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Criminology > Offending and Victimisation Spring Part 3 > Flashcards

Offending and Victimisation Spring Part 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a drug crime? Describe Bennett’s 3 fold definition

A

1) Drug offences - crimes defined in drug legislation e.g. possession, dealing, etc
2) Drug related crime - crimes committed as a direct consquent of drug use e.g. theft to fund drug addiction
3) Drug traffiking ‘systematic’ - offences indirectly caused by drug use e.g. production, transporting, money laundering

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2
Q

What is the estimated cost of drug-related crime from April 2012? Why should we be critical of this…

A
  • Estimated 13.9 billion (consisting mainly of acquisitive crimes to fund drug use)
  • Stats are often manipulated/exaggerated by media, legislation and government as very emotive crime type e.g. Blair (2001) ‘majority of crime committed by 100,000 people, over half under 21 and 2/3 drug users
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3
Q

What is the prevalence of drug use in adults in their lifetime?

A

1 in 3

approx 12 million

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4
Q

What the prevalence for drug use in the last year? %?
Cannabis ?? mil
Cocaine ?? mil
Ecstasy ?? mil

A

8.9%
Cannabis - 2.3 mil
Cocaine - 0.7 mil
Ecstasy - 0.5 mil

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5
Q

Drug use has increased from _% in 2010/11 to _% now

A

36.3% to 36.5%

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6
Q

Peak age of last time to use drugs…

A

16-18 years

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7
Q

What did the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 do?

A
  • Classed drugs by their level of harm to how severely they are punished - however, problematic as open to politics e.g. cannabis not having harm worth class B, but reclassified as was a societal problem
  • Outlined drug offences and their penalties
  • Set the Advisory Council of the Misuse of Drugs (ACMD)
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8
Q

What difficulties are encountered when measuring drug and crime together? (3)

A
  • How do we know what crimes, and how much of crime, is linked to drug use?
  • Motivation: would it of happened anyway if the offender did not take drugs?
  • Being a drug user doesn’t define any crime they commit as a drug-related crime, or does it?
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9
Q

What has been the variance of estimates of how much drug related crime their actually is?

A

20-70% (Stevens, 2006)

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10
Q

In USA what is the variance of how much drug related crime their actually is?

A

60-80% (Deitch et al, 2000)

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11
Q

What fraction do ‘breaking the link’ say of acquisitive crime is drug related?

A

1/3 to 1/2

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12
Q

What is ‘voodoo criminology’ and who made the term?

A

Stevens 2007 - The tendency to ignore methodological criticisms linked to surveys and drug-testing research to exaggerate the scale and causality of the links between drugs and crime

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13
Q

Do drugs cause crime? Consider political discourse and pro-legalisation arguments

A
  • There is a link, but no causation
  • Media and government say there is
  • Pro-legalisation argues that the criminalisation of drug users causes more harm than that caused by drug use
  • Da Agra (2002) believes there is no casual relationship but merely a complex system of connections which is irreducible to a delinquent lifestyle or having an addiction
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14
Q

Describe French et al (2000) study in the NHS show about drug user and criminal activity

A

19% of male chronic drug users had committed property theft
16% non-chronic users
4% non-drug users

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15
Q

What did Best et al (2001) found out about arrested heroin users?

A
  1. 5 were daily users

17. 1 were non-daily users

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16
Q

Wincup et al (2003) looked at homeless people between the age of 16-25 years old and found that _% had used illegal drugs at some point

A

95%

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17
Q

Hammersley et al (2003) reviewed younger offenders and found that _% were poly drug users

A

85%

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18
Q

Measham et al (2001) found that …. were the most common used drugs in nightclubs (4)

A

LSD, Cannabis, Ecstasy and Amphetamines

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19
Q

Cusick et al (2004) found that _% of sex workers were problematic drug users

A

81%

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20
Q

The NEW ADAM program was run by 1) …….
It looked at 2) ….. arrestees across … suites
3) ….% tested positive for 1 or more substance
4) ….% tested positive for 2 or more substances
5) Just over 1/? reported committing an acquisitive crime in the last 12 months
6) This study shows……..but can be criticised for…….

A

1) Holloway and Bennett, 2004
2) 11,000 arrestees across 16 suites
3) 69%
4) 36%
5) 1/2
6) That there is a small percentage of arrestees responsible for large amount of crime… However not a representative sample of a natural population

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21
Q

Why is drug use considered a victimless crime?

A
  • Schur (1965) believe it is victimless as there are no direct victim as the adult user is consensual and causes no apparent harm to others
  • It is a choice
22
Q

Why is drug use NOT a victimless crime?

A
  • Because drugs are so contaminated that they are not what people think they are leading to deaths: if it were to be legalised it could be regulated and controlled and have reduced harm - argued it should be a health debate like tobacco or alcohol, not a criminal debate
  • Carelessness can cause victims! e.g. children accidently consuming drugs that have been left out carelessly
23
Q

How would the subcultural theory explain drug use?

A
  • Most commonly used theory
  • Drug use is collective problem solving to remove themselves from status frustration and low self esteem
  • Also helps to understand peer pressure!
  • Collective response to alienation from the dominant middle class and their values e.g. poverty, racism, etc
24
Q

How would the Labelling theory explain drug use? Give a criticism

A
  • Labelled as someone that would take drugs and therefore becomes a self-fulfilling prophecy
  • Doesn’t explain the primary label!
25
Q

How would seductions of crime explain drug use?

