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Criminology > Offending and Victimisation Spring Part One > Flashcards

Offending and Victimisation Spring Part One Flashcards

1
Q

What is the overall prevalence of property crime from a) police recorded crime stats and b) CSEW?

A

a) 72%

b) 80%

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2
Q

(According to the CSEW) In 1995, what was the most prevalent property crime with 28% and which was the second most common with 22%?

A

28% vehicle related theft

22% vandalism

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3
Q

(According to the CSEW) In 2012/13 vandalism was the most prevalent property crime, but what percentage? Also what was the second most prevalent and the percentage?

A

Vandalism - 25%

‘other household theft’ - 19%

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4
Q

(According to police recorded crime statistics) In 2002/02 the percentage of vehicle related crime was the most prevalent with …%, followed by criminal damage with ….%?

A

Vehicle related theft - 23%

Criminal damage - 22%

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5
Q

(According to police recorded crime statistics) In 2012/13 which two property crimes were the most prevalent with both 19%? Also what crime type followed behind with 17%?

A

Criminal damage and ‘all other thefts’ - 19%

Burglary - 17%

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6
Q

Name 5 types of conventional property crime…

A 
Domestic burglary
Non-domestic burglary
Theft from the person
Vehicle related theft
Shoplifting
Handling stolen goods
Fraud
Criminal damage
Robbery
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7
Q

When was burglary at its peak? And what percentage does the CSEW report burglary occurred in 2012/13?

A

1993

2.1% - massive decrease

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8
Q

Describe the dark figure of property crime? What percentage of burglary is reported to the police?

A

85%
Low dark figures as people need to make insurance claims and no issues that are usually why the dark figure is so high (e.g. shame, fear, too trivial, etc)

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9
Q

What is the likelihood of catching a burglar?

A

Very low detection rate (

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10
Q 
Burglary characteristics: Time of the day
...% - morning
...% - afternoon
...% - evening
...% - overnight
Why does this not calculate to 100%?
A 
8% morning
24% afternoon
25% evening
25% overnight
Doesn't reach 100% as often people are not sure, for instance if the victim was on holiday
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11
Q

Burglary characteristics: Entry point
…% door
…% door which is unlocked
…% window

A

70% door
25% unlocked door
28% window

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12
Q 
Burglary characteristics: Goods stolen
...% - Burglaries in which something/anything was stolen
...% - Purses/wallets/money
...% - Jewellery
...% - Computers/Cameras
A

68% anything/something
51% money/purses/wallets
29% jewellery
24% computers/cameras

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13
Q

What is distractions burglary? Is it increasing or decreasing?

A

Gaining entry to someone’s house on false pretences - ‘falsehood, trickery or distraction’ (Home Office, 2003)
Increasing!

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14
Q

Is the theft of cash contents of gas/electricity prepayment metres increasing or decreasing?

A

decreasing

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15
Q

Is car key theft increasing or decreasing?

A

increasing

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16
Q

What is the typical victim of property crime? And what impact does it have?

A

Young and less well off (not old and rich as usually thought)
Large emotional impact (burglary in particular)
Financanical impact - losses

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17
Q

What percentage of victims of property crime are repeat victims?
Give 2 explanations to why this could be…

A

15%

1) different offenders - person/place has the certain attributes and characteristics that attract offenders
2) same offender - initial victimisation boosts likelihood as the offender knows the target, therefore it is a suitable target to offend again

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18
Q

What is Bernasco (2008) mean by ‘near repeat’ burglaries?

A

Not only does the victim house have an increased risk of repeat victimisation, but the whole neighbourhood has an increased risk

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19
Q

What is the characteristics of a typical offender of property crime? And what may be considered their motives/theoretical perspective?

