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Epidemiology Flashcards

1
Q

Epidemiology definition

A

Study of Distribution of determinants of health related states or events in specified populations and the application of the study to control health problems

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2
Q

Five questions to ask yourself in epidemiology

A 
who has the health condition 
where is the health condition found 
when does the health condition occur
 why does the health condition exists 
how can Health condition be prevented
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3
Q

Three questions to ask yourself in disease specific epidemiology

A

What causes the disease
how is the disease transmitted
how do we break the transmission cycle

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4
Q

Objectives of epidemiology

A

Identify cause of health condition
determine extent of health condition in a community
study the natural history and prognosis of health condition
evaluate existing and newly developed preventive and therapeutic measures
provide foundation for public policy

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5
Q

Top 10 causes of death in Ghana

A 
Malaria 
lower respiratory infection 
neonatal disorders 
ischemic heart disease 
Stroke
 HIV aids 
tuberculosis 
diarrheal diseases 
roads injuries
 diabetes
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6
Q

The five major cause of death in Ghana in children

A 
Malaria 
diarrheal diseases 
respiratory infections 
anemia 
malnutrition
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7
Q

Type of prevention

A

primordial prevention
primary prevention
secondary prevention
tertiary prevention

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8
Q

Primordial prevention

A

You prevent occurrence of risk factors

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9
Q

Primary prevention

A

You prevent initial development of a disease

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10
Q

Secondary Prevention

A

You detect early existing disease to reduce severity and complications

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11
Q

Factors involved in interaction to form disease

A

Hosts
agents
environment

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12
Q

Host characteristics that could lead to disease formation

A 
Age 
sex 
religion
Occupation
 marital status
 genetic profile 
immune status
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13
Q

Type of agent that could lead to disease fornation

A

Biological agents
chemical agents
physical agents n
nutritional agents

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14
Q

Environmental factors that could lead to disease formation

A 
Housing 
crowding 
neighborhood 
water source 
toilet facilities
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15
Q

Transmission

A

Mechanism by which an infectious agents is transferred from one person to another OR from one Reservoir to a new host

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16
Q

Type of mode of transmission

A 
Direct 
indirect 
intermediate host 
vectors 
zoonosis
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17
Q

Direct transmission

A

From human to human or auto infection

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18
Q

Indirect transmission

A

From single, multiple, or continuous exposure to one common vehicle

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19
Q

Intermediate host transmission

A

Transmission from snails, copepods,animals, worms

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20
Q

Vector transmission

A

From an insect to man

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21
Q

Zoonotic Transmission

A

Animal disease now presents in man

Transmissible by bites or food

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22
Q

How can a host resist to a disease

A

Through acquired immunity like infection vaccination or passive immunity from mother to child

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23
Q

Factors that can Impact the hosts immunity

A 
Age 
sex 
pregnancy
 nutrition 
trauma
 fatigue 
herd immunity
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24
Q

