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Community Health > Environmental Health > Flashcards

Environmental Health Flashcards

1
Q

House

A

Physical structure we live in

Dwelling or physical shelter for living purposes

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2
Q

Healthy house

A

House that is sited, designed, built, Renovated, and maintained in ways that support the health of its residents

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3
Q

Housing environment

A

Physical structure used for shelter and it’s environment containing all necessary services , facilities, equipments, and devices required for for health of an individual or a family

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4
Q

Housing tenure

A

legal conditions under which people live in their dwellings

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5
Q

Room occupancy

A

Number of persons living in a single room

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6
Q

Household

A

Individuals who share a single dwelling unit and share common spaces

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7
Q

Why is having a healthy house important ?

A

Because people spend about 70% of their time in their houses

Tenants living in poor conditions can expose to health hazard like mold, air pollution, pests exposure etc..

Protection of most vulnerable population as they are more fragile ( children, elderly, immune compromised )

Prevent apparition of diseases and injuries so that there’s no high cost for health

Reduce chances of deaths due to home injuries and fires etc.

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8
Q

Types of houses in Ghana

A 
Rooms in compounds
Rooms 
Separate house
Flats and apartments
Semi detached houses
Huts 
Buildings
Tents
Improvised  housing like
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9
Q

principles of healthy housing

A

Satisfaction of physiological needs

Protection against infections

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10
Q

Types of physiological needs to satisfy to have a healthy house

A

Adequate ventilation
Sleep
Lighting
Temperature regulation.

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11
Q

What is considered adequate ventilation

A

At least 2 windows with one opened to an open space
20% of floor areas should be windows
40% of floor area should be doors and windows

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12
Q

How to ensure good sleep

A

Separate room

No disturbance and pollution

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13
Q

What is good Lighting

A

Enough Sun and artificial lights

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14
Q

How to have good Temperature regulation

A

Should protect from outside weather

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15
Q

How to protect against infections in a house

A

Safe water supply - protected water source , safe storage and use

Safe human waste management - proper latrines use and presence

Safe solid waste management - waste storage and disposal arrangement

Safe liquid waste management - liquid waste disposal facilities

Good personal hygiene - handwashing facilities

Food safety - hygienic kitchen, proper storage

Vector control - good cleaning, separate animal shed

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16
Q

How to protect against injury in a house

A

Trip and falls - avoid slippery floor, avoid high or low steps

Collapse of buildings - ensure good structure of roof and walls

Burns - good electrical wire, no improper fuel

Chemical poisoning - good handling and storage of drugs and chemicals

Lack of air breathing - separate kitchen with hood or vents

Electric shock - good installation, no rats to eat wires

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17
Q

How can a house protect against psychological and social stress

A

Presence of school for children

Presence of water

Presence of places of worship

Presence of places of recreation

Humanitarians assistance and shelter for displaced persons

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18
Q

Diseases associated with substandard housing

A

Crowding cause PTB , Meningococcal disease, gastroenteritis ,home injury, social tension

Cold indoor causes highBP, Asthma, poor mental health

Poor hygiene causes diarrheal diseases

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19
Q

Factors that affect quality of housing

A 
Poverty
Éducation
Climate 
Culture 
Population mobility
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20
Q

Location guidelines for model housing

A

Elevated site to prevent flooding

Avoid site of potential natural disaster

Avoid site with unprotected hazard

Site with access to Main Street

Subsoil water at least 3m below

Site away from nuisance, excessive noise breeding sites

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21
Q

Setback definition

A

Open space around house which allows light and ventilation

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22
Q

Setback guidelines for model housing

A

Built up area should be 1/3 of overall area in rural and 2/3 in urban

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23
Q

Floor guidelines in model housing

A

Imperméable
Smooth
Not prone to cracks

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24
Q

Kitchen guidelines for model housing

A

Separate room
Vented
Impervious floor
Separate storage space for food and provisios’

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25
Q

Latrines guidelines for model housing

A

Improved facility

Provision for handwashing

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26
Q

Bathrooms and laundry guidelines for model housing

A

Privacy

Exclusive to the dwelling

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27
Q

Region of Africa where decrease in slums is the most remarkable

A

West Africa

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28
Q

Slums definition

A

Dwelling with lack of at least one of these :

Infrastructural integrity

Sufficient living space with no more than 3 persons in a room

Easy access to safe water

Accès to adequate sanitation

Security of tenure with no forced evictions

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29
Q

Benefits of improved housing conditions

A 
Save lives
Reduce disease 
Increased quality of life
Reduce poverty 
Help mitigate climate change 
Health and sustainable cities
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30
Q

Housing sector percentage in global greenhouse gas emissions

A

19%

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31
Q

Housing sector percentage in black carbon emissions

A

1/3

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32
Q

Pollutant types in kitchen

A

Nitrogen oxides ( respiratory irritants )

