November 13 Flashcards

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1
Q

Nosocomial Infection

A

Health care associated infection

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2
Q

Why are nosocomial infections spread?

A

Low resistance

Rooms with more than one patient

Workers move from patient to patient

Procedures indoduce cuts, punctures to the skin providing a portal of entry for pathogens

Surgery

Use of antibiotics- microbes are constantly exposed to anitbiotics

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3
Q

Proteobacteria

A

Major phyla of bacteria

Most common, most metabolically diverse

Can be chemolithotrophs, chemoorganotrophs, and photoautotrophs

Morphologically diverse: five classes- alpha, beta, delta, gamma, epsilon that are classified by 16S rRNA analysis

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4
Q

Phototrophic Proteobacteria

A
  • Oxygenic photosynthesis
  • Purple Phototrophic Bacteria
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5
Q

Oxygenic Photosynthesis

A

6CO2 + H2O —> C6H12O6 + 6O2

Water is the electron donor

Carbon Dioxide is reduced

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6
Q

Purple Phototrophic Bacteria

A

Anoxygenic photosynthesis, no O2 is released

-alpha, beta, or gamma

Bacteriochlorophylls and carotenoid: various pigments absorb different wavelengths of ight

Intracytoplasmic membranes: originate from cell membrane, increases surface area for more photosynthetic machinery

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7
Q

Purple Sulfur Bacteria

A

Use H2S as e- donor to reduce CO2

Produces S°, stored as globules inside or outside the cell, then is oxidized to sulfate (SO42-) and released into the environment.

Gamma proteobacteria

Found in illuminated anoxic areas of lakes where H2S accumulates also found in sulfur springs

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8
Q

Phototrophic Proteobacteria Examples

A

Purple Phototrophic Bacteria

a) Purple Sulfur bacteria
b) Purple nonsulfur bacteria

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9
Q

Purple Nonsulfur Bacteria

A

Once thought to be incapable of using sulfur as e- donor

High levels of hydrogen sulfide kill them

Most can grow aerobically in the dark (chemoorganotrophy)

Most can also grow photoheterotrophically: sunlight provides energy and organic carbon source

Alpha or Beta

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10
Q

Nitrifying Bacteria

A

Chemolithotroph (inorganic electron donors) use N compounds

Found in alpha, beta, delta, and gamma

Nitrification

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11
Q

Nitrifying Bacteria Examples

A

1) Ammonia oxidizers (Nitrosococcus)
2) Nitrite Oxidizers (Nitrobacter)
3) Nitrogen-fixing bacteria

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12
Q

Nitrification

A

Oxidation of ammonia to nitrate

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13
Q

Nitrate Oxidizers

A

Nitrobacter

Usually have internal membrane systems that house key enzymes including: ammonia monooxygenase and nitrate oxidase (nitrite to nitrate)

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14
Q

Nitrogen Fixing Bacteria

A

NH4+—-> NO2- —> NO3-

Found in soil and water

Common in habitats with lots of ammonia, where lots of proteins decompose (sewage treatment facility)

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15
Q

Sulfur-Oxidizing Bacteria

A

Chemolithotroph (uses reduced sulfur compounds)

Two classes: neutrophiles and acidophiles

Examples: Thiobacillus and Beggiatoa

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16
Q

Thiobacillus

A

Produce sulfuric acid, electron donor is H2S, S°

17
Q

Beggiatoa

A

Filamentous gliding bacteria, found in H2S rich environments such as hydrothermal vents, mud in lakes, sewage polluted H2O, swamp plant roots (Cattails: detoxifies H2S around the roots), flocs in sewage treatment (causes bulking-no settling of particulate matter)

18
Q

Methanotroph

A

Use 1C compounds as e- donors and as a source of carbon

Widespread in soil and water

Obligate aerobes

Two types: Type 1 and Type 2

Both types use methane monooxygenase, incorporates one O from O2 into methane to produce methanol

Bot have extensive internal membranes to increase surface area from methane oxidation