Type of environment

A

Physical
biological
social

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25
Physical environments
Nonliving part like air water soil temperature
26
Biological environment
Living things like plants animals micro organisms
27
Social environment
Man-made lake community culture government
28
Factors that can affect environment
Climate like temperature seasonality which includes interaction of climate food culture education with knowledge that can cause modified behaviors resources like poverty
29
Susceptibility to disease
Measure of a person risk of acquiring a disease
30
Factors that determine susceptibility to disease
Genetics nutrition immune system
31
Stages of disease
Preclinical subclinical persistent disease latent disease
32
Clinical disease
Disease with signs and symptoms
33
Carrier status is
Individual has disease organism but is not infected as measured by serological studies or by evidence of clinical illness
34
Levels of disease
``` Sporadic endemic hyperendemic epidemic pandemic ```
35
Endemic disease
Is this a bit chilly present within geographical area
36
Epidemic disease
Excessive presents of a disease from what is expected
37
Pandemic
Worldwide epidemic
38
What can cause a disease outbreak
A common vehicle exposure
39
Characteristics of an outbreak from a common vehicle with single exposure
Explosive (Sudden and Rapids) | limited (Only people that share a common exposure)
40
Herd immunity
Resistance of a group of people to a disease because a large proportion of the members of the group are immune
41
Conditions for herd immunity
Disease agent only in single host species Direct transmission Solid immunity after infection
42
Incubation period
Time interval between contracting an infection and onsets of clinical illness
43
Epidemic curve
Distribution of time of onset of disease
44
Attack rate formula
Number of suspected person exposed to illness who became ill/ number of persons exposed overall
45
Case distribution
Case distribution on terms of time and place
46
Control measures of epidemics
Control of current outbreak | Prevention of future oitnreak
47
System used when there’s several possible causal agents to an outbreak
Cross tabulation in outbreak investigation
48
Prevention definition
Measures not only to prevent occurrence of disease such as risk factor reduction, arrest it’s progress , reduce its consequences once established
49
Levels of prevention
Primordial Primary Secondary Tertiary
50
Primordial prevention
Prevention of risk factors | Change in social and environmental conditions
51
Primordial prevention important for what type of diseases
Chronic diseases
52
Primordial Prevention définition
Prevention of the emergence of living patterns that contribute to increased risk of disease
53
Types of primordial Prevention
``` Legislation taxation code of practice health promotion Avoidance of risks genetic counseling diet nutrition ```
54
Primary prevention Purpose
Limits the incidence of disease by controlling causes and risk factors
55
Two strategies of primary prevention
Average risk population strategy high-risk individual strategy
56
Advantages of average risk population strategy
It’s radical large potential for a whole population behaviorally appropriate
57
Disadvantages of average risk population strategy
Small benefits to individuals  poor motivation of subjects poor motivation of physicians benefits to risk Ratio low
58
High-risk individual strategy advantages
Appropriate for individuals subject motivation physician motivation favorable benefits to risk ratio
59
High-risk individual strategy disadvantages
Difficulty in identifying high-risk individual temporary effects limited effects behaviorally inappropriate
60
Secondary prevention
Cure patients and reduce the more serious consequences of this is through early diagnosis and treatment
61
At what time In disease timeline do you use secondary prevention
During onset of diseaSe and normal time of diagnosis
62
What type some type of secondary prevention
Opportunistic or targeted screening Improving uptake of services allowing affordable self-care Clinical services
63
What are the clinical services in secondary prevention
National technical guidelines available clinical and preventive services quality of care institutional capacity available and affordable drugs and diagnostic tests quality of generic drugs drugs prophylaxis laboratory available personnel available
64
Tertiary prevention
Reducing the progress of complication of an established Disease Try to reduce impairment, disabilities, suffering, and promotes patients adjustments to incurable conditions
65
Some type of tertiary prevention
``` Surgery prosthesis occupational therapy physiotherapy speech therapy ```
66
What are the 3 steps in epidemiology
