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Criminology > Offending and Victimisation Autumn > Flashcards

Offending and Victimisation Autumn Flashcards

1
Q

What is a criticism of the Age-Crime graph?

A

The data is aggregated therefore doesn’t show individual or subgroup data - prevalence/incidents

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2
Q

What percentage of the population that is responsible for around 50% of all offending?

A

5%

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3
Q

What is the life course approach to offending?

A

Looks at the individual offender, not the particular crime type - overall framework of offending over the life course

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4
Q

What did Farrington (2003) say about the life course approach?

A

Different risk factors at different ages effect the development of offending and ASB (e.g. school age is your peers). Also life events during the life course have affect on criminal career

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5
Q

What does Farrington (2003) outline what we know now?

A

Peak - criminality age is late teenage years
Early onset - young ASB and delinquency predicts later life criminality
Continuity - If the career carries on, it transfers from childhood to adulthood
- Committing an offence is usually apart of a larger syndrome of ASB
- different types of crime occur at different times in the life course and severity of the crime increases with the age of the offender

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6
Q

What study did Laub and Sampson (1993:2003) conduct to create their age graded theory of informal social control?

A

‘Unraveling Juvenile delinquency USA’
Longitudinal study conducted on 500 delinquent boys and 500 non-delinquent boys interviewed at ages 14, 25, 32, followed up until age 70

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7
Q

What did Laub and Sampson’s age graded theory of informal social control tell us about the age-crime graph?

A
  • Crime is more likely to occur when bonds to society are weak
  • To desist a criminal life career informal social control is highly important at different life stages e.g. marriage, employment
  • The highly delinquent boys were 7x more likely to be arrested between 25-32, more likely to engage in a deviant lifestyle e.g. drug abuse, gambling
  • Cumulative Disadvantage - ‘vicious circle’ Chain reaction of deviant behavior, less opportunities of positive informal social control therefore even more deviant behavior
  • ‘Turning points’ - Life events and changes that provide structure, routine, supervision, monitoring and opportunity for identity transformation e.g. “pikey” to “family man”
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8
Q

What was the research conducted by Moffitt (1993) to outline the dual taxonomy of ASB?

A

‘Dunedin Study of New Zealand’ - Longitudinal study following 1037 girls and boys from ages 3 to 26 looking at ASB and looking at the 3 different reporting agents (parents, teachers and self)

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9
Q

Discuss Moffitt’s (1993) idea of a Life course persistent offender

A
  • Starts with neurological deficits (Verbal and executive) e.g. hyperactivity
  • In result a difficult, hard to rear child and more likely to interact with criminogenic environment
  • ASB continues on through life course
  • oppertunities of change are narrowed and causing more trouble - ‘snowball effect’ - restricted behavioural repitoire prevents pro-social behaviour and ensnares more ASB e.g. drug addiction
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10
Q

Describe Moffitt’s (1993) idea of an Adolescence Limited offender

A
  • Starts with a maturity gap and the social mimicry of peers (life course persistent)
  • Instrumental use of ASB: Temporal instability (crime free periods) and cross-situational instability (lack of consistent offending across all situations)
  • Discontinued due to exiting the maturity gap (which was the motivation) and opportunities for change came up in which in the individual responded adaptively too
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11
Q

What does Blumstein et al (1986) mean by ‘trajectories and transitions?

A

People differ in different stages of their criminal careers e.g. onset, duration, frequency “criminal career is the longitudinal sequence of crimes committed by an individual offender”

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12
Q

What is the impact of victimisation? (5)

A
  • Physical impact e.g. from violent crime
  • Behavioral impact e.g. stop doing a normal routine
  • Emotional and psychological impact e.g. PTSD
  • Financial impact e.g. therapy costs
  • Fear of Crime e.g. vast victimisation = anxiety
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13
Q

What is the UN (1985) description of a ‘Victim’?

A

Person who has suffered harm regardless of whether the perpetrator is identified, regardless of familial relationship

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14
Q

What is Christie’s (1986) ‘Ideal Victim’?

A

Weak, female, sick, old, young, blameless, innocent, unrelated to the offender and the offender is ‘evil’

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15
Q

What is victim-precipitation?

A

The role of the victim and how the interaction between the offender and the victim influences the actions of the crime e.g. aggressive victim ‘starting on’ offenders

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16
Q

What is victim-blaming?

A

Putting the blame and responsibility onto the victims precipitation, making offender less culpable - Large feminist outcries towards women ‘asking for it dressed like that’ when dealing with victims of sexual assult

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17
Q

What is one benefit and one disadvantage of victimisation surveys?

