Old Exam Flashcards
When a mammalian cell is at rest which of the following is true?
a. The inside of the cell has an electronegative charge
b. There is more Na+ outside the cell than inside
c. K+ ions are predominately inside the cell
d. It requires oxygen to remain viable
e. All of the above
e. All of the above
The stratum basale/ germinativum is comprised mainly of:
a. Living keratinocytes
b. Living melanocytes
c. Dead keratinocytes debris and extracellular keratin
d. Dead melanocytes and extracellular melanin
e. Adipocytes
a. Living keratinocytes
Which of the following is true:
a. The plasma membrane is comprised of DNA
b. The plasma membrane contains ion channels
c. All cells types in an animal have the same “transcriptome”
d. All cell types in an animal have the same number of chromosomes
e. Blood is an example of epithelial tissue
b. The plasma membrane contains ion channels
If Na+ channels on a resting muscle cell were to open
a. Na+ would flow out of the cell
b. The cell would stop using ATP
c. The concentration gradient would forge Na+ into the cell
d. The electrical gradient would attract Na+ into the cell
e. Both C & D are correct
e. Both C & D are correct
Which of these organelles is most responsible for steroid synthesis:
a. Mitochondria
b. Golgi
c. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
d. Peroxisome
e. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
e. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Which of these is true
a. A red blood cell in hypotonic solution will burst as water rushes into the cell
b. A red blood cell in isotonic solution will burst as water rushes into the cell
c. Reticular layer of the dermis contains no blood vessels
d. All cells have the same numbers of each organelles
e. Cattle and all Mammals have to maintain their water content to less than 20%
a. A red blood cell in hypotonic solution will burst as water rushes into the cell
The best term for morphology that is visible with the naked eye is:
a. Subatomic physiology
b. Macroscopic anatomy
c. Microscopic physiology
d. Macroscopic physiology
e. Microscopic anatomy
b. Macroscopic anatomy
A melanocyte is a:
a. Cell in the skin that makes melanin
b. Cell in the epidermis that has immune function
c. Vesicle in a cell that contains oxidases and catalases
d. Precursor to all integumentary cells
e. All of the above are false
a. Cell in the skin that makes melanin
Which of these connects bone to bone
a. Peritonea ligament
b. True ligament
c. Elastic cartilage
d. Tendon
e. Nerve cells
b. True ligament
Which of the following is true:
a. The epidermis is the same thickness over the entire surface of the animal
b. The epidermis is a major site of fat storage
c. The epidermis and dermis of the integument are separated by subcutaneous tissue
d. The epidermis contains many nerves and sensory structures
e. The epidermis is avascular
e. The epidermis is avascular
Which of these statements are true
a. A myofibril is another name for a muscle cell
b. A substance that binds to a receptor with specificity is a “ligand”
c. Ions move from regions of low concentration to regions of high concentrations by diffusion
d. All of the above
b. A substance that binds to a receptor with specificity is a “ligand”
Active transport is important for:
a. Concentrating ions across an impermeable or selectively permeable membrane
b. Generating ATP
c. Oxygen to enter a cell
d. Passive movement of permeable solutes from regions of high concentration to a low concentration
e. None of the above
a. Concentrating ions across an impermeable or selectively permeable membrane
A term that means; maintaining a desirable range for a physiological parameter:
a. Pathology
b. Emulsification
c. Homeorrhesis
d. Homeostatic
e. Heterogeneous
c. Homeorrhesis
A cell junction that allows cytoplasm to be shared between adjacent cells is:
a. Gap junction
b. Desmosome junction
c. Tight junction