Count number of events in population Divide number of events by number of person in that population Compare rate from different population and infere about existing differences
67
Types of measures used in health and disease
``` Count Proportion Ratio Rate Prevalence Incidence Mortality rates Cumulative incidence Risk Incidence density Adjused rates Public health indices ```
68
What is count
Number of cases of a disease or health problen being studied
69
What is proportion
Fraction in which numerator is included in denominator | Usually expressed as percentage
70
Why are counts still useful in epidemiology
For some disease even one case is still a problem like smallpox Can lead to investigations of usual disease
71
What is a ratio
Fraction in which the numerator is not included in the denominator
72
What is rates
Numerator over a denominator over a perdiod of time
73
What is prevalence
Proportion of individuals in a population who have the disease at a specific point in time or over specified period Numerator has new and old cases
74
What is incidence
Number of cases at particular time who newly have the disease Numerator has only new cases
75
When is prevalence useful
In case of chronic disease
76
When is points prevalence useful
In case of episodic prevalence
77
When is period Prevalence useful
In case of lifetime prevalence especially suitable for cases in which type of onset of illness is not known especially for psychiatric cases
78
Incidence rates definition
Number of new cases of disease in a group over a certain time. Over the amount of personal time during which the new cases arose
79
Why is it important to know characteristics of person and the time in the incidence rates
Because the denominator exclude any individuals had already disease of interest or are not capable of developing the disease in a specific period of time
80
What is incidence density
Number of new cases of disease in specified period of time over the number of person time at risk during the period
81
What is cumulative incidence
Number of new cases of disease in specific time over the total number of disease-free individuals at the beginning of the specified time What is the probability that an individual disease-free beginning of time. Will develop the disease in that given period time
82
What is the relationship between prevalence and incidence
Prevalence depends on incidence rates and duration of the disease
83
What are two examples of public health rates
DALYs | QALYs
84
What is DALYs
Disability adjusted life years which is the measure of the burden of disease on a population and the effectiveness of intervention
85
What is QALYs
The quality adjusted life years which is the adjustment of life expectancy taking into account the presence of chronic conditions causing appointment disability or handicap
86
What is the only event in life with long-term probability of one with certainty for a living person’s
Death
87
Counts as a mortality measure
Count the number of deaths from particular disease
88
Rates in mortality measure
Number of deaths due to particular disease over a group over a period of time
89
What is the annual mortality rates
Is the all cause mortality rate for sub groups based on age or gender or area
90
What is the cause specific mortality rates
It is it is it specific mortality rates which is limited to a particular diagnosis
91
Case Fatality rates
Proportion of persons with a particular disease that die from the disease
92
Proportionate mortality
Proportion of all deaths caused by specific diseases in a period
93
Years of potential life lost
Measure of premature mortality
94
Mortality rates
Incidence rates of the witches number of deaths over mid yyear population
95
Crude mortality rates
Ratio of number of deaths during the year over average population in that year
96
Age specific mortality rates
Natality rate calculated for specific age bands
97
Age adjusted mortality rate
Process to even out the effect of different age distribution went to a more mortality rates from two different populations are being compared
98
Odds of disease
Number of new cases of disease in. Time over the number of persons with did not become a case during the time. But could have potentially become cases
99
What are some public health indices
``` Crude mortality rates birthrates fertility rates infant mortality rates neonatal mortality rates maternal mortality rates ```
100
What are the two big divisions of epidemiological studies
observational | experimental
101
What are the two division of observational epidemiological studies
Descriptive | analytical
102
What are the possible study done in descriptive observational epidemiological studies
``` Case Reports Case series Cross sectional Prevalence studies Ecological studies ```
103
What are the different type of observational analytical epidemiological studies
