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Criminology > Offending and Victimisation Autumn Part 2 (Violent crime) > Flashcards

Offending and Victimisation Autumn Part 2 (Violent crime) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 types of violent crime? Give examples…

A

Interpersonal violence e.g. homicide
State/political violence e.g. terrorism, war-related
Corporate violence e.g. corporate negligence

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2
Q 
What percentage of global deaths are by:
A) War-related (collective)
B) Self-directed
C) Interpersonal
D) Corporate
A

A) 14%
B) 21%
C) 8%
D) 57%

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3
Q

Both 1 in ?? crimes reported to the police and in the BCS are of interpersonal violent crimes

A

1 in 4

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4
Q

In 2009/10 over ????? violence related crimes were reported, with violence against the person being the biggest report

A

over 1 million

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5
Q

What is the estimated dark figure of violent crimes? Also what is the dark figure of sexual assault?

A

About half of all violent crime goes unreported

Only 1 in 8 sexual assaults are reported

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6
Q

Over ??% of violent crime is under the influence of drink or drugs…

A

50%

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7
Q

Violence has decreased by ??% since its peak in year ????

A

50%

1995

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8
Q

Whats the likelihood of being murdered by an acquaintance and what is the likelihood of being murdered by your partner or ex-partner? Also by a stranger?

A

Acquaintance - 22%
Partner/ex-partner - 16%
Stranger - 15%

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9
Q

What is the weapon of choice for homicide in the UK?

A

Knives and sharp objects

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10
Q

Whats the biological understanding of Violent crime?

A
  • Lombrosco’s ‘born criminal’
  • Nature PLUS nurture
  • Use adoption studies and twin studies
  • Dispositions - higher level of aggression
  • Influenced by drug and alcohol affects on our brains
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11
Q

What is the sociological understanding of violent crime?

A
  • ‘Subcultures of violence’ (Wolfgang and Farracuti, 1967) - in subcultures (e.g. a gang) there are alternative norms and values where violence may be encouraged
  • Strain, unemployment, poverty and class all links to increased violent crime (usually family-based crime and property crime)
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12
Q

What is the psychological explanation for violent crime?

A
  • ‘Social learning theory’ - imitation of role models by repeating their behaviour
  • Violence as a norm in the family, e.g. dad beats mum
  • Violence is repeated in later life from childhood experiences
  • Visual portrayals of violence is encouraging and desensitising e.g. xbox games, violent films, etc
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13
Q

What is feminist theories of violent crime?

A
  • Societal organisation of patriarchy
  • Masculinity of aggression and violence - seen as masculine and macho therefore used to gain status and be ‘alpha’
  • “Women are the privileged objects of their aggression” Simone de Beaviour
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14
Q

What is Domestic Violence in its revised form to include coercive control?

A

“Any incident of threatening behaviour, violence or abuse between adults aged 16 and above, who are in or have been in an intimate relationship or family members, regardless of gender and sexuality”

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15
Q

What are the different types of abuse that is involved in domestic violence? (5)

A 
Psychological
Physical
Sexual
Financial
Emotional
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16
Q

What is ‘controlling behaviour’?

A

Range of acts designed to make a person subordinate/dependent by isolating them from resources of support and exploiting them for personal gain, depriving them of independence, resistance, escape and regulating their everyday behaviour

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17
Q

What is ‘coercive behaviour’?

A

Acts of assault, threats, humiliation and intimidation or other abuse that is used to harm, punish or frighten their victim

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18
Q

What are the offender characteristics of domestic violence?

A

Male
Young (male peak: 21, female peak 19)
Lower social economic class
Although large victim-offender overlap

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19
Q 
Consequences of Domestic Violence:
Clinical depression ??%
PTSD ??%
Suicidal thoughts/attempts ??%
Alcohol misuse ??%
Drug misuse ??%
???? risk of miscarriage
A 
clinical depression 48%
PTSD 64%
Suicidal thought/attempts 18%
Alcohol misuse 19%
Drug misuse 9%
Double risk of miscarriage
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20
Q

What are the behavioural features of domestic violence? (4)

A
  • Physical assault
  • Threats and intimidation
  • Sexual abuse
  • Restriction to money/resources
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21
Q

What are the experiential (experienced) features of domestic violence? (3)

A
  • Fear
  • Shame
  • Psychological vunrability
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22
Q

What are the conceptual features of domestic violence?

A
  • Process of entrapment and control

- enduring condition

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23
Q

Global prevalence of DV: 1 in ?? women have been experienced domestic violence of some kind

A

3

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24
Q

Global prevalence of DV: Main killer and disability of women globally for women aged 16-44, what ??% of women killed are killed by their male partner?