A

Young, male and poor
High (re)offending rates
Financial gain (e.g. to fund drug addiction)
Rational Choice theories (e.g. cost-benefit analysis)

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20
Q

There are 3 types of burglar, discuss all 3

A

1) planners - highly organised, professional burglars, highly planned escape routes, etc
2) Searchers - search out a good opportunity e.g. look for an unlocked door
3) opportunist - takes any opportunity that arrises (less common)
IMPORTANT TO NOTE - CAN OVERLAP CATEGORIES

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21
Q

How does Bernasco and Luykx (2003) explain the rational choice process of target selection? Property crime

A

1) Attractiveness
2) Opportunity (e.g. lack of informal/formal social control)
3) Accessibility - how well the area is known, offenders usually commit crime close to home ‘distance decay’

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22
Q

What is ‘distance decay’? (Bernasco and Luykx, 2003) - Property crime

A

Reduced risk of being a victim, the further away from the offenders home

23
Q

How does situational crime prevention tackle burglary? (3 ways)

A

1) increasing difficulty of commission - e.g. target hardening: bolt lock (although displacement can occur)
2) Increasing risk of detection - e.g. informal or formal social control: CCTV, neighbourhood watch
3) reduced likelihood of reward - e.g. marked phones, marked property, etc

24
Q

What did the Kirkholt Burglary Prevention Project do? Did it work? (Forrester, Chatterton & Pease, 1988)

A
  • Focused on people who have been victims at least once before, from a housing estate in Manchester
    1) Target removal: removed prepayment fuel metres
    2) Target hardening: improved estates security
    3) Increased surveillance: ‘cocoon neighbourhood watch’
  • Dramatic reduction in overall level of burglary and reduction in repeat victimisation
25
Q

Green criminology is emerged over the last 20 years due to 4 factors….

A

1) Globalisation
2) Greater emphasis on environmental pressures and environmental issues
3) Increase in national and international regulations
4) Best use of finite resources

26
Q

List features of globalisation

A
  • excessive consumption
  • accumulation of capital
  • international trade
  • division of labour
  • concept of ‘money’
  • free trade and neo-liberalism
27
Q

Give some examples of environmental pressures…

A
  • increasing urbanisation
  • pollution and sewage discharge
  • flood risks
  • climate change
  • degraded habitat and biodiversity loss
  • population growth
  • competition for natural resources
28
Q

Give some examples of environmental issues….

A
  • oil tanker spills: destroy wildlife and tourism
  • ‘E-Waste’: pollution ‘electronic graveyard’
  • Gernoble: gas pollution and human deformity
  • Gulf of Mexico oil spill (BP): pollution
  • Health issues: human deformity, cancer, air pollution, etc
29
Q

What are regulations for and give an example of a regulatory body

A

To deal with environmental pressures

e.g. green peace, WWF, friends of the earth, UNEP, FSC, WEC, etc

30
Q

What is the definition of environmental crime? Give a criticism

A

“Any unlawful act that threatens or damages the environment” (EIA, 2008)
‘Unlawful’ is vague, therefore what is considered an environmental crime is vague

31
Q

What are the 3 types of environmental crime…

A

1) Primary - direct impact e.g. pollution
2) Secondary - violation of regulations e.g. company wasting more than the legal limit
3) Environmental risk with a ‘nexus to crime’ e.g. looting after a natural diaster

32
Q

Why are environmental crimes often relabelled environmental harm?

A

Because an act may not be a criminal offence, however over a long duration it can cause detrimental harm ‘lawful but awful’ e.g. air pollution
Also due to different laws and perspectives across countries e.g. may be legal in China but a crime in the UK

33
Q

What are the 3 different types of harm outlined by Halsey and White (1998)?

A
  • Anthropocentric: humans have the most value
  • Ecocentric: The environment has the most value
  • Biocentric: animals have the most value
34
Q

What does Gibbs et al (2010) outline as aspects of environmental risk?

A
  • Nexus of crime, risk and the environment
  • Allows for the multiple origins of risk
  • moves beyond ‘single solutions’
  • incorporates animal abuse/pain
  • reviews moral as well as legal rights
35
Q

South (1988) outlines 3 foundations of green criminology, what are they?

A

1) Studies of regulation and disasters: “making the law”
- singular events
- misconduct of corporations
- regulation of activities
2) Legal and social censures: “breaking the law”
- How acts are categorised and responded too
- criminal/non-criminal boundaries ‘lawful but awful’
3) social movements and politics: “social reaction”
- Pressure groups
- political treaties

36
Q

What is the difficulty of saying there is a typical offender for environmental crime?

A
  • Can involve local, national or international criminality
  • Can involve an individual ‘man in a van’ to large complex organised gangs or multi-national corporations
  • From small to large scale of offence - therefore multiple offenders involved
  • There is so many different types of environmental crime committed for different motives and reasons, therefore there is not one typical offender
37
Q

What is the characteristics of the offence of local man illegally carrying waste?