Particulate matter, carbon monoxide ( respiratory disorders, lung cancer )

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33
Q

Bathroom indoor air pollution

A

Mold, Bacteria ( allergies , asthma, respiratory disorders)

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34
Q

Utilities room indoor air pollution

A

Animal dander from pets ( allergies )

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35
Q

Living room air pollution

A

Tobacco smoke ( lung cancer )

Furniture chemicals ( respiratory problems )

VOCs , formaldehyde ( mucosal irritant )

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36
Q

Bedroom air pollution

A

Dust mite
Bed bugs
Pet hais
Insect debris

All cause allergies

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37
Q

Bathroom air pollution

A

Mildew
Cleaning chemicals

Asthma , exacerbations, cough, wheeze, dyspnoea

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38
Q

The 4Hs determinants of health

A

Hereditary
habitats
habits
health systems

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39
Q

All the parts scope of environmental health

A 
Ecosystem ecology 
housing
 water
 foods meat hygiene 
waste solids and liquids 
pests and vector control
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40
Q

Ecology or ecosystem definition

A

Community of living things and the environment in which they live

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41
Q

Human ecology defintion

A

Interaction of humans with the physical environments

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42
Q

Physical environment types

A 
Land
 water
  air 
weather
 plants 
animals
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43
Q

Social cultural environment types

A

Beliefs
practices
norms and values
religion

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44
Q

Challenges of rural environment

A 
Soil depletionn
Bush burning 
 continuous cropping 
Deforestation 
oil spillage 
river pollution
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45
Q

Urban environment challenges

A 
No planning in expansion of Cities
Noise pollution 
industrial pollution 
overcrowding 
poor refuse and sewage disposal 
Indiscriminates location of industries fuel stations
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46
Q

Classes of host

A 
Definitive hosts 
intermediates hosts 
paratenic hosts 
natural hosts 
accidental host 
Reservoir host
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47
Q

Definitive host

A

Harbor parasites while it reproduces sexually

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48
Q

Intermediate host

A

Harbor parasites during some developmental

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49
Q

Paratenic host

A

Harbor parasites without showing any developments of parasites

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50
Q

Natural host

A

Naturally infected with certain species of parasites

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51
Q

Accidental host

A

Host which is usually not infected with a particular

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52
Q

Reservoir host

A

Infected animals that make Thursday it’s available for transmission to other hist

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53
Q

Classification of parasites based on location in the host

A

Ectoparasites (ticks, flies, lice …)

endoparasites (protozoans, worms ..)

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54
Q

Classification of parasites based on level of dependence on the host

A

Obligates ( Must spend some of the lifecycle in host)

accidental (When parasite attack unusual host)

aberrant (reaches site in hosts where he cannot leave or develop further)

facultative ( I free living normally but kind of thing nutrients from the host)

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55
Q

Types of biological relationships

A

Symbiosis ( Live in close association)

commensalism ( One organism benefits and the other unaffected)

parasitism ( An organism benefits at the cost of the other)

Mutualism (Both partners benefits)

opportunism (Harm host in state of immune depression)

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56
Q

Some causes of food insecurity

A 
Low technology 
poor funding 
noexposure to current knowledge 
 politicization of fertilizer distribution 
food distribution challenge
 food storage challenges
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57
Q

Some consequences of food insecurity

A

malnutrition
weak immune system
morbidity

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58
Q

Factors Contributing in morbidity and mortality in

A 
Communicable disease 
non-communicable disease 
STI’s 
HIV / aids
 water borne disease 
avoidable deaths
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59
Q

Factors affecting environmental decay

A

frustration
poverty
ignorance
cultural beliefs and practices
imbalance between population size and resources
lack of political will to implement environmental laws

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60
Q

Some recommendation to obtain ecological homeostasis

A

Policies that are formulated by experts, that are people oriented , feasible , backed by political will and legislation , draw from needs assessment

Mass education 

Moderate fertility

migration only when necessary

appropriate hygiene practices

increase in food production

environment friendly and sensitive

sanctions and rewards of application of environmental laws 

attitudinal and behavioral change

preparedness response and recovery of the governments and the citizens

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61
Q

How many deaths can be avoided by making environment healthier

A

13 million deaths

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62
Q

Proportion of disease burden caused by environmental factors for children below five years

A

1/3

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63
Q

Developing countries main environmentally- caused disease

A

Diarrhea
lower respiratory tract infections
malaria
unintentional injuries

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64
Q

Public health definition

A

Science and art of preventing disease prolonging health through organized effort and informed choices of society organizations public and private communities and individuals

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65
Q

Environment definition

A

Living in nonliving things that make up our surroundings

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66
Q

Health definition

A

State of complete physical mental social well-being of an individual and he’s not necessarily the absence of this is

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67
Q

Disease definition

A

Illness resulting from infection

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68
Q

Infection definition

A

Entry multiplication and survival of an organism within a host regardless of whether symptoms develop