Case control cohort studies cross-sectional
104
What are the different type of experimental epidemiological studies
Clinical trials field trials community trials intervention
105
What are the different components of epidemiological studies about
Study factor study subjects exposure Health outcome or disease
106
Is observational studies manipulated randomized?
Neither
107
Is experimental studies manipulated or randomized
Yes both
108
Is quasiexperimental studies manipulated or randomized
manipulated but not randomized
109
What factor can have a relationship with disease
Exposure
110
In observational studies who determines the exposure
The subjects
111
Why are most epidemiologic studies observational
Because experimental studies are mostly impractical and unethical
112
Advantages of observational studies
``` Natural setting No ethical concern Low Cost Convenience Data already existing ```
113
Disadvantages of observational studies
No randomization
114
What is descriptive studies
Study that presents occurence and distribution of disease | Organizes and summarizes data accordiing to person , place and time
115
3 questions in descriptive study
Who has been affected Where have they been affected When have they been affected
116
When is descriptive studies for individual useful
To show individuals healths characteristics estimate disease frequency extent of public health problem identify populations at greatest risk estimate time trends planning and health care resource allocation suggest hypothesis about causation
117
What’s do you use to perform descriptive study analysis
Tables rates Measures of central location of dispersion graphic charts maps
118
How do you determines where whos at risk in descriptive study
``` Demographics (Age, sex,ethnicity) socioeconomic background (Education ,occupation ,access to services ) Other factors (blood group ,vaccination status ,smokers) ```
119
How do you present data from who is at risk in Descriptive study
Tables or graphs
120
How important is age in descriptive study and why
Very important as it reflects susceptibility, differences in exposure ,latency incubation period
121
How does sex play into descriptive study
``` Men and women are different in susceptibility physiological response exposure due to habits, occupation service utilization ```
122
How do you present that comparing men and women in descriptive study
table
123
What information does place gives in descriptive study
Geographic distribution cluster of cases dissemination route
124
What means of presentation do you use to show place impact in descriptive study
Maps | Charts
125
How does time play into descriptive study
Variation of a time of health events which could be annual seasonal daily hourly interested in onset of symptoms date of reporting
126
How do you present time data in descriptive study
But using X and why system which shows magnitude of the problem ,trends and potential evolution ,type of transmission
127
How do you presents an outbreak
Epidemic curve
128
How do you present seasonal trends
Linear graphic over weeks months or year
129
How do you present secular trends
Using period Including several years which of those to predict evolution and study effective control measures over events
130
Characteristics used in case report in individual descriptive study
Person ,place and time
131
Characteristics used in case series in individual descriptive study
``` Age sex Place time numbers and proportions ```
132
Characteristics used in cross-sectional survey in individual descriptive study
Describe defined characteristics
133
Who isn’t of interest in a case reports
The individual is the units of observation available for study essentially the one with the unusual clinical picture
134
How do you form a case series
By compilation of additional case report when initial case report
135
What are the advantages of using case reports or case series
Use available clinical data detailed individual data suggest strong need for investigation hypothesis generation
136
What are the disadvantages of case reports or case series
May only reflect experience of one person or 1 clinician | no explicit comparison group
137
How is the timing of cross-sectional study
Always retrospective
138
Variable measured in cross-sectional study
Prevalence studies | Useful for events like chronic ,common ,or not fatal disease
139
How do you classify participant in cross-sectional survey
By exposure and the disease status
140
How do you analyze data in cross-sectional study
Using 2 x 2 table
141
Benefits of cross-sectional study
Convenient quick inexpensive can consider several exposures ,several disease useful for Exploration can generate hypothesis can study entire population or a representative sample provides estimates of prevalence for factors measured standardize data collection tool I access health studies and health care needs of a population can be repeated to get trends
