Oedema

Question 1

Definition

Answer 1

Accumulation of excess FLUID in the extracellular compartments due to changes to the haemodynamic components of dynamic equilibrium

Question 2

Causes

Answer 2

Transudates: changes to the hydrostatic and oncotic pressures
Exudates: changes to capillary permeability

Question 3

General:

• hydrostatic
• oncotic pressures

Answer 3

Hydrostatic pressure in the capillaries higher at the arterial side than oncotic pressure of the capillaries = FILTRATION
On the Venous side the osmotic pressure of the capillaries is higher than the hydrostatic pressure= REABSORPTION

Question 4

Where does fluid accumulate in oedema

Answer 4

• body cavities: effusions

- intercellular tissue compartments

Question 5

what is an Ascite?

Answer 5

build up of fluid in the abdominal cavity

Question 6

Pulmonary oedema

Answer 6

TRANSUDATE

• increase in hydrostatic capillary pressure leads to an increase in filtration
• left ventricle failure: leads to an increase in atrial pressure
• increase In pulmonary blood pressure
• accumulation of fluid in alveolar spaces
• widening of alveolar septa

Question 7

Peripheral oedema

Answer 7

TRANSUDATE

• increase in hydrostatic pressure in capillaries
• increase in right atrium pressure
• blood volume in systemic circulation Increases

Question 8

characteristics of transudate oedema

Answer 8

• not much protein (albumin)
• lots of h20 and electrolytes
• cardiac failure
• low specificity to gravity

Question 9

characteristics of exudate oedema

Answer 9

• Lots of protein
• low h20 and electrolytes
• high specificity to gravity

Question 10

Lymphatic blockage

Answer 10

TRANSUDATE

• hydrostatic pressure imbalance due to lymphatic obstruction e.g. fibrosis
• lymphodema
• normal lymphatic drainage needed for normal blood flow

Question 11

Renal failure oedema

Answer 11

TRANSUDATE
primary; acute renal damage e.g. hypotension
secondary: related to cardiac failure
Abnormal renal function leads to:
-nacl retention and H20 retention increase
-increase in intravascular fluid
-oedema

Question 12

Low protein oedema

Answer 12

TRANSUDATE
-normal protein levels required to maintain oncotic pressure
-hypoalbunemia- decreases oncotic pressure- increases filtration
-

Question 13

examples of low protein oedema

Answer 13

nephrotic syndrome: leaky renal glomerular filtration
hepatic cirrhosis: fibrosis leads to lack of protein production
malnutrition: reduced intake of protein

Question 14

permeability oedema

Answer 14

EXUDATE

• damage to the endothelium leads to an increase in the number of pores in the membrane
• water and proteins leak out
• occurs in burns and acute inflammation

Question 15

oncotic pressure

Answer 15

pressure exerted by proteins in blood plasma which tends to draw water into circulation

Question 16

hydrostatic pressure

Answer 16

pressure exerted by a fluid in a confined space- tends to push fluid out of capillaries