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Community Health > Occupational Health > Flashcards

Occupational Health Flashcards

1
Q

Harm definition

A

Death, injury, and any form of physical or mental illness

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2
Q

Hazard

A

Anything that might cause harm

Includes desth and injury and any form of physical or mental illness

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3
Q

Risk

A

A chance of a harm actually occurring

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4
Q

Type of relationship between health and work

A

2 ways relationship

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5
Q

Legal aspects (IV) Labour Act 651 : Obligation of Employees

A

Publication of employees to use safety appliances, PPE & other equipment in compliance with instructions
•Has Right to remove oneself from dangerous situation
BUT
•Law absolves employer for liability for injury suffered by worker due to non-compliance

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6
Q

What is occupational health

A

The science and arts devoted to the anticipation recognition evaluation in control of factors and stresses from work, which may cause sickness impaired health and well-being or significant discomfort and inefficiency among workers or among the citizens of the community

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7
Q

1992 constitution about occupational health safety

A

Every person has the right to work under safe and healthy conditions

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8
Q

Legal aspect (III) labour act 651, 2003

A

Duty of all employers to ensure that every worker employed by him or her works under satisfactory safe and healthy conditions

the employer has to
provide safe system of work ensure work environment free of risk to health and safety
prevent accident and injury to health
supply and maintain safety appliances
provide safe drinking water, toilet and other Hygiene facilities

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9
Q

What are all the parties involved in occupational health

A 
Physicians 
nurses 
occupational hygienist 
sociologists 
psychologist 
Toxicologists
  Health physicist 
microbiologist 
Epidemiologists 
Ergonomist 
Safety engineers 
lawyers
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10
Q

What are all the stake holders in. Occupational health

A 
Workers and their families 
employers 
shareholders
 community 
nation 
consumers 
legislators 
suppliers 
insurers 
media 
pressure groups
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11
Q

What is the function of occupational health services

A

Address risks from hazards caused by work and work environment to workers

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12
Q

What are the five basic strategies adopted by occupational health services

A 
Preventive activities 
promotional activities 
Curative activities 
rehabilitation activities 
research activities
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13
Q

What is the goal of doing pre-employment health screening

A

See if person has pre-existing ill health or disability that can impact performance or could be in safe for the individuals or other workers

See if workplace can be adapted to disability of the individual

used as that baseline data for future assessments

reinforce advice on health promotion

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14
Q

What are the clinical occupational health activities

A

Pre-employment health screening

Periodic medical examination

Post sickness absence review

Retirement on grounds of ill health

exit medical examination

immunization

health education and counseling

treatments

rehabilitation

early return to work

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15
Q

What is the function of periodic medical examinations

A

It’s a legal requirements especially against asbestos leas ionizing radiation

Help advice on health and illness and reinforce occupational health prevention

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16
Q

What is the goal of post sickness absence review

A

Sees person has no residual effects from cause of sickness which Can impair return to work

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17
Q

What is the goal of retirement and grounds of ill Health

A

Health worker leave a job with benefits

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18
Q

What is an alternative to the retirement on grounds of ill health

A

Redeploying the worker Add another position but in the same establishments where Health will not be an issue

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19
Q

What is the goal of exit medical examination

A

Don’t work or before retirement which gives that’s all employees at the point of exit and help workers receive assistance for managing it after they leave the employment

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20
Q

What is the goal of health education and counseling

A

Using excess workforce to reduce risk factors for diseases in general and steps to prevent occupational disorders

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21
Q

What does rehabilitation involve

A

Facilitate early return to work
if disability -> provide services adapted
assist some staff to be granted retirement on medical grounds
facilitate payment of compensation or benefits

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22
Q

What are the benefits of early return to work

A

Employer minimize workers compensation costs
employees can return to work
social security doesn’t have to pay long-term benefits for disability
society wins by still having qualified labor

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23
Q

What are some non-clinical occupational health activities

A 
Assessment of workplace through recognition and evaluation, 
control of workplace 
general advice and support 
audits 
quality assurance 
research
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24
Q

How do you recognize and evaluate a workplace

A

You recognize hazards in the workplace through seeing smelling hearing etc

. you evaluate the workplace by using measurements analytical techniques to quantify contamination with precision and accuracy

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25
Q

How do you control a workplace in occupational health

A

Results of assessment used to improve work environment by eliminating or controlling the hazard presents

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26
Q

What type of general advice and support our given by occupational health services

A 
Advice and compensation 
disaster planning 
advice with dealing with chemical incident and accident 
food hygiene advice
 environmental issues
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27
Q