d. Interstate junction
e. Hemi-desmosome junction
a. Gap junction
Mineralized bone matrix (ground substance) is:
a. Garnulosum
b. Sarcoplasm
c. Marrow
d. Hydroxyapatite
e. All of the above
d. Hydroxyapatite
The branch of metabolism that best represents breakdown of large macromolecules is:
a. Capitalism
b. Cannibalism
c. Anabolism
d. Catabolism
e. Incrediblism
d. Catabolism
The anatomical structure that mechanically assists large grazing animals to lift their head is:
a. Pubis
b. Ligamentum nuchae
c. Gutteral pouch
d. Epiglottis
e. None of the above
b. Ligamentum nuchae
The type of sweat gland that matures and becomes active under the influence of steroids is:
a. Sebaceous
b. Anogenital
c. Submental
d. Apocrine
e. Eccrine
d. Apocrine
The hormone “relaxin” softens which type of connective tissue that allows expansion of the pubis for birthing
a. Hyaline cartilage
b. Suspensory ligaments
c. Tendons
d. Fibrocartilage
e. Elastic cartilage
d. Fibrocartilage
Which of these is a “positive feedback” mechanism
a. Induction of release of oxytocin by hypothalamus following uterine contraction during birth
b. Initiation of sweating when exercising
c. Shivering thermogenesis when cold
d. Moving to shade when overheated
e. All of the above
a. Induction of release of oxytocin by hypothalamus following uterine contraction during birth
The forelimb is part of what subdivision of the skeletal system:
a. Cranium
b. Axial
c. Linear
d. Appendicular
e. Central
d. Appendicular
The striated muscle structure that runs from one z-disc to the next z-disc is called:
a. Sarcomere
b. H-zone
c. M-line
d. Sarcolemma
e. Motor Neuron
a. Sarcomere
The fluid contained within capsules (bursa) of articulating joints is:
a. Synovial fluid
b. Osteoid
c. Saliva
d. Blood
e. Caprice acid
a. Synovial fluid
The A-band in skeletal muscle is predominately which myofilament:
a. G-Actin
b. F-Actin
c. Tropomyosin
d. Myosin
e. Titin
d. Myosin
A young immature long bone is most likely to contain
a. Epiphyseal line
b. Yellow Marrow
c. Epiphyseal growth plate
d. A & B
e. Blood clots
c. Epiphyseal growth plate
List the four tissue types:
Connective
Muscle
Epithelial
Neural
The connective tissue that surrounds muscle bundles (fascicles) is _____.
Perimysium
True or False
Dr. Murdoch has never broken a bone
False
Which of these is False:
a. Anatomy in the study of structure
b. Physiology is the study of function
c. Your brain contains nerve cells
d. Cattle are quadrupeds
e. Dr. Murdoch does not care if you cheat in his course.
e. Dr. Murdoch does not care if you cheat in his course.
Which of these cells has 1/2 a genome?
a. Ovum
b. Muscle cell
c. Nerve cell
d. Mature Red blood cell
e. Osteocyte
a. Ovum
The stratum lucidum is comprised mainly of
a. Living keratinocytes
b. Living melanocytes
c. Dead Keratin debris and extracellular keratin
d. Dead melanocytes and extracellular melanin
e. Adipocytes
c. Dead Keratin debris and extracellular keratin
Which of the following is true
a. The plasma membrane is freely permeable to all substances so the cell can use them
b. The plasma membrane contains mitochondria
c. All cell types in an animal have the same “transcriptome”
d. “Fat” is one of the 4 primary tissue types
e. Blood is an example of a connective tissue
e. Blood is an example of a connective tissue
The free movement of water across a water permeable membrane from a region of low osmolarity to high osmolarity is best described as:
a. Osmosis
b. Carrier medicated antiport
c. Active transport
d. Drowning
e. Facilitated transport
a. Osmosis
Which of these organelles is most responsible for packaging proteins for export:
a. Mitochondria
b. Golgi
c. Rough ER
d. Peroxisome
e. Smooth ER
b. Golgi
The building blocks of proteins are
a. ATP
b. Nucleic acids
c. Lipids
d. Amino acids
e. Sugars
d. Amino acids
Which of these is true
a. A red blood cell in hypertonic solution will burst as water rushes into the cell