A

70%

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25
Q

United Kingdom prevalence of DV: It accounts for 1in?? of violent crime, with 1in?? women experiencing it at some point in their life and 1in?? men

A

1 in 4
1 in 4
1 in 9

26
Q

In the UK, the BCS revealed that only ??% of Domestic violence is reported to the police

A

13%

27
Q

In the UK, BCS reports show varied stats on severity of domestic violence:
Severe force - Male victim: ??% Female Victim: ??%
Serious sexual assault - Male: ??% Female: ??%
Rape - Male: ??% Female: ??%

A 
Severe force
Male - 5% Female - 11.7%
Serious sexual assault
Male - 0.3% Female - 5.1%
Rape
Male - 0.2% Female - 3.8%
28
Q

What are the typical characteristics of a victim of domestic abuse?

A 
Female 
Peak age: 16-19 then 20-24
Highest in divorced or separated women with children
Lower social class
Unemployed women, who rely on partner
29
Q

What responses to domestic violences are there?

A
  • Primary responses in the criminal justice system but also multi-agency initiatives (e.g. specialist domestic violence courts) and specialist independent support for victims (e.g. refuge shelters, community based advocacy)
30
Q

How is domestic violence explained on the individual level? (3)

A
  • Pathological perpetrators e.g. personality disorder
  • Alcohol and Drug abuse (contribution, not cause)
  • Family dysfunction - experiences from childhood domestic violence, seen as the normative
31
Q

Socio-cultural explanation of domestic violence: Explain the Feminist explanation

A
  • Patriarchy - men are in a position of power (politically, economically and socially)
  • Women are on average more disadvantaged economically and politically
  • Violence against the women reinforces the male domination
32
Q

Socio-cultural explanation of domestic violence: Explain the cultural explanation

A
  • Culture defines gender roles
  • traditions, religions and cultural customs are used to justify violence against women
  • In many societies control over women is maintained through strategies and discourses such as romance, love, duty, honor and shame
33
Q

What effects the laws on sexual violence?

A
  • moral and technical factors
  • cultural changes and understandings e.g. rape within marriage 1994 and homosexual sex from illegal to consent 21, to consent 18, to consent 16 and males are able to be raped 1994
34
Q

What new categories of offence came from the Sexual Offences Act 2003? (5)

A
  • child abuse
  • Rape
  • Sexual murder
  • Exhibitionism
  • Internet offences
35
Q

How does the Sexual Offences Act 2003 define consent?

A

Section 74 - agree by choice and freedom and capacity to make that choice

36
Q

How do the new laws around rape approach the issue from the Sexual Offences Act 2003?

A

Removes any underlying assumptions that the victim is lying or did not try hard enough to stop it - Also looks at martial rape, ‘date rape’ and rape under the influence of drugs or alcohol

37
Q

What did the Stern Review say about alcohol and consent?

A

Clears that even if the victim is voluntarily very drunk, if they did voluntarily give consent or in the fit state to give consent it is considered rape

38
Q

What are the issues with measuring sexual violence through the BCS and police recorded statistics? And how much of sexual violence is actually reported?

A
  • sensitive issue due to shame, humiliation and embarrassment
  • There are arising historical cases so cannot measure the exact yearly abuse rate
  • ‘Lost’ reports - victims withdraw complaint or there is no enough evidence to charge
  • BCS shows 2x the amount the police recorded stats show and around 11% dark figure of crime
39
Q

??% of all crime reported is sexual violence

A

1%

40
Q

??% of sexual violence reported is rape and ??% is sexual assault

A

30% Rape

41% Sexual assault

41
Q

Robson and Hudson 2011 looked at location of sexual offences and found in the domestic environment ??% and in the public place is ??%

A

53% domestic

24% public space

42
Q

Robson and Hudson 2011 also looked at the type of sexual offender and found ??% were an acquaintance, ??% stranger, ??% Partner/Ex-partner and ??% were a family member

A

Acquaintance 32%
Stranger 23%
Partner/Ex-partner 18%
Family member 15%

43
Q

What is the ‘othering of offenders’ and what role does the media play in this?

A
  • As a highly emotive crime, we dont like to think of the offenders as real people, but different to the rest of us, abnormal
  • Media has a huge role in this by branding and labelling offenders (e.g. ‘monster’)
  • The media also distorts our understandings of ‘risk’ - severity of the event x probability
44
Q

Why are female sex offenders controversial?

A
  • ‘othered’ the most

- Contradicts our understandings of females being feminine, maternal, romantic and so on

45
Q

What percentage of men reported rape in the Stern report 2011?

A

8%

46
Q

Why is male sex crime, not a ‘gay crime’?

A
  • Most often it is heterosexual males that rape other men as rape isn’t to do with sexual attraction, but domination, power and control
47
Q

Why may a male victim of sexual violence not come forward?

A
  • Contradicts the idea of masculinity and being able to fight back
  • Also so many myths and misunderstandings around male rape that victims cant associate themselves with being victims
48
Q

What is the medical definition of ‘Pedophilia’ and what country is approaching it from a medical position?

A
  • Someone who has a primary or exclusive sexual interest in prepubescent children
  • Sexual orientation and unlikely to change
  • German Dunkelfeld Project - offers treatment to those with feelings of this nature to prevent them acting on it
49
Q

What are the 4 main rape myths by Bohner et al 2009?