142
Disadvantages of cross-sectional study
Cannot study time sequence cannot study causality estimate prevalence not incidence possible bias because of any survivors available better for generating hypothesis not for for testing hypothesis not good for rare disease or exposure
143
Who are the units of observation in ecological studies
Population or group of people
144
What are dara used in ecological study to describe disease rates
Incidence rates Prevalence Mortality rate
145
Data used to describe exposure rate in ecological study
Economic development measure environmental measures measures of lifestyle
146
Advantages of ecological studies
Easy to do use available data generate hypothesis for additional study
147
Disadvantages of ecological studies
Unable to examine data for individuals no assurance that persons with exposure of interest are the same ones with the outcome of interest association at the aggregate level may not reflect association of the individual level No Adjustmentfor potential confounding factors
148
What is the ecological fallacy in ecological studies
Observation made a group devil may not represent exposure disease relationship of the individual level
149
When designing a cohort studies, what prefactor do you identify first in participants and what do you follow over time
You identify if they were exposed or not to something | You follow if they developed a specific disease over time or not
150
How do you calculate incidence rate in cohort study for people that were exposed
people exposed and had disease / total of people exposed
151
How do you calculate incidence rate in cohort study for people that were unexposed
people unexposed and had disease / total of people unexposed
152
How do you calculate relative risk in cohort study
Incidence rate of people exposed / incidence rate of people unexposed
153
Is there randomization in cohort study
No
154
Types of cohort study
Prospective cohort study Retrospective cohort study Combined retro and prospective cohort study
155
What is propesctive cohort study
Following actual population
156
What is retrospective cohort study
Using old data to study old population
157
What is combined prospective retrospective study
Use data collected in past to define population expose and unexposed Follows population defined in future
158
Advantages of cohort study
High evidence rate Clear time relationship established Can study multiple outcome Useful for rare exposures
159
Disadvantages of cohort study
Can’t study multiple exposure Expensive Can lose follow up Take long for results
160
When is cohort study advised
``` Need longitudinal data overt time in sequence Exposure rare but outcome high Short time between exposure and outcome High funds available If minimized loss to follow up possible ```
161
Type of risk in cohort study
Absolute risk Relative risk Attributable risk
162
What is absolute risk in cohort study
Same as incidence rate in a group
163
What is relative risk in a cohort study
Ratio of incidence rate of exposed to unexposed
164
What is attributable risk
Increase in risk in exposed group compared to unexposed group Incidence rate of exposed - incidence rate of unexposed
165
What is a bias in epidemiological studies
Systematic error in design , conduct or analysis of a study resulting in mistaken estimate of an exposure effect over a disease
166
Types of biases in cohort study
``` Selection bias Information bias Bias in assessment of outcome Non response bias Analytic bias ```
167
Selection bias in cohort study
Whether exposed or unexposed groups have same background characteristics
168
Information bias in cohort study
More information on diseased in restrospecive cohort study
169
Bias in assessment of outcome in cohort study
More Diagnostics applied to exposed in measuring outcomes
170
Non response bias in cohort study
People lost to follow up when not same disease experience as others
171
Analytic bias in cohort study
Analytic methods not defined beforehand
172
What is a cross sectional study
Observational study in which exposure and disease are determined at same point in time
173
Can you determine temporal relationship between disease and exposure Erin cross sectional study
No
174
Steps in designing cross sectional study
``` Define population Gather data on exposure and disease Create groups - exposed have disease - exposed, no disease - not exposed, have disease - not expose , no disease ```
175
What are the two ways to analyze cross sectional study
Prevalence of exposure in disease and no disease Prevalence of diseases in exposed and not exposed
176
Formulas for prevalence of exposure in disease and not disease