What is the bhopal disaster

A

More than 40 tons of methyl isocyanate gas leaked from a pesticide plant in India and killed 3800 people with lots of illness and premature death
it happens because the US decided to cut safety corners at the factory which led to this accident
About 50,000 survivors with chronic health effects nowadays

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28
Q

What are the benefits to individual workers when educational Health services is good

A 
Good fit between worker and job 
necessary job adjustments
 Suitable alternative work
 good monitoring of health and exposure 
assisting return of sick and injured 
provision of safety information 
first aid for accident victims 
minimize risk of travel 
identification of hazards and management of frisk
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29
Q

What are some benefits to managers from a good Occupational health services

A

They understand legal obligations
better health policies and procedures
change in management of processes to consider health and human factors better
fitness standards to manage absence and ill health retirement ethically fairly and objectively
services That meet appreciated needs and values

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30
Q

What are the benefits of good occupational health service to community

A

Less pollution so less ill health

Healthier living conditions through healthy foods and healthy lifestyle through promotion of healthy lifestyle

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31
Q

What are some obstacle to occupational health in developing countries

A

Less resources allocated to occupational health prevention
weak laws on provision of occupational health services
lack of political commitment to occupational health services
very few occupational health professionals
inadequate information and research

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32
Q

What are the different types of hazards

A 
Mechanical hazards
 physical hazard 
chemical hazards 
biological hazards 
Ergonomic hazards 
 psychosocial hazards
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33
Q

What are some examples of mechanical hazards

A 
Machine parts 
transport 
floors 
working stands and platform 
Ladders 
 roof support
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34
Q

What are some example of physical hazard

A 
Noise
 vibrations
 electricity 
nonionizing radiation 
Extreme temperature 
humidity 
air velocity
 air cleanliness
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35
Q

What are some chemical hazard

A 
Dust
 gases 
vapors 
Toxic materials 
Waste
 fire 
explosion
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36
Q

What are some biological hazards

A

viruses bacteria fungi

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37
Q

What are some ergonomic Hazard

A

Lifting heavy loads
unsuitable tools and control
wrong postures in working

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38
Q

What are some psychosocial hazards

A 
Long working hours
 monotonous work 
working alone 
working under pressure 
bullying at work
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39
Q

What is another way to classify hazard

A

Obvious hazards

Hidden Hazard

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40
Q

What are Obvious hazard

A

Cause immediate damage to health like electricity fire etc.

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41
Q

What are hidden hazards

A

Long-term damage to health like dust , noise, stress etc.

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42
Q

What is risk

A

Likelihood that a Defines harm will be realized under specific condition or circumstance of work

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43
Q

Classification of risk

A

High medium or low

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44
Q

What are the determinants of risk

A

Severity of health harm

frequency or probability of harm occurrence

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45
Q

What determines the severity of health harm of risk

A 
Prognosis of condition 
incapacitation or disability associated 
stigma associated 
Lost of work days or medical absence 
the cost of treatment
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46
Q

What is remind super mobility of occurrence of risk

A

Existing likelihood based on past incidents or prevalence of health harm

potential likelihood through computers simulations and the level of control against hazards in place

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47
Q

How do you evaluates Hazard

A

Through measurements
Through calculation of dose
by keeping records

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48
Q

What are the effects of biological hazards

A

Infections
parasitic infestation
allergies

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49
Q

What are the effects of chemical hazard

A

Allergies

cancers

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50
Q

What are the effects of ergonomic hazard

A

Musculoskeletal injuries

back pain

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51
Q

What are the effects of psychosocial hazard

A

Stress

depression

52
Q

What is occupational toxicology

A

Workplace exposure to chemicals

53
Q

What is the relationship between dose and a response

A

The time of exposure (dose) to a toxic element can cause and effect on the exposed organism

