Environmental Health Flashcards
1
Q
House
A
Physical structure we live in
Dwelling or physical shelter for living purposes
2
Q
Healthy house
A
House that is sited, designed, built, Renovated, and maintained in ways that support the health of its residents
3
Q
Housing environment
A
Physical structure used for shelter and it’s environment containing all necessary services , facilities, equipments, and devices required for for health of an individual or a family
4
Q
Housing tenure
A
legal conditions under which people live in their dwellings
5
Q
Room occupancy
A
Number of persons living in a single room
6
Q
Household
A
Individuals who share a single dwelling unit and share common spaces
7
Q
Why is having a healthy house important ?
A
Because people spend about 70% of their time in their houses
Tenants living in poor conditions can expose to health hazard like mold, air pollution, pests exposure etc..
Protection of most vulnerable population as they are more fragile ( children, elderly, immune compromised )
Prevent apparition of diseases and injuries so that there’s no high cost for health
Reduce chances of deaths due to home injuries and fires etc.
8
Q
Types of houses in Ghana
A
Rooms in compounds Rooms Separate house Flats and apartments Semi detached houses Huts Buildings Tents Improvised housing like
9
Q
principles of healthy housing
A
Satisfaction of physiological needs
Protection against infections
10
Q
Types of physiological needs to satisfy to have a healthy house
A
Adequate ventilation
Sleep
Lighting
Temperature regulation.
11
Q
What is considered adequate ventilation
A
At least 2 windows with one opened to an open space
20% of floor areas should be windows
40% of floor area should be doors and windows
12
Q
How to ensure good sleep
A
Separate room
No disturbance and pollution
13
Q
What is good Lighting
A
Enough Sun and artificial lights
14
Q
How to have good Temperature regulation
A
Should protect from outside weather
15
Q
How to protect against infections in a house
A
Safe water supply - protected water source , safe storage and use
Safe human waste management - proper latrines use and presence
Safe solid waste management - waste storage and disposal arrangement
Safe liquid waste management - liquid waste disposal facilities
Good personal hygiene - handwashing facilities
Food safety - hygienic kitchen, proper storage
Vector control - good cleaning, separate animal shed
16
Q
How to protect against injury in a house
A
Trip and falls - avoid slippery floor, avoid high or low steps
Collapse of buildings - ensure good structure of roof and walls
Burns - good electrical wire, no improper fuel
Chemical poisoning - good handling and storage of drugs and chemicals
Lack of air breathing - separate kitchen with hood or vents
Electric shock - good installation, no rats to eat wires
17
Q
How can a house protect against psychological and social stress
A
Presence of school for children
Presence of water
Presence of places of worship
Presence of places of recreation
Humanitarians assistance and shelter for displaced persons
18
Q
Diseases associated with substandard housing
A
Crowding cause PTB , Meningococcal disease, gastroenteritis ,home injury, social tension
Cold indoor causes highBP, Asthma, poor mental health
Poor hygiene causes diarrheal diseases
19
Q
Factors that affect quality of housing
A
Poverty Éducation Climate Culture Population mobility
20
Q
Location guidelines for model housing
A
Elevated site to prevent flooding
Avoid site of potential natural disaster
Avoid site with unprotected hazard
Site with access to Main Street
Subsoil water at least 3m below
Site away from nuisance, excessive noise breeding sites
21
Q
Setback definition
A
Open space around house which allows light and ventilation
22
Q
Setback guidelines for model housing
A
Built up area should be 1/3 of overall area in rural and 2/3 in urban
23
Q
Floor guidelines in model housing
A
Imperméable
Smooth
Not prone to cracks
24
Q
Kitchen guidelines for model housing
A
Separate room
Vented
Impervious floor
Separate storage space for food and provisios’
25
Latrines guidelines for model housing
Improved facility
| Provision for handwashing
26
Bathrooms and laundry guidelines for model housing
Privacy
| Exclusive to the dwelling
27
Region of Africa where decrease in slums is the most remarkable
West Africa
28
Slums definition
Dwelling with lack of at least one of these :
Infrastructural integrity
Sufficient living space with no more than 3 persons in a room
Easy access to safe water
Accès to adequate sanitation
Security of tenure with no forced evictions
29
Benefits of improved housing conditions
```
Save lives
Reduce disease
Increased quality of life
Reduce poverty
Help mitigate climate change
Health and sustainable cities
```
30
Housing sector percentage in global greenhouse gas emissions
19%
31
Housing sector percentage in black carbon emissions
1/3
32
Pollutant types in kitchen
Nitrogen oxides ( respiratory irritants )
Particulate matter, carbon monoxide ( respiratory disorders, lung cancer )
33
Bathroom indoor air pollution
Mold, Bacteria ( allergies , asthma, respiratory disorders)
34
Utilities room indoor air pollution
Animal dander from pets ( allergies )
35
Living room air pollution
Tobacco smoke ( lung cancer )
Furniture chemicals ( respiratory problems )
VOCs , formaldehyde ( mucosal irritant )
36
Bedroom air pollution
Dust mite
Bed bugs
Pet hais
Insect debris
All cause allergies
37
Bathroom air pollution
Mildew
Cleaning chemicals
Asthma , exacerbations, cough, wheeze, dyspnoea
38
The 4Hs determinants of health
