Ocular

Question 1

Acetylcholine

Answer 1

Direct muscarinic agonist; pupillary constriction - used in cataract surgery

Question 2

Pilocarpine HCL

Answer 2

Direct muscarinic agonist; pupillary constriction and increased aqueous outflow - for glaucoma (used less today b/c of side effects)

Question 3

Carbachol

Answer 3

Direct muscarinic agonist; pupillary constriction and increased aqueous outflow - for glaucoma (used less today b/c of side effects)

Question 4

Atropine

Answer 4

antimuscarinic (anticholinergic); causes pupillary dialation via paralysis of ciliary body - for improved discomfort during active eye inflammation (ueveitis). Very long acting so not used unless severe inflammation. Cycloplegic = pupillary dilation and paralysis of ciliary body

Question 5

Scopolamine

Answer 5

antimuscarinic (anticholinergic); causes pupillary dialation via paralysis of ciliary body - for improved discomfort during active eye inflammation (ueveitis). Cycloplegic = pupillary dilation and paralysis of ciliary body

Question 6

Homatropine

Answer 6

antimuscarinic (anticholinergic); causes pupillary dialation via paralysis of ciliary body - for cycloplegia for eye exams and for improved discomfort during active eye inflammation (ueveitis). Cycloplegic = pupillary dilation and paralysis of ciliary body

Question 7

Cyclopentolate

Answer 7

antimuscarinic (anticholinergic); causes pupillary dialation via paralysis of ciliary body - for cycloplegia for eye exams and for improved discomfort during active eye inflammation (ueveitis). Cycloplegic = pupillary dilation and paralysis of ciliary body

Question 8

Tropicamide

Answer 8

antimuscarinic (anticholinergic); causes pupillary dialation via paralysis of ciliary body - mostly used for cycloplegia for eye exams. Cycloplegic = pupillary dilation and paralysis of ciliary body

Question 9

Ephinephrine

Answer 9

Direct adrenergic agonist (alpha + beta); causes dilation of episcleral vessels => increased aqueous outflow - treats glaucoma

Question 10

Dipivefrin HCL

Answer 10

Prodrug of epinephrine; Direct adrenergic agonist (alpha + beta); causes dilation of episcleral vessels => increased aqueous outflow - treats glaucoma

Question 11

Hydroxyamphetamine

Answer 11

Indirect adrenergic agonist (increases NE release). used to separate 1st and 2nd order from 3rd order neuron dysfunction in horner’s syndrome. positive dilation means 1st or 2nd order. if no response, then 3rd order and likely benign.

Question 12

Cocaine

Answer 12

Indirect adrenergic agonist (prevents reuptake of NE). use initially to confirm diagnosis of horner’s. supposed to dilate pupil, if it does not, then horner’s

Question 13

Phenylephrine

Answer 13

Direct alpha1-agonist - dilates pupil for eye exam and cataract surgery

Question 14

Brimondine

Answer 14

Direct alpha2-agonist - suppresses aqueous humor production through action of cAMP in non-pigmented ciliary epithelium - primary agent for treatment of glaucoma

Question 15

Timolol

Answer 15

Beta-blocker; reduces intraoccular pressure by reducing intraocular pressure by reducing aqueous production at the ciliary process - 2nd line treatment for glaucoma

Question 16

Levobunolol

Answer 16

Beta-blocker; reduces intraoccular pressure by reducing intraocular pressure by reducing aqueous production at the ciliary process - 2nd line treatment for glaucoma

Question 17

Adie’s syndrome

Answer 17

Parasympathetic dysfunction => dilated pupil

Question 18

1st line meds for glaucoma

Answer 18

Timolol (non spec beta-blocker), Latanaprost (prostaglandin), Brimondine (alpha2-agonist), Dorzolamide Hydrochloride (carbonic anhydrase inhibitod)

Question 19

Metipranolol

Answer 19

beta-blocker - 2nd line treatment for glaucoma. weak myocardial depressant

Question 20

Carteolol

Answer 20

Beta-blocker; reduces intraoccular pressure by reducing intraocular pressure by reducing aqueous production at the ciliary process - 2nd line treatment for glaucoma

Question 21

Betaxolol

Answer 21

Beta1-blocker (not as bad for asthma); reduces intraoccular pressure by reducing intraocular pressure by reducing aqueous production at the ciliary process - 2nd line treatment for glaucoma

Question 22

Latanoprast

Answer 22

Prostaglandin analog; increases uveoscleral outflow - primary agent for treatment of glaucoma

Question 23

Travoprost

Answer 23

Prostaglandin analog; increases uveoscleral outflow - primary agent for treatment of glaucoma

Question 24

Bimatoprost

Answer 24

Prostaglandin analog; increases uveoscleral outflow - primary agent for treatment of glaucoma

Question 25

Unoprostone isopryl

Answer 25

Prostaglandin analog; increases uveoscleral outflow - primary agent for treatment of glaucoma

Question 26

Dorzolaminde HCL

Answer 26

Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor; reduces aqueous production via interfering with the active transport of Na through the Na/K-ATPase pump - 2nd line therapy for glaucoma

Question 27

Acetaxolamide

Answer 27

Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor; reduces aqueous production via interfering with the active transport of Na through the Na/K-ATPase pump - oral agent used for advanced glaucoma and with cataract surgery

Question 28

Brinzolamide

Answer 28

Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor; reduces aqueous production via interfering with the active transport of Na through the Na/K-ATPase pump - 2nd line therapy for glaucoma