54
Q

What is acute exposure

A

Short time exposure but High concentration

55
Q

What is chronic exposure

A

Long-term exposure but low concentration

56
Q

What is a threshold dose

A

Lowest level of dosage at which a response is manifested

57
Q

What is LD50

A

Lethal dose that produces death in 50% of the exposed population

58
Q

What are the different type means of exposure

A

Inhalation
ingestion
injection

59
Q

What is the most common route of entry into body of toxic substance

A

Inhalation

60
Q

What type of hazardous substances affect blood

A

Lead
benzene
Aniline
Cyanide

61
Q

What type of hazardous substances affect the central nervous system

A

Lead
mercury
trichloroethylene

62
Q

What type of Toxic substance affect the heart

A

Carbon disulfide

63
Q

What type of toxic substance affect the eyes

A

Ammonia
chlorine
silver compounds

64
Q

What type of toxic substance affect the kidneys

A

Lead
mercury
cadmium

65
Q

What type of toxic substance affect the liver

A

Lead

carbon tetrachloride

66
Q

What type of substance affect the peripheral nervous system

A

Acrylamide

n hexane

67
Q

What type of toxic substance affect the reproductive system

A

Isofurane

pesticides

68
Q

What type of toxic substance affect the respiratory system

A 
Ammonia 
Chlorine 
Kaolin
 talc
 cadmium
69
Q

What type of toxic substance affect the skin

A

Chromium compounds

Nickel salts

70
Q

What are the type of control methods in occupational health

A

Software or administrative control

hardware of engineering control

71
Q

What are some administrative control techniques

A 
Substitution 
isolation 
segregation
 maintenance 
housekeeping 
education 
training 
personal hygiene
72
Q

What are some engineering control techniques

A 
Total or partial enclosure 
local exhaust ventilation 
changing process
 shielding 
personal protective equipment
73
Q

What is the most effective way of control

A

Elimination of contaminant

74
Q

Why do you use substitution control method

A

When there is an acceptable level of risk but it is not possible to eliminate contaminants as the contaminant is a great use for the work place

75
Q

When do you add more control measures to a substitution measure

A

If you substitute to contaminants but there still high risk of hazard then it’s important to add more control measures

76
Q

Other than elimination and substitution what are some other control measures

A 
Changing of process 
isolation segregation 
maintenance housekeeping 
education training 
workforce 
PPE
77
Q

What are some way to change the process in order to reduce hazard risk

A

Quiet modification of the conditions like reduction of temperature ,reduction of surface area for liquid evaporation, having more people to lift objects or patients

78
Q

What is isolation and segregation in hazard control

A

Removing individual post potentially exposed to the hazard without doing nothing to the hazard itself

79
Q

What are some different ways of doing isolation or segregation measure control

A

Total enclosure

partial enclosure

physical barrier

Maximization of distance between source and receiver

time of exposure control

Picking workforce based on age or six to make sure that they can support the work conditions

80
Q

What is maintenance and housekeeping control

A

Schedule of maintenance to minimize likelihood of breakdowns, spills etc.

Personal hygiene necessary

supply of clothes for work

specific area for eating drinking and smoking

81
Q

How does the workforce plays into control measures

A

Use control methods provided and consequences of non-use

explanation of labeling system

location of material safety data sheets

reporting defects

82
Q

What is the last resort to control hazard

A

Personal protective equipment equipment

83
Q

What are the first situation in which use of PPE is defensible

A

When there’s no technically feasible way to control exposure

for emergency procedures such as spillage

For maintainance work where usual controls have been switched off to facilitate access

when there is an immediate risk they need to be controlled and until such time effectiveness are evaluated for other means of control

84
Q

What is risk assessment

A

Careful examination of workplace to identify what could cause harm to people and conclude if enough proof precautions are taken

85
Q

What are the steps in risk assessments

A 
Identify the hazard 
decide who might be harmed 
evaluate risk ,decide on precautions 
record findings ,implement them 
review records update
86
Q

Why is risk assessments necessary

A

Prevent disease

improve health

87
Q

When do you do risk assessment

A

Hazard has been identified
change to work place
after incident accident workplace illness
at scheduled times

88
Q

What is exposure assessments

A

Study of distribution and determinants of substances are factors affecting human health

89
Q

Risk control definition

A

Identification and implementation of the most cost effective risk control measures

90
Q

What is monitoring and review in risk assessments

A

Ongoing monitoring of hazards identified ,risk assessment and risk control processes

reviewing them to make sure that they are working effectively

91
Q

What is a procedure of risk assessment

A 
Identify the hazard 
assess the risk 
decide on the change required 
make the change 
Monitor and review
92
Q

How do you identify hazards in risk assessment

A 
Consult employees about their impression 
examination of work area 
consult past incident and accident 
learned about equipment 
creative thinking
93
Q

How do you determine who might be harmed by hazard

A

From work experience

from exposure assessments

94
Q

What are the different type of exposure during exposure assessments

A

Actual exposure
cumulative exposure
average exposure
Peak exposure

95
Q

What document is used for exposure assessment

A

A hazard summary sheets linked with a risk assessment table

96
Q

In the risk assessment table what indicates top priority and what is the consequence

A

Number 1 and 2 -> top priority risk

should isolate hazard immediately because of risk of fatality and permanent disability

97
Q

In the work the risk assessment table what indicates medium priority

A

3 and 4
Should remove hazard as soon as possible within one month
Could lead to medical attention several days off work or long-term illness or serious injury