A

1) Only certain types of women get raped
2) The victim is blamed
3) Exonerate the perpetrator
4) Express disbelief about rape claims

50
Q

What do some people consider ‘real rape’? And what are the implications of this?

A
  • Real rape is the ideal victim (virginal, innocent, young, women) and ideal offender (creepy, man, stranger)
  • It stops victims of rape coming forward if they don’t fit this category (e.g. date raped)
  • Victims don’t acknowledge themselves as victims
  • Stigmisation of rape victim ‘damaged goods’
51
Q

List the ‘dsyfunctional attitudes and beliefs’ explanation of sexual violence..

Hints:
Cognition
Theories/Schemas
SLT
Feminism
A
  • Cognitive distortions - self statements used to justify actions to seem acceptable ‘she dressed older’
  • Identity management - ‘it wasnt my fault’
  • Implicit theories/schemas/scripts to justify actions with supportive cognitive processes and attitudes
  • Implicit theories - implicit cognitive processes that allows the mind to take short cuts when evaluating situations and people
  • Schema theories - Looks at individual perspectives and their socialisation in society by using their previous experiences guide their interpretation of social cues when in similar situations
  • SLT - Learnt response to a stimuli
  • Feminist - ‘learned masculinity’ dominance
52
Q

One explanation of sexual violence is attachment and intimacy deficits - How does Bowlby contribute to this idea?

A
  • Bowlbys attachment theory
  • Interested in offenders early developmental experiences, documenting experiences that may lead to later life sexual aggression
  • Interested in investigating sexual offenders adult romantic relationship style and the interaction between attachment, intimacy deficits and offending
53
Q

What are the 4 main explanations we looked at in the lecture for sexual violence?

A
  • deviant sexual fantasies
  • attachment and intimacy deficits
  • dysfunctional attitudes and beliefs
  • Lack of empathy
54
Q

How can sex offenders be explained by attachment and intimacy deficits?

A
  • Bowlby’s attachment theory
  • Poor early attachments cause later life offending e.g. alot of offenders were once also victims, most likely as a child
  • Insecure attachments lead to poor templates for future relationships, lack of interpersonal skills, poor self esteem which causes a heightened risk of offending, difficulties in forming friendships and lack of responsibility/self regulation
55
Q

Why is a lack of empathy associated with sexual violence offenders? And what are Barnett and Mann’s (2013) 5 components of experiencing empathy?

A
  • Diminished harm caused
  • stages:
    1 - perspective taking
    2 - ability to experience emotion
    3 - belief that others are worthy of compassion and respect
    4 - situational factors
    5 - ability to manage personal stress
56
Q

What is a deviant sexual fantasy? And what is a methodological issue with it?

A
  • The imagery that contains a more specific set of behaviours (deviant ones)
  • Methodological issues as ‘deviant’ is subjective, vague and hard to define
  • Also many non-offenders showed to also have deviant sexual fantasies in self-report studies
57
Q

Why are having deviant sexual fantasies a causal risk factor for sexually violent offenders?

A
  • People become motivate to enact the imagery that they have mentally stimulated within their fantasies
  • Has strong links with pedophilia and rape porn
  • Learnt through conditioning: imagery/acts are associated with pleasure and sexual arousal, therefore repeat
  • Acts a dis-inhibitor as it desensatises an individual from the deviant behaviour, becomes more acceptable and the norm
58
Q

How can techniques be used to suppress deviant sexual fantasies? And why is it better for these offenders to be dealt with in the community?

A
  • Techniques of associating the fantasies with ‘unattractive thoughts’ to condition individual
  • Work better in the community as in context and battle temptation, prison doesn’t work as they cannot physically commit but can as soon as they leave, therefore high reoffending rates
59
Q

What does the biological perspective say about sexually violent offenders and how can we criticise it?

A
  • Suggest that offenders are pathological and rape is the result of mental illness and uncontrollable sexual desires/impulses
  • Removes responsibility from offender, everyone is responsible for their sexual behaviour
  • Most often offenders are not psychotic at the same of offence
  • Labelling removes them from society ‘abnormal’
60
Q

How do alcohol and drug use influence sexual violence?

A
  • Individual are more likely to commit an offence and engage in coercive behaviour when under the influence
  • Drugs and alcohol are used to facilitate sexual violence e.g. rohpynol
  • Current attitudes around victims who are under the influence are still victim-blaming and denies the perpetrators culpability
61
Q

What is the feminist theory around sexual violence? And how can you criticise this approach?

A
  • Rape is a form of patriarchal control to subordinate and oppress women
  • Rape is a consequent of how men are socialised and societal values and attitudes shape men
  • Cultures with high prevalence of rape are more accepting of macho attitudes, high levels of segregation and the belief that men are Superior
  • Criticism: not all men rape, only a small proportion
  • ignores multiple masculinity - the ‘new man’ and homosexuals
  • Presents a engendered nature of sexual violence, women can offend too!

Criminology (12 decks)

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