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69
Q

Hazard definition

A

Event or situation which has the potential for causing harm to people property or environments

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70
Q

Risk definition

A

Measure of undesirable events in terms of the likelihood of its occurrence

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71
Q

Sustainable development definition

A

Developments that meets the needs of the present without compromising ability of future generations to meet their own needs

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72
Q

Environmental health definition

A

Branch of public health which protects against effects of environmental hazards that can affect health or the ecological balance essential to human health and the environmental quality

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73
Q

Physical hazard

A

Physical elements from natural or man-made activity which insurance health by damaging effects on sale tissues organs and homeostatic systems or on mental or social well-being

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74
Q

Biological hazards

A

Biological elements which are from natural or man-made origin which was direct risk to human health through ingestion inhalation inoculation or physical contact

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75
Q

Social hazards

A

Behaviors associated with human life that are a consequence of settlement in communities and habitation and Influence health and well-being

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76
Q

Psychological hazards

A

Attitudes and mental processes that have an adverse effects on healthy person or community

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77
Q

Operational skills of environmental health practitioners

A 
Assess
 consult 
advise
 enforce
Train / educates 
advocates 
evaluates
Research 
report
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78
Q

What are the different landmarks in the evolution of environmental Health

A

Hunting and gathering age
age of agriculture
colonization of the New World
Industrial revolution

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79
Q

What was the challenge for environmental health in the hunting and gathering age

A

Humans settled in Africa and Americas and Europe in small groups and relied on hunting specific species of animals which caused some damage to the nature but was limited because the groups of humans were small so small pressure on resources

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80
Q

What event created to switch from hunting and gathering to agriculture

A

Global population had reached maximum that could be supported by gathering in hunting so it was difficult to get food

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81
Q

What are the Environmental healthchallenges of the age of agriculture

A

Depletion of nutrients in the land
depletion of water holding capacity
bareness of the soil
animals could not lived anymore in certain places
disruption of nutrient recycling
usage of fertilizers
irrigation techniques which altered content of the soil

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82
Q

What are the Environmentalhealth challenges of colonization each

A

Settlers used lands for habitation
used animal for food
amount of population went beyond capacity of land
created cities which were against the way of life of natives
brought disease

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83
Q

Environmental health challenges in the industrial revolution

A

Consumption of raw materials for steam engine and railroads etc.
more wood usage for houses furniture etc.
Expanded markets of wheat corn beef
more productive and efficient agriculture reducing biological diversity
mining activities leading to pollution of the land and water
deforestation
oil discovery leading to pollution
garbage accumulation
consummation of more natural resources
damage to the ecosystem from pesticides

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84
Q

Several environmental issues in the early industrial age

A

Inadequate water supplies
Unemptied privy vaults
Ill functionning sewers
Unpaved streets littered
stench
noise from horse hooves ,wagon ,wheels ,and railways
regular outbreaks of cholera ,yellow fever
Air pollution water pollution land pollution

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85
Q

What’s Charles Turner thackrah outcry created

A

The factory act 1833 and mines acts 1842 in UK

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86
Q

Where was occupational health pioneered and by who

A

In the US by Alice halmiton She documented links between Taxi Gh and exposure and illness in working groups

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87
Q

Who became a pioneer of demography by analyzing the bills of mortality the weekly death records in London

A

John Graunt

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88
Q

Who showed that Environmental conditions contributed to illness and death

A

William farr Which led to the passing of the Liverpool sanitary act in 1846

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89
Q

Who pioneered social epidemiology mixed with environmental health

A

Edwin Chadwick after showing that there is a link between living conditions and health which led to public health act in 1848

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90
Q

Who pioneered the first environmental epidemiological study

A

Jon Snow for cholera outbreak by observing her proportion of illness among persons we lived near or drink from a Broad Street pump compared to other sources of water

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91
Q

What is the epidemiological triad

A

Host human
agent
environment

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92
Q

What are the components of the environment

A

Physical environment
the biological environment
the psycho social environment

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93
Q

Environmental risk factors for disease

A 
Pollution 
microbes 
food contaminants 
weather conditions 
natural disasters 
pesticides
 chemicals
 Pests,parasites 
radiation 
poverty 
lack of access to healthcare
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94
Q

Are healthy people more productive

A

Yes

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95
Q

How is life expectancy at birth and economy growth linked

A

For every 10% increase in life expectancy at birth there’s 0.4% economic growth per