A
  • Pro: shreads light on dark figure of crime

- Con: ignores victimless crime e.g. public space vandalism and victims that cant report back e.g. murdered

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18
Q

How many crimes happened in the UK between 2013-14? (CSEW + BCS)

A

7.3 million - but decreased by 14%

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19
Q

How many crimes happen out of the 7.3 million reported by victimisation surveys are recorded by the police?

A

3.7 million

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20
Q

Explain the life course explanation on repeated victimisation (Wittebrood and Nieuweerta, 2000)

A

If you are a victim once, you have an increased risk of double victimisation

  • 1.7x more likely to be a victim of burglary
  • 1.8x more likely to be victim of theft
  • 1.5x more likely to be victim of assult
  • 2.4x more likely to be victim of threat
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21
Q

What is the Routine Activity Theory’s explanation on victimisation patterns? (Cohen and Felson, 1979)

A
  • Risk deviant lifestyle increases risk of victimisation e.g. 40% increase of victimisation risk in an urban area
  • Target attractiveness e.g. young people and women are 8x more likely to be victims of sexual assault, whereas men are more likely to be victims of threat and assault
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22
Q

What is Gottefredson and Hirsch (1990) explanation of the victim-offender overlap?

A

Overlap due to low self control e.g. short temper = more likely to be in a fight

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23
Q

What is Lauritsen et al (1991) explanation of victim-offender overlap?

A

Delinquent adolescence are 4x more likely to be victims as a delinquent lifestyle increases risk of victimisation (robbery, assault, vandalism)

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24
Q

What is Jennings et al (2010)’s explanation of victim-offender overlap?

A

Conducted a study and found that individuals that are highly victimised were delinquent themselves, although not all high-rate offenders are victims - explanation: Low self control

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25
Q

What is routine activities theories explanation of the victim-offender overlap?

A

The unstructured socialising of individuals and their participation in a deviant/risky lifestyle increases their risk of victimisation and exposes them to oppertunities e.g. property burlgars are 2x more likely to be burlged and violent offenders are x4 more likely to be threatened and 5x more likely to be assaulted

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26
Q

How old are Juvenile delinquents and what is the age range of ‘young adults’?

A

JD - 10-17 years

Young adults - up to the age of 24/25

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27
Q 
What is the age of criminal responsibility in 
A) England and Wales
B) USA
C) Scotland, Netherlands and Canda
D) Sweden, Norway and Finland
A

A) 10
B) 6-12
C) 12
D) 15

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28
Q

Between 2011-2012 how many arrests were of juvenile delinquents and what percentage of all arrests is this?

A

167,995

13.6%

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29
Q

Self report data shows that 1 in ?? had committed an offence with ??% male and ??% female (Roe & Asche, 2008)

A

1in4
26% male
17% female

30
Q

Roe and Asche 2008 also found that ??% of 10-17 year olds had commited at least one offence and ??% were frequent offenders (6 or more offences). Also out of the people admitting to breaking the law how many % committed a serious crime?

A

31% one offence
29% frequent offenders
49% serious crime

31
Q

What is the peak age of youth offending in A) boys and B) girls

A

Boys 14-17

Girls 12-17

32
Q

What was Loeber et al (1993)’s theory around juvenile delinquency?

A

Developmental Pathway: ASB and offending increases over time in a predictable order - increased severity over time - 3 pathways: Authority conflict pathway, Covert pathway and then Overt pathway

33
Q

Explain the Authority conflict pathway and its age/order in Loeber et al’s developmental pathway

A

Pre-age 12
General stubborn behaviour, difficult to rear child, truant as school and general ASB
First stage

34
Q

Explain the Covert pathway and its age/order in Loeber et al’s developmental pathway

A

Pre-age 15
Second stage on from the Authority conflict pathway
More private/sneaky behaviour and offending e.g. vandalism, arson, lying, shoplifting, etc

35
Q

Explain the Overt pathway and its order in Loeber et al’s developmental pathway

A

Final stage

Engaging in Overt open offending e.g. from minor aggression, to attacking, rape, homicide

36
Q

What are the individual risk factors of Juvenile delinquency? (Biological)

A
  • Genetic/heredity disposition
  • Prenatal development
  • Birth complications
  • Executive functions (brain damage) to the prefrontal cortext
  • physiology
37
Q

What are the individual risk factors of Juvenile delinquency? (Behavioural)