98
Q

In the risk assessment table what indicates low priority

A

5 and 6
must fix the cause in three months
First aid might be needed

99
Q

What are the different way to make a change or find solution of hazard

A

Eliminate the hazard
substitute the hazard
isolate or enclose the hazard
engineering solution like different machinery
administrative procedures with better work methods to reduce condition of risk
used PPE
training

100
Q

What are the 6Ps when investigating a Work place

A 
Premises
 process
 products 
pollutants 
personnel 
preservation
101
Q

Ergonomy definition

A

Science of improving employee performance and well-being in relation to job tasks equipment and environment

102
Q

What is the role of occupational ergonomic

A

Optimize worker well-being
optimize productivity
minimize workplace stress factors
minimize Medical compensation cost

103
Q

What is cumulative trauma disorder

A

Disorder that often happen in the workplace due to repetitive movements and overuse causing damage and pain to body

104
Q

What is the repetitive motion disorder

A

Muscular conditions that result from repeated motions performed in normal Work or daily activities

105
Q

What are some causes of repetitive motion disorders

A

Over exertion
incorrect posture
muscle fatigue
compression of nerves or tissue
too many uninterrupted repetition of an activity or motion
friction due to awkward or unnatural motion

106
Q

What are some examples of repetitive motion disorder

A 
Carpel tunnel  syndrome
Dequervains disease
Raynaud’s syndrome 
tendinitis 
tenosynovitis 
trigger finger
107
Q

Occupation with the most injuries and illnesses

A 
Truck drivers 
nursing attendant
 laborers non-construction
 janitors cleaners
 construction laborers
108
Q

Main body part affected by injury at work

A

The back
upper extremities
lower extremities

109
Q

What is health surveillance

A

Systems or periodic clinical , physiological ,biological monitoring procedures to protect health of individuals or group of workers exposed to certain ill health risks

want to detect early signs of work related ill health effects preferably when it’s still reversible

110
Q

What type of prevention is health surveillance

A

Secondary prevention

111
Q

What is the advantage of health surveillance

A

Can find direct link between occupational health staff and workers
Reinforce health advice
answer workers question

112
Q

What are the follow up action in health surveillance

A 
Review individual exposure 
review other exposed workers
 review control measures
 guides and reassure 
manage medically affected worker 
reinforced education for all
113
Q

What are the ethical issues with health surveillance

A

There should be p a competent person in charge ,no conflict of interest , confidence agreement with all, protect rights of individuals

114
Q

What are the rights of the worker in health surveillance

A 
Understanding of what’s done why and how it relates to employment
 informed consent
 consent for test and feedback 
privacy 
personal feedback 
openness about research component
115
Q

What are the limitation of health surveillance

A

May not detect Health effects
No treatments
may need expert interpretation of results
may be expensive and time consuming

116
Q

What are the different procedures in health surveillance

A

Record reviews
symptom review
healthcare staff assessment
medical examinationn

117
Q

What is ports Health Purpose and scope

A

Maximum degree of protection against international spread of disease with minimum interference on movement of people goods and services

Technical applicable certificates to international travels

ensure quick efficient accurate connection and dissemination of information in international public health

Notify WHO Of all public health events of international concern

Work with all stakeholders in international travels for optimum public health service

118
Q

What are the four core functional areas covered by the public health officer at the port Health unit

A

Disease control and surveillance
food safety
port sanitation
vector control

119
Q

How is the surveillance done at the port

A

Travelers certificate of Vaccination inspection
Proper documentation of general declaration of health of all conveyances entering country

Everybody working at intraplant vaccinated against yellow fever

Supervisor service providers and services about travelers relating to public health and disease prevention like inspection and medical examination

Inspection and monitoring of baggage cargo containers good and human remains to ensure that there’s no source of infection or contamination like vectors and reservoir of public health importance

120
Q

Where can travelers Into country get information about pandemic situation activities

A

Website of travelers health
social media
press releases

121
Q

Where can travelers from the country get information about pandemic situation activities

A

Travelers Health website

traveler health alert notice at ports distribution and evaluation

122
Q

What is the main aim of foods hygiene

A

Prevent contamination of food stuffs at all stages in their handling at the port

123
Q

How is food safety insurance at port

A

Regular inspection of food houses and catering services

regular medical screening of food operators and handlers at the port

protection of food at all times from insect and vermin at the ports

conduct regular expections of certain food items entering country

124
Q

What is port sanitation

A

Insurance that facilities used by travelers are in sanitary conditions and cats free from sources of infection

125
Q

What is conveyance sanitation

A

Supervise monitor and control sewage, refuse potentially causing disease matter from the porch and aircraft after inspection and supervision of all sanitary contractors and vessels airlines

126
Q

What is vector control at port

A

Regulation and monitoring of any deratting, disinfection of the port with certifications

Community Health (11 decks)

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