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96
Q

What are the key determinants of health in Africa

A

Food and nutrition
physical environment
risk factors because of lifestyle

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97
Q

What are the components of the total disease burden in Africa

A

2/3 communicable disease

1/3 noncommunicable disease, injury

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98
Q

Malaria mortality evolution in Africa

A

Decreased by 50%

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99
Q

Maternal mortality rate evolution in Africa

A

Declined by 41%

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100
Q

Under five mortality rate evolution in Africa

A

Declines from 173 to 95 per thousand

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101
Q

Millennials development goals directly relevant to environmental health

A

Goal7: ensure environmental sustainability

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102
Q

What are some development gaps in Africa

A

Access to improve drinking water 64%

access to improved toilets 33%

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103
Q

How many AFRICAN countries were on tract to meet MDG targets

A

4

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104
Q

According to the Libreville declaration of health what are some major challenges in Africa

A 
Safe drinking 
water sanitation and hygiene services 
water soil and air pollution
 vector control 
chemicals and waste management 
food safety 
health in the workplace
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105
Q

What are some factors contributing to poor health environments in Africa

A

Climate change
unplanned urbanization
Uncontrolled rapid population growth
urban migration

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106
Q

What are the consequences to public systems of poor environment

A

Pressure on health systems due to illnesses and cancers
pressure on public utilities due to increased population and unplanned settlements
pressure on public authorities to maintain environmental sanitation education and prevention

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107
Q

What are some consequences of poor environments to human health

A

Physical ( aesthetics ;odors, noise)
biological (microbial burden , rodents, pest, illnesses, cancers)
social (stigma of minority groups ,conflict ,antisocial behavior
psychological (depression and anxiety)

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108
Q

Is it better to have water sources located upstream of human activity to limit contamination ?

A

Yes

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109
Q

How much does a person should drink per day

A

2L per day

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110
Q

How much water does a human consume per day (personal hydiene, cleaning …)

A

20L per days

111
Q

Basic requirement for water source

A

Water collection should not exceed 1km or take more than 30mins for reasonable supply

112
Q

3 types of water sources

A

Rainwater
Surface water (lake,s rivers, streams, ponds)
Groundwater (springs, wells, boreholes)

113
Q

Types of Improved water sources

A

Piped water on premises

Public stand pipe
Borehole, tubewells
Protected dug wells
Protected springs
Rain water collection
114
Q

Types of unimproved water sources

A 
Unprotceted wells and springs
Vendors of water
Tanker trucks
Cart with small tank
Surface water (river, dam, lake, pond, stream)
Bottled water
115
Q

When is bottled water an improved source of water

A

When bottled water + handwashing and cooking from also improved source

116
Q

Ghana proportion of access to improved water source hen bottled water included

A

9/10

117
Q

Ghana proportion of households that have access to imporved source of water when bottled water not considered

A

6/10

118
Q

Availability of water in premises in fhana from 2008 to 2014

A

23% to 15%

119
Q

Percentage of Access to sources within 30 mins from 2008 to 2014

A

51 to 71%

120
Q

Access to improved water source in urban area

A

97%

121
Q

Access to improved water source in rural areas

A

81%

122
Q

Does surface water requires treatment before consumption

A

Yes

123
Q

Type of chemicals found in groundwater

A

Arsenic
Fluoride
Nitrates

124
Q

What is a spring

A

Permeable layer of underground rock and impermeable layer of underground rocks meet ground surface

125
Q

How do you protect a spring

A

No human or animal activity around
Fence around source
Diversion of water coming from rain by drain away from spring

126
Q

3 types of wells

A

Shallow wells
Deep well
Artesian well

127
Q

Characteristics of shalllow well

A 
Situated in aquifer, above firs impermeable layer of rock
‘Less than 10m deep
Hand dug
Easily contaminated
May be Dry in hot season
128
Q

Charcateristics of deep well

A

Situated in aquifer, below at least one impermeable layer of rock
Machine dug
Pure water
Water all year round

129
Q

Chharcateristics of artesian well

A

Water that flows under natural pressure

Aquifer between impervious layers of rock

130
Q

Average size of hands dug wells

A

Diameter about 90 to 180 cm

Depth about 4.5 to 10.5 m

131
Q

Average size of a borehole well

A

I Diameter about 5 to 75 cm

Depth 7.5 to 18 m

132
Q

Why is there a casing of concrete in the borehole well

A

To prevent collapse of surrounding soil and rock

133
Q

Driven well characteristics and size

A

Has metal pipe with a screen attached to the lower end

Diameter from 2.5 to 5 cm and less than 15 meters deep

134
Q

Dimensions for jetted Wells

A

Diameter 5 to 30 cm

30m depth

135
Q

How can we protect water sources

A

Avoid discharge of waste above water supply
avoid installing intakes below waste discharge
diversion of local storm water flows
enclosure of the water source from animals
control of human activities within boundaries
promote community awareness of impacts of human activity on water quality