A
  • Low IQ or cognitive impairments
  • Difficult temperment
  • Hyperactivity, low self control, impulsive
  • Early aggression
38
Q

What are the individual risk factors of Juvenile delinquency? (Gender differences)

A
  • most likely risk factors is female - disobedience and males - birth complications (Wong et al, 2010)
  • (Moffitt and Casper, 2001) females experience lower levels of risk factors
39
Q

What did Sampson and Laub (1990/1992) say about how juvenile delinquents ‘grow out’ of committing crime as seen in the age-crime graph? Desistance

A

They become apart of ‘social conventional institutions’ - As informal social controls such as marriage, employment and so on become more important with age, people desist crime via stable informal social controls - Although can be hard to find these pro-social bonds

40
Q

What does the social learning theory believe about peer risk factors for juvenile delinquency?

A

(Akers, 1985) Via processes of modelling and reinforcement delinquents imitate and learn how to be more anti-social

41
Q

What are Bronfenbrenner’s 4 ecological settings for developmental change?

A

Macro - history, culture, etc
Exo - media, neighbourhood, etc
Micro - family, peers, siblings, etc
Individual - biology, behaviour, etc

42
Q

What is Laird’s 4 pathways of peer rejection? (2001)

A

1) High ASB as child - High peer rejection - High ASB as adolescence (life course persistant)
2) High ASB as child - Less peer rejection - Low ASB in adolescence
3) Low ASB in child - Peer rejection - High ASB
4) Low ASB in child - no peer rejection - Low ASB in adolescence

43
Q

What are the family risk factors of juvenile delinquency? (7)

A
  • Psychotic or/and ASB parents
  • Personality of parents - impulsive, aggressive, etc
  • Poor supervision
  • Inadequate parenting skills
  • inconsistent and harsh punishments confusing what is right and what is wrong
  • low income and social economic status
  • conflict/abuse/neglect
44
Q

What is peer rejection? And how can selection peer rejection be a risk factor for juvenile delinquency, and the alternative theory of how peer rejection maintains ASB

A

Peer rejection is the exclusion and rejection of the individual from their peers which can be highly upsetting and traumatic for the child, leading to a deviant characteristics.
Selection explanation - Not a cause or effect relationship, but both peer rejection and general other risk factors (e.g. heightened aggression) contribute to the child being rejected by peers and therefore become friends with other kids who are rejected, creating an anti-social friendship network
Peer rejection maintains ASB - suggest a cause and effect relationship, because those who are rejected by their peers are therefore excluded from pro-social networks, therefore as result have to make friends with anti-social children. Also the distress called by rejection induces internal reactions (e.g. frustration, low self esteem, etc) that is associated with delinquency

45
Q

Wilkstrom and Loeber (2000) looked at neighbourhood context and individual risk factors and found that delinquency is context-dependent. There are two types of context-dependent risk factors, they are…

A

1) Community structured characteristics - Indirectly linked with ASB and offending - Poverty, social deprivation, disorganised communities, no shared values
2) Community social processes - Lack of formal and informal social control in society and also a lack of socialisation and sense of community (e.g. low employment so less oppertunities to have informal social control and feel alone and have no respect for community there live a deviant lifestyle)

46
Q

Wilkstrom and Loeber (2000) found an interesting fact around neighbourhood risk factors and boy juvenile delinquents……

A

Boys who were high risk delinquents were shown to have little effect on their behaviour by their environment they will committ offences whatever (whether it was risk or protective society), however boys of low risk delinquency their environment, if risky, had a huge effect on their level of offending

47
Q

What did Osgood (1996) say about how peers can influence risk of being a juvenile delinquent?

A

‘peers as an audience’ the unstructured socialising of peer groups ‘hanging out’ provides opportunities for delinquency

48
Q

What is the definition of Anti-social behaviour

A

“Acting in a manner that causes DISTRESS, HARRASSMENT OR ALARM to one or more persons not of the same household, where an ASBO seems necessary to protect relevent persons from further anti-social acts by the defendent” Crime and Disorder Act 2003

49
Q

What theoretical basis does anti-social behaviour orders take?

A
  • Right realism - crime resulted from the failure to socialise in a way that controls personality traits with the lack of self control being the main issue
  • Broken windows theory
  • appeals to popular punativism
  • classical choice theories
50
Q

What are a few of the causes of ASB?

A
  • lack of employment
  • social deprivation
  • urban decline
  • instability
  • absence of formal or informal social control
  • mental health issues
51
Q

The Home Office define ASB as control of ‘nuisance’ ‘personal’ and ‘environmental’ disorder. What do each of these definitions?