A
  • Thrill seeking

- Type of rational choice - Weigh up the pros/cons of getting high

26
Q

How would rational choice theory explain drug use? Give a criticism

A
  • Addiction is a choice!

- It is not interested in causes which ignores the fact that drug use is linked to social deprivation, poverty, etc

27
Q

What are the drug offences in the UK? (5)

A
  • Possession
  • Import/export offences
  • Supply offences
  • Production offences
  • Permitting premises offences
28
Q

What agencies are in place to prevent drug offences in the UK?

A
  • UK Boarder Agency (Includes HMRC)
  • National Crime Agencies (NCA)
  • British Transport police
  • Local police forces - seize 97% of UK drugs
29
Q

What agencies are in place to prevent drug offences internationally?

A
  • Interpol/Europol
  • United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime
  • International narcotics control board
30
Q

What were the opium wars?

A

Britain supplied opium to china monopolising it and creating mass addiction in china. Ended it war, ‘the opium wars’ - Britain won

31
Q

What was the Hague Convention (1912)?

A

Because soldiers were addicted to cocaine and opium, a convention was introduced to restrict drug use

32
Q

What did the International Opium convention (1925) first begin to discuss?

A

However still relatively unknown, cannabis became a point of concern when (fallious) scientific evidence showed that hashish from Eypet was making people go insane

33
Q

What happened at the 1961 single convention on narcotic drugs?

A

100+ countries agreed to criminalise the production, supply, trafficking and possession of drugs (excluding alcohol and tobacco)

34
Q

What happened at the 1971/88 UN convention?

A

Countered ‘hippy era’ and banned and classified drugs - became a political debate

35
Q

What is the global estimate of heroin being produced in 2013 - ??? tonnes of opium and ??? tonnes of herion

A

6,883 tonnes of opium

560 tonnes of heroin

36
Q

What country produces the most heroin/opium?

A

Afghanistan approx 80%

37
Q

How many hectares of cocaine has been estimated in 2013?

A

133,700 hectares

38
Q

Where is cocaine produced mostly?

A

Columbia, Peru, Bolivia

Used locally for spiritual and medical purposes

39
Q

Where can synthetics drugs be cultivated? Where is amphetamine mainly produced? Where is methamphetamine mainly produced?

A

Anywhere! From the small scale kitchen to large scale labs
Amphetamine mainly Europe: Poland and Netherlands
Methamphetamine mainly China and south east Asia

40
Q

Which drug has the largest industry?

A

Cannabis

41
Q

Where is cannabis grown?

A

All over the world but particulary 25% Africa and 23% North and South America

42
Q

There is reportedly cannabis resin (hash) _ tonnes globally??
Afghanistan _ acres?
Morocco _ acres?

A

6,000 tonnes globally
29,000 acres Afghanistan
117,000 acres Morocco

43
Q

Where is the main destination for cannabis?

A

Western Europe and Central Europe

44
Q

What is the contemporary change in cannabis cultivation?

A

Less is being imported due to new technology that allows for home grown cannabis e.g. hydroponic grow sites
However, selective breeding has made cannabis have new strains and be even stronger ‘skunk’

45
Q

What are the 5 challenges when responding to drug offences?

A

1) Scale of activities and the ineffectiveness of law enforcement
2) Transnational in scope drug crime
3) Diversification - digital supplies, NPS, etc
4) Links to other forms of criminality
5) Unintended consequences of law enforcement

46
Q

What is the impact of enforcement? How much does enforcement actually stop drug supplying?

A
  • Increased enforcement efforts but still more drug availability, increased drug use (up to 2010 and now stays the same) and decline in price (except cannabis which has risen since 2007)
  • 4-25% of supply at best is disrupted by enforcement
  • Criticism: Levels of consumption are not that accurate and it is underreported
47
Q

What transnational challenge did the Netherlands meet from legalising cannabis?

A
  • Netherlands have caused conflict with neighbouring countries as tried to implement ‘Holland Nationals’ only cannabis buying and smoking policy, however it displaced the crime to cultivating in neighbouring countries
48
Q

What is diversification and what may be a benefit of it?

A
  • Online pharmarcies e.g. silkroad and alantis
  • Harm reductive? Feedback could be giver to sellers similar to ebay therefore the dodgy dealers were not making business and the drugs were therefore regulated by users to make sure they were good
  • However, alantis ended up being a scam, fraudulent company who stole all customers online currency
49
Q

What other crimes are linked to drug crimes?

A
  • Money laundering e.g. HSBC
  • Arms and human trafficking
  • organised prostitution
  • counterfeit travel documents
  • organised crime
50
Q

What are the unintended consequences of responding to drug offences?

A

1) Displacement - Geographical ‘balloon effect’; Dealers ‘turf wars’; substance heroin to krokodile
2) Higher grade substances e.g. skunk
3) ‘Victims’ of law enforcement e.g. young black men are outraged by how frequently they are stop and searched as they are seen as the typical suspect
4) Corruption is more likely to occur due to the large amount of money in drug trade - questions democracy

Criminology (12 decks)

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