136
Q

What are the characteristics of a sanitary well

A

Distance of at least 15 m from source of contaminants( recommended 30 to 50 m )

pipe casing in boreholes wells

cement lining with depth of at least 3 m in the wells with wide diameter

lining of well should extends upwards up to 60 to 90 cm above ground level

installation of parapet for at least 70 to 75 cm above ground level

No stagnant water within 2 m of the hand pump

cover for the well

cement concrete platform that extends 1 m around the well

cement concrete platform should slope towards a drain leading away from the well

platform should not be cracked

installation of abstraction pump

fence around well to keep out animals

137
Q

What are some ways Springs water stores are protected

A

Intake and overflow pipes screened

fence around surroundings

diversion ditches

sloped cover

sloped apron

inspection hole

tightly covered and secured with a lock

disinfection of water after construction or repairs with chlorine solution

138
Q

What can contaminate rainwater

A 
Bird droppings 
leaves 
dust 
dirt 
paints on the roof or roofing materials 
roof and gutters
139
Q

What are some ways to protect rainwater

A

Cleaning of roof and gutters

first flush diversion to allow rainwater to drain away from storage points

mesh screen between roof gutters and the supply pipe leading to storage tank

intact and cleaned mesh screen

no crack on storage tank

water collection area should have adequate drain that is away from the storage tank

no source of contamination around the tank

140
Q

Which type of water source is preferred

A

Ground water because of low levels of microbial contamination

141
Q

When is water safe for consumption

A

Free from Pathogens
free from harmful chemicals
pleasant to taste
usable for the domestic purposes

142
Q

How does water appear when there is ferrous iron

A

Brown discoloration which promotes growth of iron bacteria

143
Q

How does water appear when there is manganese

A

Black deposits and pipes stain sanitary wear

144
Q

When does water smell like rotten egg

A

When there is hydrogen sulfide when oxygen is depleted

145
Q

What does it mean when there is a change in taste of water

A

Deficiencies in water treatment or changes in quality of the raw water source

146
Q

What does turbidity of the water matter and what level should it not exceed

A

Because it can interfere with disinfection and microbiological determination should not exceed 5nephelometric units

147
Q

Consequences of hardness of water

A

Scale deposition in distribution pipes
excessive soap consumption
scum formation

148
Q

What does a pH level less than seven cause for water

A

Enhance corrosion in distribution pipes and raise levels of lead

149
Q

What does a pH level more than seven means for water

A

Decreases efficiency of chlorination doing water treatment

150
Q

Most common source of pathogens in water

A

Feces

151
Q

What is used for fecal contamination

A

Total coliforms
fecal coliforms
E. coli

152
Q

What is total coliforms

A

It’s test for all bacteria found in human and animal feces ,found in soil and other natural environments

153
Q

Z What is fecal coliform test

A

Subset of total coliform sounds in fishes include some species that may not be a fecal origin

154
Q

What is e coli test

A

Only found in feces of human and warm blooded animals

so if it’s there it means that there’s physical condition and possible presence of intestinal pathogens

155
Q

Should you detect at least a small amount of E. coli and total coliform bacteria in 100 mL sample of water

A

No nothing

156
Q

What is the source of nitrates and nitrates poisoning of water and what health problems can it cause

A

Due to application of fertilizers , seepage of waste water into surface and groundwater

Can cause methaemoglobinaemia can cause cyanosis in young children

157
Q

Source of fluoride in the water and health problems related

A

Earth ,manufacture use of phosphate fertilizers, aluminum production

Can cause mottling of children teeths, skeletal fluorosis, crippling ,dental caries

158
Q

Source of arsenic in water and health problems related

A

Dissolution from minerals and ores, industrial effluents

Carcinogen (cancer of the skin lungs liver bladder)
darkening of the skin
warts on extremities and torso
decreased production of blood cells

159
Q

Mercury origin in water and health related problems

A

Industrial effluent

Inorganic mercury impairs renal function
Methyl mercury effect Central nervous system

160
Q

Cadmium source in water and health related problems

A

Galvanized pipes ,metal fittings mindustrial effluents, batteries

Damages kidney

161
Q

Cyanide stores in water and health problems related

A

Industrial effluent, inadequately processed cassava

affect thyroid and nervous system

162
Q

Lead source in water and health related problems

A

Plumbing system soil things

Neurotoxic
neurobehavioral deficits
calcium metabolism interaction

163
Q

What is pollution

A

Introduction into the natural environments of substances that can cause harm to human or animal health plants and other aspects of the ecosystem

164
Q

Is point source pollution easy to control

A

Yes

165
Q

Is nonpoint source pollution easy to control

A

No because origin difficultly known

166
Q

What are some different types of water pollutants

A 
Suspended solids and sediments
 nutrients 
biological pollutants 
chemical pollutants 
pharmaceuticals 
municipal waste water
 Leachates 
agricultural waste
167
Q

What are suspended solids and sediments water pollutants

A

Fine particles of inorganic material which are responsible for brown color of weavers during rains

