Offending and Victimisation Spring Part 4 cyber crime

Question 1

When did internet become domestic?

Answer 1

1996

Question 2

Who invented the dark net?

Answer 2

America created the dark net to be able to hack information from other countries, however if a country had been hacked they would know who it is so to keep anonymity they made the dark net accessible to everyone

Question 3

What did Pease (2011) mean about ‘empowering small agents’?

Answer 3

Pease meant that the internet empowered otherwise law-abiding citizens to commit crime due to the ease of it e.g. illegally downloading copyrighted material

Question 4

What does ‘global criminal economy’ mean?

Answer 4

by the global scope of the internet it means criminal activities can happen across whole networks of criminality e.g. paedophile rings

Question 5

What are the 3 distinguishing features of traditional crime vs cyber crime?

Answer 5

1) Static temporal and spatially vs. distantiated - time and space does not matter (RAT struggles to explain this)
2) Crime often has political, social and legal rationalisation vs. cyber crime lacks social, legal and political recognition
3) Offenders are usually socio-economically disadvantaged vs. offenders are usually socio-economically priviledged

Question 6

There is little agreement on what cyber crime is… who are the big players in regulation? Who are the smaller players? Which of these parties did no give a description in the ‘Convention on cyber crime’ (2001)

Answer 6

Big players - UN, CoE and G8
Small players - Interpol/Europol, Organisation for economic cooperation and development (OECD)
No definition - CoE

Question 7

There has been an increase in reporting and recording of cyber crime, who/what records this data?

Answer 7

• FBI and Computer Security Institute
• National high-tech crime unit and National opinion poll
• BCS/CSEW
• Department for business, innovation and skills
• Offending, crime and justice survey
• Oxford internet survey

Question 8

Discuss the legal rationalisation of cyber crime

Answer 8

• Hacking, obscene content, online stalking, etc have all be met with legal rationalisation
• Although, crimes such as talking about bombs or online violence have been less understood by the law and are best to be considered as ‘harms’

Question 9

Walls (1998) created 3 categories of cyber crime

Answer 9

1) Facilitating existing criminal activity
2) New crimes recognised by the existing laws
3) New ‘harms’ unrecognised by law

Question 10

Walls (1998) made a typology of cyber crime, what is it? (4)

Answer 10

1) Cyber trespass
2) Cyber violence
3) Cyber theft
4) Cyber obscenity

Question 11

What is, and give examples, of ‘cyber trespass’

Answer 11

• Hacking
• Planting of virus’
• Manipulation of data
• Espionage
• Terrorism
• Example: Conservative manifesto hacking
• Example: Cyber warfare North Korea hacking America

Question 12

What is ‘cyber violence’?

Answer 12

• Trolling
• Flaming
• Hate speech
• Stalking
• ‘Virtual Rape’

Question 13

What is ‘cyber obscenity’?

Answer 13

• Distinction between mainstream pornography and child pornography
• Cultural, moral and legal variations
• ECs Green paper ‘protection of minors and human dignity in audio-visual and information services’ (1998)
• Main regulatory focus is on paedophilia networks

Question 14

What types of cyber theft are there and give examples?

Answer 14

• Appropriation of intellectual property e.g. duplicating dvds - victimises big corporations like sony
• Online Fraud e.g. romance scams
• Online Identity theft e.g. phishing

Question 15

What is ‘phishing’?

Answer 15

Posing as a legitimate company

Question 16

What is ‘spear phishing’?

Answer 16

Targeted profiling of victims based on desires for goods and services

Question 17

What is ‘pharming’?

Answer 17

Bypasses social engineering with software to automatically redirect websites

Question 18

What is ‘smishing’?

Answer 18

Using SMS text messages to target mobile users

Question 19

What are ‘keystroke loggers’?

Answer 19

Record everything you write on your keyboard to gain identity information e.g. online banking details

Question 20

What are ‘keystroke loggers’?

Answer 20

Record everything you write on your keyboard to gain identity information e.g. online banking details

Question 21

The National Fraud Authority (NFA, 2012) estimate that identity theft costs ??? billion per year

Answer 21

1.2 billion annualy

Question 22

UK annual number of phishing in 2012 was ??? which is a ??% increase since 2011

Answer 22

over 250,000 incidents

130% increase

Question 23

Global phishing attacks rose by ??% (?? million attacks) between 2012-13

Answer 23

87%

37 million

Question 24

Phishing attempts have been targeted at:
Email and Search ??%
Social media ??%
Banks ??%
Payment services ??%

Answer 24

30%
20%
12%
6%

Question 25

Why can organised cyber crime be highly profitable with little risk of being caught?

Answer 25

Because cyber crime happens across borders it is hard to convict people and who prosecutes them? Organised cyber criminal networks can work from and too countries that have little/no laws around cyber crime as a developing countries with undeveloped cyber crime laws or between two countries with little/no communication

Question 26

The BCS 2003 showed that:
??% are anxious about credit card fraud
??% have been a victim of a virus attack
??% victims of hacking
??% victims of email harassment
??% victims of obscene related crime

Answer 26

75%
18%
2%
12%
21%

Question 27

What does the Euro-barometer cyber security survey of ID theft reveal about increased chance of victimisation?

Answer 27

More likely to be a victim if:

• Sell on online auctions
• Use university computers
• Use public computers
• Younger
• Poorer
• From a country with low internet penetration

Question 28

Name some psychological harms that are caused by cyber crime e.g. online stalking, harassment, hate speech, obscenity, theft, etc

Answer 28

Sleepless nights
anxiety
Concentration problems
Avoidance
Relationship breakdown

Question 29

Name what cyber crime migrations cause physical harm?

Answer 29

Online grooming
Cyber stalking
Hate crimes
Other related to violence

Question 30

Detica/Cabinet office believe the cost of cyber crime annually is £?? billion

Answer 30

27 billion

Question 31

Cyber crime has large costs because of… (3)

Answer 31

1) Transfer costs e.g. direct losses from fraud, transfer from victim to offender, transfer from legal to illegal economy
2) Anticipatory costs e.g. defensive (virus and snooping software) and precautionary (avoiding unsure websites)
3) Reactive costs e.g. criminal justice costs, civil costs

Question 32

How would Hirschi’s (1969) control theory be applied to cyber crime?

Answer 32

Crime in online communities as there is lack of attachment, commitment, involvement and beliefs

Question 33

How does deindividualisation account for cyber crime?

Answer 33

Festinger (1952)
Anonymity
Lack of public self-awareness
Disinhibtion

Question 34

How would Katz (1988) explain cyber crime?

Answer 34

Seductions of crime - criminals make crime enticing as crime is thrill seeking

Question 35

How can routine activity theory explain cyber crime?

Answer 35

• Cohen and Felston (1979)
• A suitable target is avaliable
• There is a lack of suitable guardian to prevent the crime from happening
• Likely and motivated offender is present