A
  • high profit
  • low risk of getting caught
  • no skill base needed
  • flexible working hours
  • little common knowledge of service users responsibilities e.g. duty of care
38
Q

Why is there the illegal shipment of waste? How many boats in Welsh docks load waste?

A

It is cheaper to ship waste to other countries with less regulation and cheaper to dispose of - Multi-million pound business
50% of boats loaded in Welsh docks

39
Q

What kind of victim can there be for environmental crime?

A
  • Direct victim or indirect victim
  • Individual victim or accumulative victimisation
  • Local, national or global victims
  • short, medium or long term victims
40
Q

What are the issues of victimology in environmental crime?

A
  • limited who is considered a victim as only looks at environmental crime, ignores environmental harm
  • Hard to know who is a victim if harm is over a long duration with indirect harm
  • Lack of self-identification
  • Often seen as a ‘victimless crime’
  • Can be collective and global victim
  • unsure of who is responsible
  • being a ‘victim’ depends on the perspective of what is considered a crime, for example can an animal be a victim (currently in law no)
  • We are all potentially victims - social vulnerability, climate change, etc
41
Q

How much of global wood production is estimated to be illegally sourced?

A

20-40%

42
Q

What are the consequences of illegal logging?

A
  • Deforestation and forest degradation
  • Increased flood risks
  • deprives legitimate business and livelihood of workers
  • Increases climate change (deforestation accounts for 20% of global GHG emissions)
  • threatens biodiversity and air quality
  • Linked to armed conflict
  • Costs developing countries 1.5 billion per year on estimate
43
Q

Illegal fish poaching:
How much is the industry worth?
What act is in place to prevent it?
What effect does it have?

A

approx £3 billion industry
Salmon and Freshwater Fisheries Act 1975
Detrimental effects on sustainability, prevents upstream breeding, UK elver population has seriously declined and impact of human health

44
Q

What was Operation Ceinwen?

A
  • Illegal disposal of 175,000 tyres between 2006-2008
  • Broke the environmental protection act 1990
  • Convicted 3 people for activities - 2 jail time, 1 240 hours of community service
45
Q

Who makes up the Natural Resources Wales?

A
  • Countryside council for Wales
  • Environment agency for Wales
  • Forestry commission for Wales
  • Some functions of the welsh government
46
Q

What is ‘Natural Resources Wales’?

A

One environmental body for protecting and improving the environment in Wales

47
Q

What are the 2 main purposes of ‘Natural Resources Wales’?

A

1) ensure that Wales’ natural resources are sustainably maintained, used and enhance - now an in the future
2) Improve the environmental, economic and social outcomes for Wales through the wide range of services and responsibilities it has.

48
Q

What are the 5 key features of Natural Resources Wales?

A

1) principle advisor to the welsh government
2) Largest sponsored body in Wales
3) Only organisation in the world with such unique mix of activities
4) One of the biggest providers of activities in Wales
5) 24/7 emergency reponser

49
Q

What does it mean to take an ‘outcome-focused’ approach to environmental crime?

A
  • advise and guide businesses and individuals
  • emphasis on self-regulation
  • Including good environmental practice into normal working practices
  • Steer and monitor compliance
  • regulate other government agencies
50
Q

Why do we use enforcement to tackle environmental crime?

A
  • stop environmental crimes from continuing or occurring
  • put right environmental harm or damage
  • bring an environmental crime into compliance
  • punish an offender
  • deter future offending
51
Q

Name at least 5 theoretical perspectives that could be applied to green criminology

A
  • Problem-orientated policing
  • Broken windows theory
  • Crime Pattern theory
  • Crime as an opportunity
  • Situational crime prevention
  • Rational choice theory
  • Routines activity theory
52
Q

How is green criminology problem-orientated policing?

A
  • intelligence-led, proactive
  • target highest risk
  • partnerships and prevention
  • evidence-based (e.g. access phone data, company data, ability to seize vehicles, enter sites without police warrant, etc)
53
Q

How can rational choice theory be used to explain environmental crime?

A
  • Low risk
  • High rewards/profit
  • Low effort
  • Plenty of excuses “oh i didnt know”
  • cost-benefit analysis
54
Q

How can crime pattern theory explain environmental crime?

A
  • Hotspot analysis
  • Journey to crime
  • Crime count
  • Temporal data

Criminology (12 decks)

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