Hereditary
habitats
habits
health systems
39
All the parts scope of environmental health
```
Ecosystem ecology
housing
water
foods meat hygiene
waste solids and liquids
pests and vector control
```
40
Ecology or ecosystem definition
Community of living things and the environment in which they live
41
Human ecology defintion
Interaction of humans with the physical environments
42
Physical environment types
```
Land
water
air
weather
plants
animals
```
43
Social cultural environment types
Beliefs
practices
norms and values
religion
44
Challenges of rural environment
```
Soil depletionn
Bush burning
continuous cropping
Deforestation
oil spillage
river pollution
```
45
Urban environment challenges
```
No planning in expansion of Cities
Noise pollution
industrial pollution
overcrowding
poor refuse and sewage disposal 
Indiscriminates location of industries fuel stations
```
46
Classes of host
```
Definitive hosts
intermediates hosts
paratenic hosts
natural hosts
accidental host
Reservoir host
```
47
Definitive host
Harbor parasites while it reproduces sexually
48
Intermediate host
Harbor parasites during some developmental
49
Paratenic host
Harbor parasites without showing any developments of parasites
50
Natural host
Naturally infected with certain species of parasites
51
Accidental host
Host which is usually not infected with a particular
52
Reservoir host
Infected animals that make Thursday it’s available for transmission to other hist
53
Classification of parasites based on location in the host
Ectoparasites (ticks, flies, lice …)
endoparasites (protozoans, worms ..)
54
Classification of parasites based on level of dependence on the host
Obligates ( Must spend some of the lifecycle in host)
accidental (When parasite attack unusual host)
aberrant (reaches site in hosts where he cannot leave or develop further)
facultative ( I free living normally but kind of thing nutrients from the host)
55
Types of biological relationships
Symbiosis ( Live in close association)
commensalism ( One organism benefits and the other unaffected)
parasitism ( An organism benefits at the cost of the other)
Mutualism (Both partners benefits)
opportunism (Harm host in state of immune depression)
56
Some causes of food insecurity
```
Low technology
poor funding
noexposure to current knowledge
politicization of fertilizer distribution
food distribution challenge
food storage challenges
```
57
Some consequences of food insecurity
malnutrition
weak immune system
morbidity
58
Factors Contributing in morbidity and mortality in
```
Communicable disease
non-communicable disease
STI’s
HIV / aids
water borne disease
avoidable deaths
```
59
Factors affecting environmental decay
frustration
poverty
ignorance
cultural beliefs and practices
imbalance between population size and resources
lack of political will to implement environmental laws
60
Some recommendation to obtain ecological homeostasis
Policies that are formulated by experts, that are people oriented , feasible , backed by political will and legislation , draw from needs assessment
Mass education 
Moderate fertility
migration only when necessary
appropriate hygiene practices
increase in food production
environment friendly and sensitive
sanctions and rewards of application of environmental laws 
attitudinal and behavioral change
preparedness response and recovery of the governments and the citizens
61
How many deaths can be avoided by making environment healthier
13 million deaths
62
Proportion of disease burden caused by environmental factors for children below five years
1/3
63
Developing countries main environmentally- caused disease
Diarrhea
lower respiratory tract infections
malaria
unintentional injuries
64
Public health definition
Science and art of preventing disease prolonging health through organized effort and informed choices of society organizations public and private communities and individuals
65
Environment definition
Living in nonliving things that make up our surroundings
66
Health definition
State of complete physical mental social well-being of an individual and he’s not necessarily the absence of this is
67
Disease definition
Illness resulting from infection
68
Infection definition
Entry multiplication and survival of an organism within a host regardless of whether symptoms develop
69
Hazard definition
Event or situation which has the potential for causing harm to people property or environments
70
Risk definition
Measure of undesirable events in terms of the likelihood of its occurrence
71
Sustainable development definition
Developments that meets the needs of the present without compromising ability of future generations to meet their own needs
72
Environmental health definition
Branch of public health which protects against effects of environmental hazards that can affect health or the ecological balance essential to human health and the environmental quality
73
Physical hazard
Physical elements from natural or man-made activity which insurance health by damaging effects on sale tissues organs and homeostatic systems or on mental or social well-being
74
Biological hazards
Biological elements which are from natural or man-made origin which was direct risk to human health through ingestion inhalation inoculation or physical contact
75
Social hazards
Behaviors associated with human life that are a consequence of settlement in communities and habitation and Influence health and well-being
76
Psychological hazards
Attitudes and mental processes that have an adverse effects on healthy person or community
77
Operational skills of environmental health practitioners
