation

A

control how thick the lens is

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11
Q

Ciliary muscle and suspensory lig during near vision

A

ciliary m contracts and tension on suspensory lig is released (becomes slack)

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12
Q

Shape of lens during near vision

A

becomes globular due to natural elasticity of lens

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13
Q

Increase curvature of the lens and refractive power

A

proportional - increased curvature increases refractive power

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14
Q

What does increased curvature of the lens do to light rays

A

allows nearby object to be bent sufficiently onto the retina

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15
Q

Ciliary muscle and suspensory lig during far vision

A

Ciliary muscle relaxes and tension of suspensory lig is increased

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16
Q

Lens shape during far vision

A

flattened

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17
Q

Decreased curvature of the lens and refractive power

A

proportional - decreased curvature decreases the refractive power

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18
Q

2 changes specific to near vision

A

convergence of eyes to point of focus and constriction of pupil

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19
Q

Pupil constriction for near vision

A

eliminates some of the diverging light rays

ex. squinting eyes when can’t see- its reducing the opening of light and allowing us to focus better

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20
Q

Retina cell types

A

photoreceptors, bipolar, ganglion, horizontal, amacrine

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21
Q

What retina cell types make up direct pathway of light to optic nerve

A

photoreceptor, bipolar, ganglion cells

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22
Q

What retina cell types are part of processing in the retina

A

horizontal and amacrine

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23
Q

Cells of vertical pathway of retina

A

photoreceptor, bipolar, ganglion cells

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24
Q

Vertical pathway function

A

relaying visual information to the brain

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25
Q

Base for the vertical pathway

A

cones - color, high detail, require a lot of light

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26
Q

Amino acid released by photoreceptors

A

glutamate

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27
Q

Glutamate release when dark

A

high release, depolarization occurs

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28
Q

What happens when photon activates photoreceptor

A

decrease glutamate release, hyperpolarization occurs

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29
Q

Vertical pathway for cones

A

photoreceptor struck by photon of light –> hyperpolarization –> decrease glutamate release into BIPOLAR cell

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30
Q

2 kinds of bipolar cells

A

ON-center and OFF-center

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31
Q

ON-center bipolar cells

A

cause depolarization in center of cell and hyperpolarization surrounding the cell

32
Q

OFF-center bipolar cells

A

cause hyperpolarization in the center of the cell and depolarization surrounding the cell

33
Q

ON-center vertical pathway cones

A

metabotropic receptor is activated, decrease in cation influx

34
Q

ON-center in the dark cones

A

ON-center is hyperpolarized, increase in glutamate

35
Q

ON-center with light cones

A

ON-center is depolarized, decrease release of glutamate

36
Q

OFF-center vertical pathway cones

A

AMPA receptor activated and increase in cation influx

37
Q

OFF-center in the dark cones

A

OFF-center is depolarized due to less sodium release and lots of glutamate

38
Q

OFF-center with light cones

A

OFF-center is hyperpolarized, glutamate is decreases, AMPA not activated

39
Q

Components of Vertical pathway for Rods

A

rods, ON-center bipolar cells, A11 amacrine, cone ON-Center, ganglion cell

40
Q

Process of vertical pathway for rods

A

Rods converge on ON-center bipolar cells –> synapse on A11 amacrine cell –> synapse on Cone ON-center bipolar cell –> activated ganglion cell

41
Q

Rods

A

low light, not great on detail

42
Q

What cell expresses metabotropic receptor because it’s an “ON” cell

A

ON-center bipolar cell

43
Q

A11 amacrine cell

A

tells you that you’re in the rod pathway

44
Q

What does the ON-cell center tell us

A

where something is

45
Q

What does the OFF-center tell us

A

where it ends

46
Q

Amacrine and horizontal cell function

A

provide inhibitory signals that modify the activity of neighboring photoreceptors, bipolar cells, or ganglion cells

47
Q

Where do action potential occur

A

ganglion cells

48
Q

What does each eye see?

A

sees two different visual fields to give depth perception

49
Q

Left temporal retina

A

activated by light coming from right visual field

50
Q

Right nasal retina

A

activated by light coming from right visual field

51
Q

Right temporal retina

A

activated by light coming from the left visual field

52
Q

Left nasal retina

A

activated by light coming from the left visual field

53
Q

What occurs at optic chiasma

A

all information from right visual field is sent to same part of the brain (ex. right visual field sent o left side of the brain)

54
Q

Visual field

A

what you see

55
Q

Retinal field

A

light on retina

56
Q

Lateral geniculate body

A

where axons travel and synapse

57
Q

Function of LGN

A

control motions of eye, control focusing, identify major elements within our visual image, identify motion

58
Q

Primary Visual Cortex (V1) neocortex

A

divided into 6 layers that each have different functions

59
Q

Layer 1,2,3 of primary visual cortex

A

allow networking between V1 and other parts of cortex

60
Q

Layer 4 of primary visual cortex

A

receives inputs form the LGN, where synapse occurs, tells us what to focus on

61
Q

Layers 5 and 6 of primary visual cortex

A

send information BACK to the LGN

62
Q

Columns of cortex of primary visual cortex

A

each column runs perpendicular to surface and has 6 layers. each column has different function

63
Q

Neighboring columns

A

have related jobs

64
Q

Macula of the retina

A

have lots of columns and receive info from macula

65
Q

Peripheral regions of retina

A

less area in V1

66
Q

Major job of V1

A

identify the edges/contours of the visual image

67
Q

Major job of V2

A

Identify disparities in the visual images presented by the two eyes
Determines depth perception

68
Q

Blobs

A

enable color detection, located in each colun

69
Q

What does accurate color detection depend on

A

all 3 sets of cones

70
Q

Major role of V4

A

complete processing of the color inputs

71
Q

What can these layers NOT do

A

name the image, copy the image, aim at the image, recognize the image

72
Q

Higher processing of visual inputs

A

dorsal and vental pathway

73
Q

Dorsal pathway

A

relay info to motor cortices to act on visual input

ex. allows playing catch with friends

74
Q

Ventral pathway

A

relay info to “processing of sensory input” area

ex. naming object and copying he object

75
Q

Damage to temporal lobe

A

can impair either naming/recognizing of an object and not impair the other

76
Q

Special function of temporal lobe

A

recognizing faces

Neuro 2 exam (8 decks)

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