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Microbiology (BSC 380) > October 21 > Flashcards

October 21 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Operon

A

Cluster of genes under the control of a single regulatory signal, can be shut down to save resources

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2
Q

Unit of transcription

A

Area on a chromosome containing the coding sequence and regulatory sequences that direct and regulate synthesis of that protein

Single RNA molecule

Promotor, RNA-coding sequence, terminator

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3
Q

mRNA

A

short half-life before being degraded by ribonucleases, rapid turnover allows cell to quickly adapt

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4
Q

Polycistronic mRNA

A

Codes for a group of cotranscribed genes

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5
Q

Genetic Code

A

Correspondence between the nucleic acid template and the amino acid sequence of the polypeptide product

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6
Q

Codon

A

triplet of 3 bases encoding a specific amino acid

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7
Q

Anticodon

A

Found on tRNA, recognizes codon on mRNA

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8
Q

Wobble

A

base pairing is more flexible for the third base of a codon

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9
Q

Stop codon

A

nonsense codon, stops translation

UAA, UAG, UGA

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10
Q

Start codon

A

AUG

codes for N-formylmethionine

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11
Q

Shine-Dalgarno Sequence

A

Upstream sequence on mRNA, ensures proper reading frame

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12
Q

Open-reading Frame

A

Begins with AUG followed by codons and then a stop codon in the same reading frame as the start codon

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13
Q

Archean Chromosomes

A
  • resemble bacteria
  • circular
  • 500-100s of genes
  • Bidirectional replication
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14
Q

How do Archaean’s resemble bacteria?

A

Chromosomes do not have introns

Single-celled divide by binary fusion

No membrane bound nucleus or organelles

Coupled transcription and translation

Single circular chromosomes

Shine-Dalgarno sequences

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15
Q

How are Archaeans like eukaryotes?

A

DNA packing

Bidirectional replication

Multiple orgins of replication

Promotors

RNA pol

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16
Q

Archaean Replication and Packaging

A

Similar to eukaryotes

Histones

Reverse DNA gyrase introduces positive supercoils, which are more stable at high temperatures

17
Q

Histones

A

Small positively charged proteins bind to DNA

Cluster of 4 form a tetrasome

18
Q

Nucleosome

A

DNA/histone complex

19
Q

Reverse DNA Gyrase

A

Topoisomerase that introduces positive supercoils

20
Q

Gene Expression

A

Genetic information stored as DNA is transcribed into RNA, the information is translated to yeild specific proteins

21
Q

Constitutive proteins

A

Proteins needed in a cell at about the same level all the time

22
Q

Modes of Regulation

A
  1. Activity regulation- activity of a protein can only be regulated after synthesis, fast
  2. Control the amount of the enzyme produced (slow)
23
Q

Regulation of Transcription

A
  1. DNA binding proteins interact with DNA in a sequence specific manner. Specficity from interactions between aa side chains and specific chemical groups on nitrogenous bases and sugar phosphate backbone
  2. Binds to major groove
  3. Protein dimers interact with inverted repeats on DNA each subunit binds to one of the inverted repeats dimer as a whole binds to both strands
24
Q

Possible Outcomes of DNA Binding Proteins

A
  1. Catalyze a specific reaction on DNA, signaling RNA pol to transcribe
  2. Block (negative regulation)
  3. Activate (positive regulation)
25
Q

Regulatory Proteins

A

Small proteins bind to DNA and regulate transcription

26
Q

Negative Control

A

Repression or induction

27
Q

Repression

A

Prevents synthesis of an enzyme in response to a signal (anabolic enzymes)

Energy is not wasted synthesizeing unneeded enzymes

28
Q

Induction

A

Enzyme is made when its substrate is present (catabolic enzymes)

29
Q

Inducer

A

Induces enzyme synthesis

30
Q

Corepressor

A

Represses enzyme synthesis

31
Q

Effector

A

Broad term used for inducers and repressors, indirectly affect transcription by binding to a specific DNA binding protein

Microbiology (BSC 380) (31 decks)

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