```
Assess
consult
advise
enforce
Train / educates
advocates
evaluates
Research
report
```
78
What are the different landmarks in the evolution of environmental Health
Hunting and gathering age
age of agriculture
colonization of the New World
Industrial revolution
79
What was the challenge for environmental health in the hunting and gathering age
Humans settled in Africa and Americas and Europe in small groups and relied on hunting specific species of animals which caused some damage to the nature but was limited because the groups of humans were small so small pressure on resources
80
What event created to switch from hunting and gathering to agriculture
Global population had reached maximum that could be supported by gathering in hunting so it was difficult to get food
81
What are the Environmental healthchallenges of the age of agriculture
Depletion of nutrients in the land
depletion of water holding capacity
bareness of the soil
animals could not lived anymore in certain places
disruption of nutrient recycling
usage of fertilizers
irrigation techniques which altered content of the soil
82
What are the Environmentalhealth challenges of colonization each
Settlers used lands for habitation
used animal for food
amount of population went beyond capacity of land
created cities which were against the way of life of natives
brought disease
83
Environmental health challenges in the industrial revolution
Consumption of raw materials for steam engine and railroads etc.
more wood usage for houses furniture etc.
Expanded markets of wheat corn beef
more productive and efficient agriculture reducing biological diversity
mining activities leading to pollution of the land and water
deforestation
oil discovery leading to pollution
garbage accumulation
consummation of more natural resources
damage to the ecosystem from pesticides
84
Several environmental issues in the early industrial age
Inadequate water supplies
Unemptied privy vaults
Ill functionning sewers
Unpaved streets littered
stench
noise from horse hooves ,wagon ,wheels ,and railways
regular outbreaks of cholera ,yellow fever
Air pollution water pollution land pollution
85
What’s Charles Turner thackrah outcry created
The factory act 1833 and mines acts 1842 in UK
86
Where was occupational health pioneered and by who
In the US by Alice halmiton She documented links between Taxi Gh and exposure and illness in working groups
87
Who became a pioneer of demography by analyzing the bills of mortality the weekly death records in London
John Graunt
88
Who showed that Environmental conditions contributed to illness and death
William farr Which led to the passing of the Liverpool sanitary act in 1846
89
Who pioneered social epidemiology mixed with environmental health
Edwin Chadwick after showing that there is a link between living conditions and health which led to public health act in 1848
90
Who pioneered the first environmental epidemiological study
Jon Snow for cholera outbreak by observing her proportion of illness among persons we lived near or drink from a Broad Street pump compared to other sources of water
91
What is the epidemiological triad
Host human
agent
environment
92
What are the components of the environment
Physical environment
the biological environment
the psycho social environment
93
Environmental risk factors for disease
```
Pollution
microbes
food contaminants
weather conditions
natural disasters
pesticides
chemicals
Pests,parasites
radiation
poverty
lack of access to healthcare
```
94
Are healthy people more productive
Yes
95
How is life expectancy at birth and economy growth linked
For every 10% increase in life expectancy at birth there’s 0.4% economic growth per
96
What are the key determinants of health in Africa
Food and nutrition
physical environment
risk factors because of lifestyle
97
What are the components of the total disease burden in Africa
2/3 communicable disease
| 1/3 noncommunicable disease, injury
98
Malaria mortality evolution in Africa
Decreased by 50%
99
Maternal mortality rate evolution in Africa
Declined by 41%
100
Under five mortality rate evolution in Africa
Declines from 173 to 95 per thousand
101
Millennials development goals directly relevant to environmental health
Goal7: ensure environmental sustainability
102
What are some development gaps in Africa
Access to improve drinking water 64%
| access to improved toilets 33%
103
How many AFRICAN countries were on tract to meet MDG targets
4
104
According to the Libreville declaration of health what are some major challenges in Africa
```
Safe drinking
water sanitation and hygiene services
water soil and air pollution
vector control
chemicals and waste management
food safety
health in the workplace
```
105
What are some factors contributing to poor health environments in Africa
Climate change
unplanned urbanization
Uncontrolled rapid population growth
urban migration
106
What are the consequences to public systems of poor environment
Pressure on health systems due to illnesses and cancers
pressure on public utilities due to increased population and unplanned settlements
pressure on public authorities to maintain environmental sanitation education and prevention
107
What are some consequences of poor environments to human health
Physical ( aesthetics ;odors, noise)
biological (microbial burden , rodents, pest, illnesses, cancers)
social (stigma of minority groups ,conflict ,antisocial behavior
psychological (depression and anxiety)
108
Is it better to have water sources located upstream of human activity to limit contamination ?