Exposure and disease / disease present in both exposed and non exposed exposed and no diseas / no disease in both exposed and non exposed
177
Formulas for prevalence of disease in exposed compared to not exposed
Exposed with disease / people exposed Not exposed with disease / people not exposed
178
What type of calculations do you use in cross sectional studies
Odds ratio
179
Cross sectional studies usage
Determine prevalence of outcomes of interest Determine burden of disease Association between exposure and outcomes Useful questions for further studies
180
National cross sectional studies
Ghana demographic and health surveys | Ghana maternal health survey
181
When do you do case control study
When cohort study not easily applicable
182
Definition of case control study
Comparison of exposures, characteristics and behaviors of population with a particular disease to the same population without the disease
183
In case control study is there A - multiple outcome , one exposure B - one outcome , multiple exposure
B
184
Steps of case control study
Identify disease Identify control group - non diseased people Document exposure among cases and controls Calculate odd ratio Perform statistics , confidence interval
185
How do you identify cases in case control study in health setting
Surveillance
186
How do you identify cases in case control study in planned study
Hospitals Disease registries Other
187
Do you use incident cases or prevalent cases in case control study
Incident
188
Factors in picking case in case control study
Clinical criteria Time Place Person
189
Conditions to pick control in case control study
Should not have disease being studieD Represent population of interest Represent persons that could have been a case in the study if there is disease Selected independently of exposure
190
Why are controls important in case control study
Estimation of prevalence of exposure in population | Expected prevalence of exposure among cases if no association
191
Sources of controls in case control study
``` Population based Hospital Clinic Neighbors Friends Other ```
192
Sampling method used to chose control in study control study in community Advantages ? Disadvantages ?
Probability sample or Random digit dialing Best representation Least biased if high participation Time consuming Expensive Low participation Biased if poor participation
193
Advantages of choosing controls in same hospital or clinic as cases in case control study Disadvantages ?
Convenient Same catchment area Control disease may be linked to exposure Hospitalized control may differ from general population
194
Advantages and disadvantage of choosing controls in same neighborhood as cases in case control study
Inexpensive Efficient Confounding variables Exposure related to neighborhood Potential bias
195
Advantages and disadvantages of picking controls bases on friendship with case in case control study
Convenient t Bias May share same exposure
196
Advatanges and disadvantages of picking controls form hospitals and clinic in case control study
``` Easier to identify Less expensive Good participation rate Better recall of recent exposure Good source population ``` Difficult to chose appropriate conditions and illnesses for control
197
Advatanges and disadvantages of choosing neighbors or friend for case control study
High participation rate Inexpensive May Not representative May Not suitable nominee May not have name May have common exposure
198
Factors affecting of number of control in case control study
Availability Ratio controls / cases Cost vs power Power calculation
199
How to assess exposures in case control study
Questionnaires Preexisting records Biomarkers
200
Odds ration calculation in case control study
(Exposed case x unexposed control ) / (exposed control x unexposed case)
201
Statistics used to determine if odd ratio in case control study chance or accurate
P value from chi square | Confidence interval
202
Chi square , confidence interval
Go practice
203
Case control advantages
``` Quick Inexpensive good for rare disease Good for disease with long latency Study multiple exposure Fewer subjects Few ethical problems ```
204
Case control study disadvantages
Can’t measure disease risk Determination , selection, enrollment of appropriate control group Recall or records for info on past exposure limited Not good for rare exposure Less familiar to non epidemiologist
205
Non communicable disease definition
Chronic conditions that do not result from infection process and can’t be communicated
206
Characteristics of non communicable disease
``` Prolonged course Does not resolve spontaneously No complete cure Complex etiology Multiple risk factors Long latency period Non contagious origin Functional impairment or disability ```
207
Types of NCDs