168
Q

What are the biological pollutants

A

Bacteria (S. Typhi, v.cholera)
Viruses ( rotavirus, poliovirus, hepatitis A)
Protozoa ( cryptosporidium, giardia )
Helminths ( guineaworm, schistosoma)

169
Q

Types of chemical pollutants

A

Heavy metals

Pesticides, herbicides, insecticides, fungicides (malathion, parathion, delthametrine)

170
Q

What is eutrophication

A

Nutrients are discharged in large quantities into water bodies

171
Q

What is algal bloom

A

Excessive and sudden increase of microscopic algae in water

172
Q

Why is there dead zone in water source

A

Algae die and when they decay by bacteria this dissolves dissolved oxygen level

173
Q

Consequences of pharmaceuticals in water source

A

Endocrine function of aquatic animals disrupted

174
Q

How do humans get exposed to contaminated water source

A 
Drinking
Cooking
Washing
Bathing 
Recreation
175
Q

People at risk to water contamination

A

Infants young children
People living in unsanitary conditions
Debilitated persons
Elderly

176
Q

Types of water pollution based on disease transmission route

A

Water borne route (pathogen ingested by feco oral route)
Water washed diseases (person to person condition, due to hygienic conditions)
Water based disease (transmission by aquatic intervertebrate host, helminths)
Water related disease ( insect vectors breeds in or near water)

177
Q

Contro strategies of water borne diseases

A

Improve water quality
Hygiene
Education

178
Q

Waterwashed diseases control ( scabies, trachoma)

A

Improve water quantity , availability, access

Hygiene education

179
Q

Water based diseases control (schistosomiasis , guinea worm )

A

Decrease contact with contaminated water
Public education
Improve domestic plumbing
Dry flood damaged homes

180
Q

Water related diseases control ( dengue, malaria, trypanosomiasis , onchocerciasis

A 
Larvicide 
Biological control
Decrease passage through breeding sites
Insecticides
Improve stormwater drainage 
Public education
181
Q

Houselhod treatment of water

A

Boiling water
Filtration and chlorination by using bleach
Solar disinfection by exposition to sunlight for 6h
Sterilizing tablets to put into water
Filter with pore of 1micron for protozoa removal

182
Q

Municipal and industrial water treatment

A

Coagulation (merging of suspendable material, colloidal material and bacteria when adding aluminum sulphate)
Flocculation ( mixing and inter particle contact)
Filtration (removal of fine particles )
Sediment(bacteria and particulates settle at bottom)
Disinfection (chlorine ti destroy microorganism)
Adsorption (carbon removes taste , odors,, organic chemicals )
Ion xchange (ions removal)
Distillation (evaportation and condensation to desalinate)
Gas exchange (removal of dissolved gases, iron , manganese etc)
Uv radiation (remoal of tate and odors)
Reverse osmosis (removes total dissolved solids, hardness

183
Q

Control measure at distribution system of water

A 
Fully enclosed of distribution systems 
Storage tank secured with external drainage 
Backflow prevention devices 
Positive pressure maintenance
Adequate residual desinfection
Efficient maintenance 
Law enforcement
184
Q

What is waste water

A

Combination of domestic effluent , water from commercial establishments in institution , industrial effluent , stormwater , urban run off,
agricultural horticultural aquacultural effluent

185
Q

What is sewage

A

Liquids or wet waste with excreta , effluents from household waste ,water rain in industrial sources

186
Q

What is soulage

A

Storm water and household waste water Devoid of excreta

187
Q

Sewers

A

Pipes through which sewage flows

188
Q

What’ is black water

A

Water water from toilets with excrements

189
Q

Black water amount produced per year per person

A

10000 to 25000

190
Q

Grey water definition

A

waste water from bath and kitchen devoid of excrement

191
Q

Amount of grey water produced per day per person

A

100,000

192
Q

Is urine sterile in individuals

A

Yes

193
Q

Domestic Nutrients in urines

A

Nitrogen
Phosphorus
Potassium

194
Q

What is the amount of urine excreted annually per person

A

500L

195
Q

Amount of fecal matter excreted annually per person

A

50kg

196
Q

What is the main source of pathogens and microbes

A

Feces

197
Q

What is sanitation

A

Provision of services and facilities for safe collection ,disposal ,and reuse of human excreta and other liquid watse

198
Q

What is safe disposal

A

Excreta is contained, treated so that doesn’t affect human health

199
Q

What procedures composed environmental sanitation

A

Excreta disposal and management
Solid waste management
Drainage
Hygiene practices

200
Q

What is the goal of environmental sanitation

A

Prevent diseases by hindering pathogens associated with excreta and waste water that come into contact with people

201
Q

When can you say that sanitation and waste water system are sustainable

A 
Economically affordable 
Technically appropriate 
Socially acceptable 
Protects environments 
Protect natural resources
202
Q

What is the biochemical oxygen demand

A

Amount of oxygen required Over 5 days at 20degrees to oxidize organic constituents of sewage