Yes
109
How much does a person should drink per day
2L per day
110
How much water does a human consume per day (personal hydiene, cleaning …)
20L per days
111
Basic requirement for water source
Water collection should not exceed 1km or take more than 30mins for reasonable supply
112
3 types of water sources
Rainwater
Surface water (lake,s rivers, streams, ponds)
Groundwater (springs, wells, boreholes)
113
Types of Improved water sources
Piped water on premises
```
Public stand pipe
Borehole, tubewells
Protected dug wells
Protected springs
Rain water collection
```
114
Types of unimproved water sources
```
Unprotceted wells and springs
Vendors of water
Tanker trucks
Cart with small tank
Surface water (river, dam, lake, pond, stream)
Bottled water
```
115
When is bottled water an improved source of water
When bottled water + handwashing and cooking from also improved source
116
Ghana proportion of access to improved water source hen bottled water included
9/10
117
Ghana proportion of households that have access to imporved source of water when bottled water not considered
6/10
118
Availability of water in premises in fhana from 2008 to 2014
23% to 15%
119
Percentage of Access to sources within 30 mins from 2008 to 2014
51 to 71%
120
Access to improved water source in urban area
97%
121
Access to improved water source in rural areas
81%
122
Does surface water requires treatment before consumption
Yes
123
Type of chemicals found in groundwater
Arsenic
Fluoride
Nitrates
124
What is a spring
Permeable layer of underground rock and impermeable layer of underground rocks meet ground surface
125
How do you protect a spring
No human or animal activity around
Fence around source
Diversion of water coming from rain by drain away from spring
126
3 types of wells
Shallow wells
Deep well
Artesian well
127
Characteristics of shalllow well
```
Situated in aquifer, above firs impermeable layer of rock
‘Less than 10m deep
Hand dug
Easily contaminated
May be Dry in hot season
```
128
Charcateristics of deep well
Situated in aquifer, below at least one impermeable layer of rock
Machine dug
Pure water
Water all year round
129
Chharcateristics of artesian well
Water that flows under natural pressure
| Aquifer between impervious layers of rock
130
Average size of hands dug wells
Diameter about 90 to 180 cm
| Depth about 4.5 to 10.5 m
131
Average size of a borehole well
I Diameter about 5 to 75 cm
| Depth 7.5 to 18 m
132
Why is there a casing of concrete in the borehole well
To prevent collapse of surrounding soil and rock
133
Driven well characteristics and size
Has metal pipe with a screen attached to the lower end
Diameter from 2.5 to 5 cm and less than 15 meters deep
134
Dimensions for jetted Wells
Diameter 5 to 30 cm
| 30m depth
135
How can we protect water sources
Avoid discharge of waste above water supply
avoid installing intakes below waste discharge
diversion of local storm water flows
enclosure of the water source from animals
control of human activities within boundaries
promote community awareness of impacts of human activity on water quality
136
What are the characteristics of a sanitary well
Distance of at least 15 m from source of contaminants( recommended 30 to 50 m )
pipe casing in boreholes wells
cement lining with depth of at least 3 m in the wells with wide diameter
lining of well should extends upwards up to 60 to 90 cm above ground level
installation of parapet for at least 70 to 75 cm above ground level
No stagnant water within 2 m of the hand pump
cover for the well
cement concrete platform that extends 1 m around the well
cement concrete platform should slope towards a drain leading away from the well
platform should not be cracked
installation of abstraction pump
fence around well to keep out animals
137
What are some ways Springs water stores are protected
Intake and overflow pipes screened
fence around surroundings
diversion ditches
sloped cover
sloped apron
inspection hole
tightly covered and secured with a lock
disinfection of water after construction or repairs with chlorine solution
138
What can contaminate rainwater
```
Bird droppings
leaves
dust
dirt
paints on the roof or roofing materials
roof and gutters
```
139
What are some ways to protect rainwater
Cleaning of roof and gutters
first flush diversion to allow rainwater to drain away from storage points
mesh screen between roof gutters and the supply pipe leading to storage tank
intact and cleaned mesh screen
no crack on storage tank
water collection area should have adequate drain that is away from the storage tank
no source of contamination around the tank
140
Which type of water source is preferred
Ground water because of low levels of microbial contamination
141