b. A red blood cell in isotonic solution will burst as water rushes into the cell
c. Papillary layer of the dermis gives rise to fingerprints
d. All cells have the same number of each organelles
e. A mammal is roughly 2% water
c. Papillary layer of the dermis gives rise to fingerprints
The best term for morphology that is NOT visible with the naked eye is
a. Subatomic physiology
b. Macroscopic anatomy
c. Microscopic physiology
d. Macroscopic Physiology
e. Microscopic anatomy
e. Microscopic anatomy
A peroxisome is a
a. Cell in the skin that makes melanin
b. Cell in the epidermis that has immune function
c. Vesicle in a cell that contains oxidases and catalses
d. Precursor to all bone cells
e. All of the above are false
c. Vesicle in a cell that contains oxidases and catalses
Which of these connects muscle to bone
a. Peritoneal ligament
b. True ligament
c. Elastic cartilage
d. Tendon
e. Nerve cells
d. Tendon
Which of these is not a property of neural tissue
a. Conductivity
b. Excitability
c. All or none
d. Contractility
e. Summation
d. Contractility
Which of the following is true
a. The epidermis is the same thickness over the entire surface of the animal
b. The epidermis is a major site of fat storage
c. The epidermis and dermis of the integument are separated by subcutaneous tissue
d. The epidermis contains many nerves and sensory structures
e. The epidermis is avascular
e. The epidermis is avascular
Which of these statements is true
a. Most cell receptors are comprised of lipid
b. A substance that binds to a receptor with specificity is s “ligand”
c. Ions move from regions of low concentration to regions of high concentration by diffusion
d. Individual cells are not homeorrhetic
e. all the above
b. A substance that binds to a receptor with specificity is s “ligand”
Active transport is important for
a. concentrating ions across an impermeable or selectively permeable membrane
b. Generating ATP
c. Oxygen to enter a cell
d. Passive movement of permeable solutes from regions of high concentration to low concentration
e. none of the above
a. concentrating ions across an impermeable or selectively permeable membrane
A term that means; maintaining a desirable range for a physiological parameter
a. Pathology
b. Emulsification
c. Homeorrhesis
d. Homeostatic
e. Heterogeneous
c. Homeorrhesis
Which of these is false
a. Muscles are involved in digestion
b. Muscles can only exert force by shortening (pull)
c. Muscles are involved in circulation of blood
d. The “insertion” is the most proximal and less mobile attachment of the muscle
e. Muscles are involved in thermoregulation
d. The “insertion” is the most proximal and less mobile attachment of the muscle
A cell junction that prevents large molecules and pathogens from passing between adjacent epithelial cells is:
a. Gap junction
b. Desmosome junction
c. Tight junction
d. Interstate junction
e. Hemi-desmosome junction
c. Tight junction
The channels that connect trapped osteocytes is called:
a. Lamellae
b. Canaliculi
c. Lacunae
d. Perichondrium
e. none of the above
b. Canaliculi
Chondrocytes produce:
a. Cartilage
b. Type II collagen
c. Elastin
d. Part of the epiphyseal growth plate
e. All of the above
e. All of the above
Which best describes a uniport carrier
a. Selectively lets one specific substance into or out of a cell
b. Is not ‘gated’
c. Transports one molecule into the cell and another molecule out of the cell
d. Only allows a certain substance to enter a cell
e. Can open once and then stays open
a. Selectively lets one specific substance into or out of a cell
UV light converts 1-dehydrocholesterol located in the skin into
a. 25-hydroxy-vitamin D3
b. 1,25 dihydroxy-vitamin D3
c. Testosterone
d. cholesterol
e. Vitamin D3
e. Vitamin D3
The branch of metabolism that best represents breakdown of large macromolecules is
a. Capitalism
b. Cannibalism
c. Anabolism
d. Catabolism
e. Incrediblism
d. Catabolism
The type of cartilage present in intervertebral discs is:
a. Hyaline cartilage
b. Elastic cartilage
c. Fibrocartilage
d. Synovial cartilage
e. Articulating ligament
c. Fibrocartilage
The anatomical structure that mechanically assists large grazing animals to lift their head is:
a. Pubis
b. Ligamentum nuchae
c. Guttural pouch
d. Epiglottis
e. none of the above
b. Ligamentum nuchae
The type of sweat gland that matures and becomes active under the influence of steroids is
a. Sebaceous
b. Anogenital
c. Submental
d. Apocrine
e. Eccrine
d. Apocrine
If an animal is cold it will divert more blood
a. Away from the core
b. Towards the extremities
c. Into the integumentary system
d. Into the core
e. Away from the brain
d. Into the core
Increases winter hair growth is induced by
a. Decrease number of hours of daylight
b. Increased melatonin and prolactin
c. Decreased oxytocin
d. Increase oxytocin
e. Predominately the onset of cold temperatures
a. Decrease number of hours of daylight
The most biologically active form of vitamin D is produced by
a. Bone
b. Kidney
c. Liver
d. Integument
e. Cartilage
b. Kidney
The most active cell involved in ossification is
a. Osteoprogenitor
b. Osteoblast
c. Osteoporosis
d. Osteosarcoma
e. Osteocyte
b. Osteoblast
The connective tissue that is in the pinnae (outer ears) is
a. Tendon
b. Ligament
c. Elastic cartilage
d. Fibrocartilage
e. Fat
c. Elastic cartilage
The hormone “relaxin” softens which type of connective tissue that allows expansion of the pubis for birthing
a. Hyaline cartilage
b. Suspensory ligaments
c. Tendons
d. Fibrocartilage
e. Elastic cartilage
d. Fibrocartilage
Which of these is a “positive feedback” mechanism
a. Induction of release of oxytocin by hypothalamus following uterine contraction during birthing
b. Initiation of sweating when exercising
c. Shivering thermogenesis when cold
d. Moving to shade when overheated
e. All of the above
a. Induction of release of oxytocin by hypothalamus following uterine contraction during birthing
The vertebrae is part of what subdivision of the skeletal system
a. Cranium
b. Axial
c. Linear
d. Appendicular
e. Central
b. Axial
Sebum is released from
a. Apocrine sweat glands
b. Submental gland
c. Articulating joints
d. Sebaceous glands
e. Langerhans cells
d. Sebaceous glands
The fluid contained within capsules (bursa) of articulating joints is
a. Sarcoplasm
b. Osteoid
c. Saliva
d. Synovial fluid
e. Caprice acid
d. Synovial fluid
The very center of every osteon is a
a. Lacunae
b. Spicular bone
c. Volksman’s canal
d. Red marrow
e. None of the above
e. None of the above
The best example of a “sesamoid” bone is
a. Vertebra
b. Femur
c. Sternum
d. Patella
e. Tarsal
d. Patella
Plasma membrane ion channels are generally
a. phospholipids
b. trans cellular carbohydrates
c. Tight junctions
d. Extracelluar lipids
e. Transmembrane proteins
e. Transmembrane proteins
Intracellular fluid is typically maintained at rest to be
a. High in sodium, low in potassium
b. low in sodium, high in potassium
c. low in sodium, low in potassium
d. Free of sodium, low in potassium
e. Free of sodium, high in potassium
b. low in sodium, high in potassium
Which of these is not a function of bone
a. protection of soft tissue
b. Locomotion
c. Mineral storage
d. Production of blood cells
e. template for cartilage growth
e. template for cartilage growth
Every osteon contains
a. Nerve
b. Vein
c. Artery
d. All the above
e. None of the above
d. All the above
The last fluid space to acquire additional water following drinking is
a. Gut lumen
b. Extracellular fluid space
c. Interstitial fluid space
d. Intracellular fluid space
e. Paracellular fluid space
d. Intracellular fluid space
An old mature long bone is most likely to contain
a. Epiphyseal line
b. Yellow marrow
c. Epiphyseal growth plate
d. A&B
e. Blood clot
d. A&B
A bone fracture that protrudes through the integumentary system is called
a. Complete
b. Open
c. Comminuted
d. Greenstick
e. Closed
b. Open