203
Q

What is the importance of biochemical oxygen demand

A

Measures amount of organic contamination in waste water

If high then very contaminated

204
Q

Does decomposition of organic waste increases or decreases amount of available oxygen

A

Decreases

205
Q

Raw sewage BOD

A

300-400 mgL

206
Q

BOD of slaughterhouse waste water

A

2000

207
Q

What is the chemical oxygen demand

A

Amount of oxygen required to oxidize organic and inorganic solids

208
Q

Which one is higher , BOD or COD

A

COD

209
Q

Broad category of latrines

A

On site

Off sites

210
Q

What is on site latrines

A

Containment and treatment at the toilet location

211
Q

Examples of on site latrine

A 
Simple pit latrine 
Ventilated improved pit latrine VIP
Kumasi ventilated improved pit latrines
Ecological sanitation toilet 
Bio digester system
212
Q

What is off site latrines

A

Based on sewerage systems which requires water supply and provision of treatment systems for waste water

213
Q

Where do you find off site latrines

A

Advanced countries

Areas of high population

214
Q

Example of off site latrine

A

Water closer connected to sewerage systems

215
Q

What is a non water carriage system

A

Dry sanitation system which remove pathogenic germ in latrine content to make them hygienically safe without destroying nutrient

216
Q

What is water carriage system

A

A wet sanitation system which uses water to push content into an on site treatment option

217
Q

What are examples of non water carriage latrine s

A 
Cartage , bucket latrine 
San plat , pit latrine 
Ventilated improved pit latrine VIP
KUMASI VENTILATED improved pit latrine 
Composting latrine
218
Q

Examples of water carriage latrines

A

Hanging latrines
Aqua privy
Flush toilets

219
Q

What is an improved sanitation fac8kity

A

Hygenically seperates human excreta from human contact

220
Q

Components of improved sanitation facility

A 
Flush toilet 
Pour flush toilet 
Urine diversion dehydrating latrine 
VIP
KVIP 
pit latrine with slab 
Composting toilet
221
Q

Components of unimproved sanitation facility

A

Flush or pour toilet that does not go to piped sewer system, septic tank, pit latrine

Pit latrine without slab 
Open pit 
Bucket latrine 
Elevated latrine 
Hanging latrine 
Shared facilities of any type 
No facilities
222
Q

What are the characteristics of a sanitary latrine

A

No handling of fresh excreta
No contamination of the ground or surface water
No contamination of soil
no accès to vectors or vehicles of transmission
No nuisance due to odors or poor aesthetics

223
Q

Benefits of latrines use

A 
Dignity due to Privacy 
Safety 
Clean environment 
Reduced malodor 
Improved hygiene 
Resource and energy recovery 
Transmission cycle of disease broken
224
Q

Pit latrine characteristic s

A

Rectangular pit
1-1.5 m in diameter or square
3-4m deep
Lined with Pottery rings, blocks, stones, or woods,
Cement , mortar or brick reinforcement
Base Of superstructure elevated 15cm above ground to prevent flooding
Minimum of 2m from groundwater table
6m away from dwellings
30-50m away and downstream from water source

225
Q

Why is concentre used in squatting slab pit latrine

A

Support strength

Ease cleaning and washing

226
Q

Should you close the squat hole of pit latrine when not in use

A

Yes

227
Q

Why is the superstructure of pit latrine dark

A

To discourage flies

228
Q

When is pit latrine not used anymore

A

Used till full , sealed and left to decompose for 2 years

229
Q

What characteristics do ventilated improved pit latrine have that differentiates them form the regular one

A

Vent pipe 1 m above roof of superstructure
Vent pipe with minimum of 100m
Fly screen in vent pipe to overcome odor and flies
Convection current should bring back cold air inside the pit

230
Q

Is air in the pit warmer of colde than the outside due to the environment

A

Warmer

231
Q

Mechanism of action of pit latrine

A

Feces broken down by bacteria and soil organism
Anaerobic digestion decompose it
Hot air from decomposition drawn from pit
Fresh air gets into pit by vent pipe

232
Q

Number of person supported by pit latrine

A

20-50

233
Q

Time of duration of pit latrine

A

20 years

234
Q

When is a pit considered full

A

If sludge over 0.5 of slab

235
Q

Compost toilet characteristics

A

Aerobic bacterial action on feces
Can have solar power
Minimal water requirements
Can be built on site or pre fabricated

236
Q

What is composting

A

Anaerobic decomposition of organic matter by microoorganism and worms which produces co2 , water, heat and hummus

237
Q

Should you totally empty compost latrine

A

No to maintain organisms required for decomposition

238
Q

3 phases of composting processes

A

Mesophile - ( few days , 20-40 degrees)
Thermophile - (40-70 degrees days to months )
Cooling - over several months