When is water safe for consumption
Free from Pathogens
free from harmful chemicals
pleasant to taste
usable for the domestic purposes
142
How does water appear when there is ferrous iron
Brown discoloration which promotes growth of iron bacteria
143
How does water appear when there is manganese
Black deposits and pipes stain sanitary wear
144
When does water smell like rotten egg
When there is hydrogen sulfide when oxygen is depleted
145
What does it mean when there is a change in taste of water
Deficiencies in water treatment or changes in quality of the raw water source
146
What does turbidity of the water matter and what level should it not exceed
Because it can interfere with disinfection and microbiological determination should not exceed 5nephelometric units
147
Consequences of hardness of water
Scale deposition in distribution pipes
excessive soap consumption
scum formation
148
What does a pH level less than seven cause for water
Enhance corrosion in distribution pipes and raise levels of lead
149
What does a pH level more than seven means for water
Decreases efficiency of chlorination doing water treatment
150
Most common source of pathogens in water
Feces
151
What is used for fecal contamination
Total coliforms
fecal coliforms
E. coli
152
What is total coliforms
It’s test for all bacteria found in human and animal feces ,found in soil and other natural environments
153
Z What is fecal coliform test
Subset of total coliform sounds in fishes include some species that may not be a fecal origin
154
What is e coli test
Only found in feces of human and warm blooded animals
| so if it’s there it means that there’s physical condition and possible presence of intestinal pathogens
155
Should you detect at least a small amount of E. coli and total coliform bacteria in 100 mL sample of water
No nothing
156
What is the source of nitrates and nitrates poisoning of water and what health problems can it cause
Due to application of fertilizers , seepage of waste water into surface and groundwater
Can cause methaemoglobinaemia can cause cyanosis in young children
157
Source of fluoride in the water and health problems related
Earth ,manufacture use of phosphate fertilizers, aluminum production
Can cause mottling of children teeths, skeletal fluorosis, crippling ,dental caries
158
Source of arsenic in water and health problems related
Dissolution from minerals and ores, industrial effluents
Carcinogen (cancer of the skin lungs liver bladder)
darkening of the skin
warts on extremities and torso
decreased production of blood cells
159
Mercury origin in water and health related problems
Industrial effluent
Inorganic mercury impairs renal function
Methyl mercury effect Central nervous system
160
Cadmium source in water and health related problems
Galvanized pipes ,metal fittings mindustrial effluents, batteries
Damages kidney
161
Cyanide stores in water and health problems related
Industrial effluent, inadequately processed cassava
affect thyroid and nervous system
162
Lead source in water and health related problems
Plumbing system soil things
Neurotoxic
neurobehavioral deficits
calcium metabolism interaction
163
What is pollution
Introduction into the natural environments of substances that can cause harm to human or animal health plants and other aspects of the ecosystem
164
Is point source pollution easy to control
Yes
165
Is nonpoint source pollution easy to control
No because origin difficultly known
166
What are some different types of water pollutants
```
Suspended solids and sediments
nutrients
biological pollutants
chemical pollutants
pharmaceuticals
municipal waste water
Leachates
agricultural waste
```
167
What are suspended solids and sediments water pollutants
Fine particles of inorganic material which are responsible for brown color of weavers during rains
168
What are the biological pollutants
Bacteria (S. Typhi, v.cholera)
Viruses ( rotavirus, poliovirus, hepatitis A)
Protozoa ( cryptosporidium, giardia )
Helminths ( guineaworm, schistosoma)
169
Types of chemical pollutants
Heavy metals
| Pesticides, herbicides, insecticides, fungicides (malathion, parathion, delthametrine)
170
What is eutrophication
Nutrients are discharged in large quantities into water bodies
171
What is algal bloom
Excessive and sudden increase of microscopic algae in water
172
Why is there dead zone in water source
Algae die and when they decay by bacteria this dissolves dissolved oxygen level
173
Consequences of pharmaceuticals in water source
Endocrine function of aquatic animals disrupted
174
How do humans get exposed to contaminated water source
```
Drinking
Cooking
Washing
Bathing
Recreation
```
175
People at risk to water contamination
Infants young children