A

Nuisance - trouble, annoyance, offence, inconvenience and suffering of and too a community (not an individual)
Personal - acts targeted at the individual or group (not the community)
Environment - acts that have impact of the surroundings - natural or urban man made

52
Q

Give an overview of the politics of the introduction of ASB

A

Introduced by Blair and New Labour in initiative to be ‘tough on crime’ and ‘tough on the causes of crime’
Crime rates were falling but public anxiety had increased and the public were now puntive therefore needed a new ‘no excuses’ agenda to restore public confidence
More recently, coalition government are reinforcing the idea of ‘putting the victim first’ and restorative justice as an approach to ASB

53
Q

According to the CSEW (2011/12) where is the use of ASBOs geographically concentrated… And what is the ASBOs most given out for? Also in the opposite geographic area, what are ASBOs most given out for?

A

deprived areas with poor health, education, housing, etc
Mainly given out for drug use, verbal abuse, violence and noisy neighbours
In middle class communities, mostly given out for street drinking and youth hanging about on the street

54
Q

In 2013-14 ASBOS were given out for ??% nuisance, ??% personal and ??% environmental

A

66% nuisance
28% personal
6% environment

55
Q

From the BCS ??% of people have witnessed/experienced ASB but only 1in?? are reported

A

30%

1in4

56
Q

CSEW reported that the public think that ASB is …. followed by ….

A 
noisy neighbours then..
drink related behaviour,
using and dealing drugs,
youth hanging around
littering
property damage and graffti
abandoned cars
57
Q

What do the public think the major causes of ASB is and what percentage chose that answer?

A 
28% alcohol
23% nothing to do
20% poor parenting
18% drugs
16% bordeom
11% lack of respect
58
Q

Brown 2004 describes the common features of those given ASBOs, what are they?

A 
Mental health issues
Learning difficulties
Addicts
Domestic violence
Physical and emotional abuse
59
Q

How does the night time economy effect ASB?

A

Encourages persmissive behaviour and alcohol misuse however has such large benefits such as being a large employer, huge money turnovers and makes places attract tourism

60
Q

Discuss Rachel Taylor-Swann’s study looking at women and the night time economy..

A

Looked at 3 status groups: locals, students and professionals
Analysed anti-social behaviour and alcohol related violence linked to class and gender specific norms and values
Key themes: excitement, reputation, health and well-being
In some cases not getting drunk was seen as anti-social (locals and students case)

61
Q

??% of all violent crimes involve alcohol (Kershaw et al, 2008)

A

40%

62
Q

Alcohol affects ASB as it creates hotspots for crimes (give example) and ??% of alcohol related assults take place in the night time economy, with ??% on weekend evenings…

A

examples: kebab shop, taxi ranks, etc
50%
70%

63
Q

What is the peak age range for anti-social behaviour (for victim and offender)? Also why is it more common to be a male offender and victim?

A

18-29 years old

Single men are ‘doing gender’ (Messerschmidt, 1993)

64
Q

Why is ASB subjective?

A

It is subjective because it is completely context-dependent - it relies on the expectations of the space/area and the time (e.g. night time ecomony vs sunday afternoon)
One behaviour may be seen as anti-social, but by others tolerated or even celebrated (e.g. graffti) - it is all to do with what we consider ‘normal’
“May never be malicious or on purpose, it can reflect ignorance, carelessness and thoughtlessness” (Milley, 2007)

65
Q

What is the strain theories explanation for ASB?

A

because there is limited access to legitmate means to achieve shared goals, there is a gap between means and goals which creates strain

66
Q

What is the subcultural explanation for ASB?

A

Status frustration and blocked opportunities which results in anti-social behaviour and delinquency

67
Q

How does the ‘seductions of crime’ theory explain ASB?

A

Moral sensual attraction to ‘doing’ crime - pleasure and excitment

68
Q

What was the HMIC ‘A step in the right direction’ study? And what did they find about public opinion on anti-social behaviour and police response?

A
  • largest national survey where they listened into 4400 calls to the police and 9300 telephone surveys
  • 20% of Ps thought ASB was a major problem in their communities
  • And only 51% of 999 calls the police responded too in 2012
69
Q

Victims of ASB tend to be located in hotspots, these hotspots are usually…

A

residential areas with high social deprivation

70
Q

Bottoms and Costello (2010) argue that there are ‘chronic victims’ as 1% of people are victims of ??% of personal crime

A

59%

Criminology (12 decks)

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