239
Q

Characteristics of flush toilets

A

Under water seal u shaped
Maintained water level
1 bucket per day to make up for losses evaporation
Anaerobic digestion in septic tank

240
Q

Do you need to de sludges septic tank periodically

A

Yes

241
Q

What is the purpose of treating waste water

A

Produce disposable effluent which is harmless and prevent pollution of the environment
Remove contaminant

242
Q

What is the by product of treating waste water

A

Effluent and sludge

243
Q

Percentage of waste water that receives adequate treatment worldwide
Repartition around the world

A

20 percent globally
70% in advanced countries
8% in low income countries

244
Q

Types of contaminant in waste water

A

Plant nutrients - nitrogen, phosphorus , potassium
Pathogens - viruses, bacteria , Protozoa , helminthique
Heavy metals - cadmium , chromium, copper, mercury , nickel , lead, zinc
Organic pollutants - polyaromatic hydrocarbons , biodegradable organic
Micro pollutants - pharmaceuticals, personal care products, cleaning agents

245
Q

What does 1 gram of feces contains

A

10,000 viruses
1,000,000 bacteria
1000 parasites cysts
100 parasitic eggs

246
Q

Examples of on site treatment of sewage

A

Septic tanks

Bio digesters

247
Q

Example of off site treatment of sewage

A

Waste stabilization ponds

Central sewage treatment plant via sewers

248
Q

Examples of waste water collection system

A 
On site system 
Centralized system 
Combined on site and centralized system 
Semi centralized system 
Decentralized system
249
Q

Characteristics of centralized system

A

Collection and removal of urban waste water

Linked to treatment plant where waste water and sludge are treated and disposed under controlled conditions

250
Q

Characteristics of on site and semi centralized systems

A

Collection, treatment , and disposal or reuse of waste water from small communities

Many small sanitation
Waste water treatment facilities designed and built locally

251
Q

Decentralized system characteristics

A

Maintain solid and liquid fractions of waste water near origin
minimize collection network

252
Q

Septic tank characteristics

A

Water tight chamber which receives black water form toilets and grey water
Sedimentation and anaerobic digestion by bacteria work on solids
Sludge dug out periodically

253
Q

Soak pit characteristics

A

Porous walled chamber allows water to slowly soak in ground

Filled with coarse rocks and gravel for support

254
Q

What is a constructed wet land

A

Natural systems in which waste water flows through
Made of sand or gravel
Physical and biological treatment

255
Q

Sewage treatment steps

A

Primary treatment
Secondary treatment t
Tertiary treatment t

256
Q

What is sewage pre treatment

A

Screening to remove large objects
Grit removal to remove sand, grit, stones, broken glass
Fat and grease removal

257
Q

Primary treatment of sewage

A

Clarifiers help with sedimentation of sludge
Oil and grease removed
Saponification
Removes 60-65% of suspended solids

258
Q

Secondary treatment of sewage

A

Degradation of biological content

Aerobic process

259
Q

Secondary treatment of sewage

A

Fixed film
Suspended growth system
Zoogleal layer with algae , fungi, Protozoa which oxidizes effluent

Oxidation and nitrification to form coagulative mass
Secondary settling tank of heavy mass

260
Q

Anaerobic auto digestion causes Sludge to Broke down into

A

Methane
Co2
Ammonia

261
Q

End product of secondary treatment

A

Effluent with low levels of organic material and suspended matter

262
Q

Tertiary treatment

A 
upgrade quality of water before it foes to environment 
Filtration 
Lagooning
Engineered reedbeds
Nutrient removal 
Disinfection
263
Q

Filtration in tertiary treatment

A

Sand removes residual suspended matter

Activated carbon to remove residual toxin

264
Q

Lagooning n tertiary treatment

A

Aerobic environment and reed removes fine particulates

265
Q

Engineered removal in tertiary treatment

A

Provides aerobic environment

266
Q

Nutrient removal in tertiary treatment

A

Nitrogen and phosphorous removal

267
Q

Désinfection in tertiary treatment

A

Ozone , chlorine, up radiation, and sodium hypochlorite to reduce microorganism in water

268
Q

Waste stabilization ponds

A

Man made water bodies created for low cost treatment of black water. Grey water and fecal sludge

269
Q

Where do you find stabilization ponds

A

In rural areas

270
Q

3 types of stabilization. Ponds

A

Anaerobic
Facultative
Aerobic

271
Q

Stabilization ponds characteristics

A

Nitrogen and phosphorus in effluent
Minimum permeability of grounds
Lining of clay, asphalt, compacted earth if permeable
Fencing area to provide protection animals
Hot li

272
Q

Advantages of stabilization ponds

A 
Low investment 
Ow operation cost 
Minimal technique equipment 
Long life span 
High resource recovery
273
Q

Disadvantage of stabilization ponds

A

Form reservoirs for breeding vectors

Community Health (11 decks)

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