``` CVDs Cancer Chronic respiratory disease Diabetes Chronic neurological disorders Arthritis / musculoskeletal diseases Unintentional injuries ```
208
Social class most affected by NCD by 2030
Middle class
209
Major NCD
Cardiovascular diseases
210
Risk factor definition
Aspect of personal behavior , lifestyle , environmental exposure or hereditary characteristics associated with increase in occurrence of a particular disease, injury, health condition
211
What is a modifiable risk factor
Behavioral risk that can be reduced or controlled by intervention which reduces risk of disease
212
Main 4 modifiable risk factor
Physical inactivity Tobacco use Alcohol use Unhealthy diets
213
Non modifiable risk factors examples
Age Sex Race Family history
214
Cardiovascular common risk factors
Tobacco Diet unhealthy Physical inactivity Alcohol
215
Diabetes common risk factors
Tobacco Diet unhealthy Physical inactivity Alcohol
216
Cancer common risk factors
Tobacco Diet unhealthy Physical inactivity Alcohol
217
Chronic respiratory disease common risk factors
Tobacco
218
4 metabolic risk factors
``` Raised blood pressure Raise total cholesterol Elevated glucose Overweight Obesity ```
219
Main diseases of cardiovascular disease NCDs
Coronary heart disease Cerebrovascular disease Peripheral arterial disease Congenital heart disease
220
What are coronary heart disease
Disease of blood vessels supplying heart muscles
221
What are cerebrovascular disease
Disease of blood vessels supplying the brain
222
What are peripheral arterial disease
Disease of blood vessels supplying arms and legs
223
What are congenital heart disease
Malformation of heart stricte existing at birth
224
Main cause of cardiovascular disease
Atherosclerosis with fat deposition in blood vessel s
225
Number 1 of cause of death globally
CVDs
226
7.3million persons died because of …. And 6.2 died because of …
Coronar heart disease | Stroke
227
Main economic classes exposed to CVD with 80% deaths pertaining to those grou0ps
Low and middle income
228
By 2030 , how many people will die from CVD
25 million
229
Major modifiable risk factors to CVDs
``` High blood pressure Abnormal blood lipids Tobacco Physical inactivity Obesity Diabetes Diet ```
230
Other less important modifiable risk factor for CVDs
``` Low economic status Mental illness Psychosocial stress Alcohol use Certains Medications Lipoprotein ```
231
Non modifiable risk factors to CVDs
``` Âge Hereditary or family history Gender Ethnicity Race ```
232
Novel risk factors for CVDs
Excess homocysteine in blood Inflammatory markers like c reactive protein Abnormal blood coagulation due to high fibrinogen
233
Diabetes definition
``` Metabolic Disorder of 4 types Type 1 Type 2 Gestational Pre diabetes ```
234
What causes type 2 diabete
Modifiable risk factors
235
Main type of diabetes
Type 2 - 90%
236
Number of people worldwide with diabetes
347m
237
Main economic classes that does because of diabetes
Low and middle
238
Projected increase of diabetes by 2030
2/3 more
239
How to prevent or delay diabetes
Healthy diet Physical activity Normal body weight Avoid tobacco
240
Major modifiable risk factors for diabetes
``` Unhealthy diets Physical inactivity Obesity Overweight High blood pressure High cholesterol ```
241
Other modifiable risk factors for diabetes
``` Low socioeconomic status s Alcohol Stress High sugar intake Low fiber intake ```
242
Non modifiable risk factors for diabetes
``` Increased age Genetics Family history Race Fat distribution Low birth weight Autoantibodies ```
243
Cancer definition
Abnormal cells that grow beyond usual boundaries and invade adjoining parts of the body
244
Number of people that died due to cancer in 2008
7.6m
245
Main economic class concerned with cancer death
Low and middle income (70%)
246
Is it true that 30% of cancer attributable to behavior risk factors
Yes
247
Cancer with most incidence
Breast
248
Cancer with more mortality
Lungs
249
Cervical cancer definition
Cancer of female reproductive system which can be squamous and glandular
250
Main infection linked with cervical cancer
HPV (99%)
251
Risk factors of cervical cancer
``` HPV Smoking Immune deficiency Poverty No pap screening Family history ```
252
What is lung cancer
Cancer that forms in the lungs usually in cells lining air passages
253
Does lung cancer affect more women or men
Men
254
Two main types of lung cancer
Small cell lung cancer | Non small cell lung cancer
255
Lung cancer risk factors
``` Smoking (cigarettes, cigars, pipes ) Second hand smoke Radiation therapy to breast or chest Asbestos, radon, chromium , nickels, arsenic , soot, tar Air pollution ```
256
What is breast cancer
Cancer that forms in the tissues of the reacts usually in the ducts or in the lobules
257
Main sex affected by breast cancers
Women
258
1/8 women affected with breast cancer, T or F ?
True
259
Breast cancer risk factors