People living in unsanitary conditions
Debilitated persons
Elderly
176
Types of water pollution based on disease transmission route
Water borne route (pathogen ingested by feco oral route)
Water washed diseases (person to person condition, due to hygienic conditions)
Water based disease (transmission by aquatic intervertebrate host, helminths)
Water related disease ( insect vectors breeds in or near water)
177
Contro strategies of water borne diseases
Improve water quality
Hygiene
Education
178
Waterwashed diseases control ( scabies, trachoma)
Improve water quantity , availability, access
| Hygiene education
179
Water based diseases control (schistosomiasis , guinea worm )
Decrease contact with contaminated water
Public education
Improve domestic plumbing
Dry flood damaged homes
180
Water related diseases control ( dengue, malaria, trypanosomiasis , onchocerciasis
```
Larvicide
Biological control
Decrease passage through breeding sites
Insecticides
Improve stormwater drainage
Public education
```
181
Houselhod treatment of water
Boiling water
Filtration and chlorination by using bleach
Solar disinfection by exposition to sunlight for 6h
Sterilizing tablets to put into water
Filter with pore of 1micron for protozoa removal
182
Municipal and industrial water treatment
Coagulation (merging of suspendable material, colloidal material and bacteria when adding aluminum sulphate)
Flocculation ( mixing and inter particle contact)
Filtration (removal of fine particles )
Sediment(bacteria and particulates settle at bottom)
Disinfection (chlorine ti destroy microorganism)
Adsorption (carbon removes taste , odors,, organic chemicals )
Ion xchange (ions removal)
Distillation (evaportation and condensation to desalinate)
Gas exchange (removal of dissolved gases, iron , manganese etc)
Uv radiation (remoal of tate and odors)
Reverse osmosis (removes total dissolved solids, hardness
183
Control measure at distribution system of water
```
Fully enclosed of distribution systems
Storage tank secured with external drainage
Backflow prevention devices
Positive pressure maintenance
Adequate residual desinfection
Efficient maintenance
Law enforcement
```
184
What is waste water
Combination of domestic effluent , water from commercial establishments in institution , industrial effluent , stormwater , urban run off,
agricultural horticultural aquacultural effluent
185
What is sewage
Liquids or wet waste with excreta , effluents from household waste ,water rain in industrial sources
186
What is soulage
Storm water and household waste water Devoid of excreta
187
Sewers
Pipes through which sewage flows
188
What’ is black water
Water water from toilets with excrements
189
Black water amount produced per year per person
10000 to 25000
190
Grey water definition
waste water from bath and kitchen devoid of excrement
191
Amount of grey water produced per day per person
100,000
192
Is urine sterile in individuals
Yes
193
Domestic Nutrients in urines
Nitrogen
Phosphorus
Potassium
194
What is the amount of urine excreted annually per person
500L
195
Amount of fecal matter excreted annually per person
50kg
196
What is the main source of pathogens and microbes
Feces
197
What is sanitation
Provision of services and facilities for safe collection ,disposal ,and reuse of human excreta and other liquid watse
198
What is safe disposal
Excreta is contained, treated so that doesn’t affect human health
199
What procedures composed environmental sanitation
Excreta disposal and management
Solid waste management
Drainage
Hygiene practices
200
What is the goal of environmental sanitation
Prevent diseases by hindering pathogens associated with excreta and waste water that come into contact with people
201
When can you say that sanitation and waste water system are sustainable
```
Economically affordable
Technically appropriate
Socially acceptable
Protects environments
Protect natural resources
```
202
What is the biochemical oxygen demand
Amount of oxygen required Over 5 days at 20degrees to oxidize organic constituents of sewage
203
What is the importance of biochemical oxygen demand
Measures amount of organic contamination in waste water
| If high then very contaminated
204
Does decomposition of organic waste increases or decreases amount of available oxygen
Decreases
205
Raw sewage BOD
300-400 mgL
206
BOD of slaughterhouse waste water
2000
207
What is the chemical oxygen demand
Amount of oxygen required to oxidize organic and inorganic solids
208
Which one is higher , BOD or COD
COD
209
Broad category of latrines
On site
| Off sites
210
What is on site latrines
Containment and treatment at the toilet location
211
Examples of on site latrine
```
Simple pit latrine
Ventilated improved pit latrine VIP
