Ocular Flashcards
Direct muscarinic agonist used to treat glaucoma–both open and acute closed angle and for cataract surgery
Pilocarpine
What does pilocarpine cause
Pupillary constriction
increased aqueous outflow
What are the side effects of pilocarpine and Echothiophate?
Bronchospasm Salivation N/V Diarrhea Abdominal pain Tenesmus Lacrimation Sweating
Indirect muscarinic agonist that irreversibly binds cholinesterase and is used for the treatment of glaucoma?
Echothiophate
What are the 3 antimuscarinics that cause pupillary dilatation and paralysis of the ciliary body?
Atropine
Scopolamine
Tropicamide
What 2 drugs are used to improve discomfort during active eye inflammation–ueveitis?
Atropine
Scopolamine
Drug most commonly used cycloplegia for eye exams?
Tropicamide
What are the side effects of the 3 antimuscarinics-Atropine, Scopolamine, and tropicamide?
Ataxia Nystagmus Restlessness Mental confusion Hallucination Violent and aggressive behavior Insomnia Photophobia Urinary retention
A Nm agonist that destroys acetylcholinesterase and is used to diagnose myasthenia gravis?
Edrophonium
Direct adrenergic agonist that causes dilation of episcleral vessels and increased aqueous outflow?
Epinephrine
Indirect adrenergic agonist that releases NE and is used to separate 1st and 2nd from 3rd order neuron dysfunction in Horner’s syndrome?
Hydroxyamphetamine–positive dilation means 1st or 2nd order
Indirect adrenergic agonist that prevents the repute of NE and is used for the initial confirmation diagnosis of Horner’s syndrome?
Cocaine
Direct a1-agonist the dilates the pupil for eye exam and cataract surgery?
Phenylephrine
What are the side effects of phenylephrine
Cardiac side effects–Extrasystoles, palpitation, HTN, MI
Trembling
Paleness
Sweating
Direct a2-agonist that suppresses aqueous humor production through action of cAMP and is the primary agent for treatment of glaucoma?
Brimondine tartrate
B-blocker used to reduce intraocular pressure by reducing aqueous production at the ciliary process–second line treatment of glaucoma?
Timolol
Contraindication in:
- CHF
- Asthma
B2-blocker used to reduce intraocular pressure by reducing aqueous production at the ciliary process–second line treatment of glaucoma?
Levobunolol
B1-blocker used to reduce intraocular pressure by reducing aqueous production at the ciliary process–second line treatment of glaucoma?
Betaxolol
What are the side effects of the B-blockers used for the treatment of glaucoma?
Bradycardia Hypotension Syncope Palpitation CHF Bronchospasm Mental confusion Depression Fatigue Lightheadedness Hallucinations Memory impairment Sexual dysfunction Hyperkalemia
Prostaglandin analogs that cause increased uveoscleral outflow and are the primary agents for the treatment of glaucoma?
Latanoprast
Travoprost
Bimatoprost
Unoprostone isopryl –least effective
What are the side effects seen with the prostaglandin analogs used for the treatment of glaucoma?
Eyelash growth
change in iris color
intraocular inflammation–with latanoprast
May cause cystoid macular edema in cataract surgery and activate herpes (latanoprast)
Ca-channel blocker that causes increased ocular perfusion at nerve head and is used for the treatment of low-tension glaucoma?
Nifedipine
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors that reduce aqueous production via interference with the active transport of Na through Na-K ATPase pump and are the second line treatment for glaucoma?
Dorzolamide
Acetazolamide
Brinzolamide
If all other topical therapies have failed for the treatment of glaucoma, what is an oral agent used fro advanced glaucoma and used for cataract surgery?
Acetazolamide–carbonic anhydrase inhibitor