``` Hormone therapies Weight and physical activity Race Genetics Âge (most reliable ) ```
260
2nd most common cancer amongst men
Prostate cancer
261
Risk factors of prostate cancer
Âge Race Obesity Weight gain
262
3rd most common type of cancer
Colorectal cancer
263
Risk factors of colorectal cancer
``` Aging Black race Unhealthy diet Low exercise Diabetes Family history ```
264
Economic class of countries more prone to death with chronic respiratory disease
Low income countries (90%)
265
Risk factors of chronic respiratory disease
``` Cigarette Occupational dust and chemicals Environmental tobacco smoke Indoor and outdoor pollution Gènes Infections Socioeconomic status Aging population ```
266
COPD definition
Lung diseases that’s prevent proper lung inflation
267
Type of COPD
Chronic bronchitis | Emphysema
268
Number of people that died due to COPD
3millions
269
Asthma definition
Recurrent attacks of breathlessness and wheezing
270
Is asthma under diagnosed
Yes
271
Can medications help control asthma
Yes
272
Challenges in surveilling NCDs
Lag time between exposure and condition Multiple exposure responsible for condition One exposure leading to multiple conditions
273
How can you reduce NCDs
Attacking risk factors
274
Main risk factors leading to death
``` High bp Tobacco High blood glucose Physical inactivity Obesity ```
275
Tobacco kill 1/2 of its users, T or F
T
276
Expected deaths by 2030 due to tobacco
8m
277
80 % of smoker in which economical clas countries
Low and middle income countries
278
Health effects of tobacco for users
``` Cancer Coronary heart disease Disease of lungs Peripheral vascular disease Stroke Still birth Fetal complication ```
279
Health effects of second hand smoke
Heart disease Heart attack Lung cancer
280
Health effets of unhealthy diets
``` Coronary heart disease Stroke Cancer Type 2 diabetes Hypertension Liver gallbladder disease Obesity ```
281
Percentage of world population with not enough physical activity
31
282
Reasons for Low physical activity worldwide
Aging pop Transportation Communication technology
283
Health effects of low physical activity
``` Coronary heart disease TPE 2 diabetes Breast cancer Colon cancer Premature mortality ```
284
Percentage of world population that are episodic or heavy alcohol drinkers
11.5
285
Is consumption of alcohol increasing or steady with time
Steady
286
What is excessive drinking for a men ? A women ?
More than 2 beers per day for a men | More than 1 beer a day for a woman
287
What is harmful binge drinking for a men ? A woman ?
More than 5 beers men | More than 4 women
288
What is considered an excessive women drinker
8 or more drinks per week
289
What is considered excessive drinking for men
15 or more drinks per week
290
Immediate harmful effect of alcohol use
``` Reduced brain function Loss of body heat Fetal damage Unintentional injuries Violence Coma Death ```
291
Long term harmful effect of alcohol use
``` Liver disease Cancer Hypertension Git disorders Neurological issues Psychiatry issue ```
292
Metabolic risk factors
``` Hypertension Cholesterol Blood glucose Overweight Obesity ```
293
Normal blood pressure
Systolic less than 120 | Diastolic less than 80
294
Prehypertensive measures
120-139 80-89
295
Hypertensive measures
More than 140 | More than 90
296
Leading risk factors for stroke
High blood pressure
297
Complications of hypertension
``` Heart failure Peripheral vascular disease Renal impairment Retinal hemorrhage Visual impairment ```
298
Source of sodium intake in 75% of cases inn the US
Restaurants and processed foods
299
Source of sodium intake in 75% of cases inn the Japan , china
Cooking with high sodium products
300
Recommended salt intake per day
Less than 5g | Or 2000 milligram
301
Number of deaths due to high glucose
3.4m
302
Leading cause of renal failure
Diabets
303
Major cause of heart and renal diseases
Raised glucoses
304
What is overweight and obesity
Abnormal or excessive fat accumulation that presents a risk to health
305
BMI formula
Weight in kg / height in cm sqaured
306
Overweight bmi
25-29.9
307
Obesity bmi
More than 30
308
Assessment of obesity and overweight
Bmi Skinfold thickness test Waist to hip circumference ratio
309
Waist to hip circumference ratio for men and women
Men more than 102cm | Women than 88cm
310
Health effects of obesiy
Coronary hear disease Type 2 diabetes Hypertension
311
WHO global targets to reduce NCDs by 25%
Decreased blood pressure 25% Smoking reduced by 30% Reduce salt intake 30% Increase physical activity 10%
312
Stomach cancer types
Adénocarcinoma
313
Risk factors stomach cancer
Smoking Family history H pylori Diet
314
Liver cancer risk factors
``` Sex Âge Chronic hepatitis Diabetes Cirrhosis Heavy alcohol Obesity ```

Community Health (11 decks)

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