Kumasi ventilated improved pit latrines
Ecological sanitation toilet
Bio digester system
```
212
What is off site latrines
Based on sewerage systems which requires water supply and provision of treatment systems for waste water
213
Where do you find off site latrines
Advanced countries
| Areas of high population
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Example of off site latrine
Water closer connected to sewerage systems
215
What is a non water carriage system
Dry sanitation system which remove pathogenic germ in latrine content to make them hygienically safe without destroying nutrient
216
What is water carriage system
A wet sanitation system which uses water to push content into an on site treatment option
217
What are examples of non water carriage latrine s
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Cartage , bucket latrine
San plat , pit latrine
Ventilated improved pit latrine VIP
KUMASI VENTILATED improved pit latrine
Composting latrine
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218
Examples of water carriage latrines
Hanging latrines
Aqua privy
Flush toilets
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What is an improved sanitation fac8kity
Hygenically seperates human excreta from human contact
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Components of improved sanitation facility
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Flush toilet
Pour flush toilet
Urine diversion dehydrating latrine
VIP
KVIP
pit latrine with slab
Composting toilet
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221
Components of unimproved sanitation facility
Flush or pour toilet that does not go to piped sewer system, septic tank, pit latrine
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Pit latrine without slab
Open pit
Bucket latrine
Elevated latrine
Hanging latrine
Shared facilities of any type
No facilities
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222
What are the characteristics of a sanitary latrine
No handling of fresh excreta
No contamination of the ground or surface water
No contamination of soil
no accès to vectors or vehicles of transmission
No nuisance due to odors or poor aesthetics
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Benefits of latrines use
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Dignity due to Privacy
Safety
Clean environment
Reduced malodor
Improved hygiene
Resource and energy recovery
Transmission cycle of disease broken
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224
Pit latrine characteristic s
Rectangular pit
1-1.5 m in diameter or square
3-4m deep
Lined with Pottery rings, blocks, stones, or woods,
Cement , mortar or brick reinforcement
Base Of superstructure elevated 15cm above ground to prevent flooding
Minimum of 2m from groundwater table
6m away from dwellings
30-50m away and downstream from water source
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Why is concentre used in squatting slab pit latrine
Support strength
| Ease cleaning and washing
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Should you close the squat hole of pit latrine when not in use
Yes
227
Why is the superstructure of pit latrine dark
To discourage flies
228
When is pit latrine not used anymore
Used till full , sealed and left to decompose for 2 years
229
What characteristics do ventilated improved pit latrine have that differentiates them form the regular one
Vent pipe 1 m above roof of superstructure
Vent pipe with minimum of 100m
Fly screen in vent pipe to overcome odor and flies
Convection current should bring back cold air inside the pit
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Is air in the pit warmer of colde than the outside due to the environment
Warmer
231
Mechanism of action of pit latrine
Feces broken down by bacteria and soil organism
Anaerobic digestion decompose it
Hot air from decomposition drawn from pit
Fresh air gets into pit by vent pipe
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Number of person supported by pit latrine
20-50
233
Time of duration of pit latrine
20 years
234
When is a pit considered full
If sludge over 0.5 of slab
235
Compost toilet characteristics
Aerobic bacterial action on feces
Can have solar power
Minimal water requirements
Can be built on site or pre fabricated
236
What is composting
Anaerobic decomposition of organic matter by microoorganism and worms which produces co2 , water, heat and hummus
237
Should you totally empty compost latrine
No to maintain organisms required for decomposition
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3 phases of composting processes
Mesophile - ( few days , 20-40 degrees)
Thermophile - (40-70 degrees days to months )
Cooling - over several months
239
Characteristics of flush toilets
Under water seal u shaped
Maintained water level
1 bucket per day to make up for losses evaporation
Anaerobic digestion in septic tank
240
Do you need to de sludges septic tank periodically
Yes
241
What is the purpose of treating waste water
Produce disposable effluent which is harmless and prevent pollution of the environment
Remove contaminant
242
What is the by product of treating waste water
Effluent and sludge
243
Percentage of waste water that receives adequate treatment worldwide
Repartition around the world
20 percent globally
70% in advanced countries
8% in low income countries
244
Types of contaminant in waste water
Plant nutrients - nitrogen, phosphorus , potassium
Pathogens - viruses, bacteria , Protozoa , helminthique
Heavy metals - cadmium , chromium, copper, mercury , nickel , lead, zinc
Organic pollutants - polyaromatic hydrocarbons , biodegradable organic
Micro pollutants - pharmaceuticals, personal care products, cleaning agents
245
What does 1 gram of feces contains
10,000 viruses
1,000,000 bacteria
1000 parasites cysts
100 parasitic eggs
246
Examples of on site treatment of sewage
Septic tanks
| Bio digesters
247
Example of off site treatment of sewage
Waste stabilization ponds
| Central sewage treatment plant via sewers
248
Examples of waste water collection system
```
On site system
Centralized system
Combined on site and centralized system
Semi centralized system
Decentralized system
```
249
Characteristics of centralized system
Collection and removal of urban waste water
| Linked to treatment plant where waste water and sludge are treated and disposed under controlled conditions
250
Characteristics of on site and semi centralized systems
Collection, treatment , and disposal or reuse of waste water from small communities
Many small sanitation
Waste water treatment facilities designed and built locally
251
Decentralized system characteristics
Maintain solid and liquid fractions of waste water near origin
minimize collection network
252
Septic tank characteristics
Water tight chamber which receives black water form toilets and grey water
Sedimentation and anaerobic digestion by bacteria work on solids
Sludge dug out periodically
253
Soak pit characteristics
Porous walled chamber allows water to slowly soak in ground
| Filled with coarse rocks and gravel for support
254
What is a constructed wet land
Natural systems in which waste water flows through
Made of sand or gravel
Physical and biological treatment
255
Sewage treatment steps
Primary treatment
Secondary treatment t
Tertiary treatment t
256
What is sewage pre treatment
Screening to remove large objects
Grit removal to remove sand, grit, stones, broken glass
Fat and grease removal
257
Primary treatment of sewage
Clarifiers help with sedimentation of sludge
Oil and grease removed
Saponification
Removes 60-65% of suspended solids
258
Secondary treatment of sewage
Degradation of biological content
| Aerobic process
259
Secondary treatment of sewage
Fixed film
Suspended growth system
Zoogleal layer with algae , fungi, Protozoa which oxidizes effluent
Oxidation and nitrification to form coagulative mass
Secondary settling tank of heavy mass
260
Anaerobic auto digestion causes Sludge to Broke down into
Methane
Co2
Ammonia
261
End product of secondary treatment
Effluent with low levels of organic material and suspended matter
262
Tertiary treatment
```
upgrade quality of water before it foes to environment
Filtration
Lagooning
Engineered reedbeds
Nutrient removal
Disinfection
```
263
Filtration in tertiary treatment
Sand removes residual suspended matter
| Activated carbon to remove residual toxin
264
Lagooning n tertiary treatment
Aerobic environment and reed removes fine particulates
265
Engineered removal in tertiary treatment
Provides aerobic environment
266
Nutrient removal in tertiary treatment
Nitrogen and phosphorous removal
267
Désinfection in tertiary treatment
Ozone , chlorine, up radiation, and sodium hypochlorite to reduce microorganism in water
268
Waste stabilization ponds
Man made water bodies created for low cost treatment of black water. Grey water and fecal sludge
269
Where do you find stabilization ponds
In rural areas
270
3 types of stabilization. Ponds
Anaerobic
Facultative
Aerobic
271
Stabilization ponds characteristics
Nitrogen and phosphorus in effluent
Minimum permeability of grounds
Lining of clay, asphalt, compacted earth if permeable
Fencing area to provide protection animals
Hot li
272
Advantages of stabilization ponds
```
Low investment
Ow operation cost
Minimal technique equipment
Long life span
High resource recovery
```
273
Disadvantage of stabilization ponds
Form reservoirs for breeding vectors
