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Community Health > Biostats > Flashcards

Biostats Flashcards

1
Q

Why is statistic important in medicine

A

Think scientifically about health problems
help in decision making from evidence
assess possible risk associated with medical decisions
identify decision that lack scientific and logical basis

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2
Q

What are the two forms of statistics

A

Quantitative data collection

statistical methods

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3
Q

What are the different methods of data collection

A

Routine data forms
surveys
experiments

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4
Q

Methods of summarizing data

A

Tables
graphs
numerical statistic

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5
Q

Methods for making inferences and estimations from data

A

Test of significant difference
test of association
estimation

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6
Q

What are the three main uses of statistical methods

A

Collection of data
description of characteristics of a group or situation
analysis of data and drawing of conclusion

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7
Q

What are the two types of statistics

A

Descriptive statistic

inferential statistic

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8
Q

What is descriptive statistic

A

Description of characteristics of a product or process from information collected which summarize a group of scores to a single points

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9
Q

What is inferential statistic

A

The drawing of conclusion on unknown process parameters based on information in a sample which uses probability

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10
Q

What do you need to know in data collection

A

The type of research
the questionnaire design or interview guide design
sampling techniques
interviewing situations

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11
Q

What are the different type of numeric format for summarizing data

A

Measures of central tendency like mean median mode geometric mean

measures of spread like standard deviation variance range percentile

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12
Q

What are the different type of tabular format for summarizing data

A

Frequency distribution table cross tabulation

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13
Q

What are the different type of graphical transformers for summarizing data

A 
Histogram 
bar diagram 
pie diagram 
scatter diagram 
frequency polygon
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14
Q

What are the different type of test of significance

A 
The null hypothesis and P value 
t-test and t test  table
 Z test and standard normal table 
the chi-squared statistics 
degrees of freedom 
confidence interval 
probability distribution
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15
Q

The different type of estimation

A

Regression

correlation

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16
Q

What is research

A

Systematic way of putting together information based on prior to main purpose to reach a conclusion which can be very favorable by your peers

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17
Q

Different type of research

A 
Primary data collection 
secondary data analysis 
formative exploratory research 
pilot studies of observational studies 
clinical trials 
programmatic research
 translational research
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18
Q

What are the two types of primary research

A

Qualitative research

quantitative research

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19
Q

What is qualitative research

A

Based on personal stories of people through questioning in specific areas of interest

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20
Q

What’s techniques of data collection are involved in qualitative research

A 
Interview guides 
direct observation checklist 
 videography
Notes 
Recording
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21
Q

Qualitative research that I collective is usually nonnumeric or numeric

A

Nonnumeric

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22
Q

What are the different types of qualitative research

A

Focused group discussion
individual direct interview
Key informant interview
special groups firsthand observation

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23
Q

In qualitative research what type of support is used for analysis and reporting

A

Analysis of themes

computer software

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24
Q

What is a focus group discussion

A

A group interview with a small number of demographically similar people who have common traits of experiences beliefs to share ideas

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25
Q

What are the steps in running a focus group discussion

A 
Choose a topic 
develop questions from topic 
develop interview guide 
choose notetaker And recorder of session 
recruit participants five or 10 people 
obtain consents 
do self introduction 
introduce discussion topic 
get participants chance to speak with equal representation 
End the meeting in time 
Analyze data to provide feedback
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26
Q

What is quantitative research

A

Structured acquisition of data with participants that provide responses in pre-defined categories
No storytellin

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27
Q

Data collection tools in quantitative research

A

Forms
tally sheets
questionnaires

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28
Q

How are questionnaires administered in quantitative research

A

Through phone
self-administered
interviewer administered in face to face
mail

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29
Q

What are the mode of analysis and reporting of quantitative research

A

Numeric ,tabular ,graphical summaries
inferential statistics
computer software

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30
Q

does the interviewer matter in quantitative research

A

Yes can corrupt results

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31
Q

Most frequently used method of that’s a connection in quantitative analysis

A

person to person interview

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32
Q

When is a mail questionnaire advised

A

For sensitive to private issues with clear simple questions in the good postal system

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33
Q

Which one is stronger hypothesis driven research or exploratory research

A

Hypothesis driven research

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34
Q

What should be the characteristics of an hypothesis

A

Directional and related to underlying biological model or theoretical frameworks, justifiable

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35
Q

What is the 2 type of research question

A

Standard approach

foreground question / formative research

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36
Q

How do you evaluate your research question

A

Use the picot analysis

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37
Q

What does the picot analysis mean

A 
Patients population problem 
intervention 
comparison 
outcome 
time elements /type of study
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38
Q

What is an aim in research

A

A statement derived from research question , Broads

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39
Q

What are objectives in research

A

Statements derived from the end which are more specific contains action verbs and are listed as primary or secondary

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40
Q

What are the characteristics of objectives in research

A 
They have to be SMART
Specific 
measurable 
attainable
 realistic 
time bound
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41
Q

What are the different type of data

A

Continuous Data
categorical data
binary data

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42
Q

What is continuous data

A

 uninterrupted range of values so data can only be collected in integers
Like bp, weight, age

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43
Q

What are examples categorical data

A

Race
ethnicity
country of birth
degree of agreements

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44
Q

What are example of the binary data

A

Yes or no
positive or negative
dead or alive

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45
Q

What are nominal data

A

Data can be labeled

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46
Q

What is ordinal data

A

Data that is put an order or on a rating scale

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47
Q

What is discrete data

A

Values that are distinct or separated and can only assume certain values with no intermediate values

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48
Q

It’s continues that are measurable or countable

A

Measurable

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49
Q

Is discrete data countable or measurable

A

Countable

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50
Q

What is a variable

A

A name, a symbol, a letter used to represent an item , category, in a data set

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51
Q

What are the different types of variables

A

Quantitative

Qualitative

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52
Q

What is quantitative variable

A

Measured numerically

Either discrete or continuous

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53
Q

What is qualitative variable

A

Description of category using characteristics of interest

No numerical value

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54
Q

4 scales of measurement

A

Nominal
Ordinal
Interval
Ratio

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55
Q

Nominal scale of measurement

A 
Categorical 
Dichotomous
Qualitative
Data divided into different categories, 
no order
56
Q

Ordered scale of measurement

A

Inhérent or prédétermined order in categories but nominal

Divided into categories that can be ranked

57
Q

What is interval scale of measurement

A

Like ordinal scale but distances between two points are of known sizes
Arbitrary Zero point

58
Q

Ratio scale of measurement

A

Like interval scale but with Zero point, meaningful & definite

59
Q

Why are health indicators difficult to evaluate

A

Mostly not quantifiable

More than one factor involved in results

60
Q

Sources of dlatafor development of health indicators

A 
Vital events register
Population & censures
Routine heath service & records
Sample surveys
Disease registers
61
Q

. Characteristic of a good health indicator

A

Relevant, valid, specific, reliable l sensitive

62
Q

What is data

A

Collection of information

63
Q

Two main sources of data to health personnel

A

Routine data coming from health personnel ( routine hospital forms , registers )
Periodic ( research data like surveys and experiments ,clinical trials data )

64
Q

3 methods of data collection

A

Routine forms
Sample surveys
Experiments

65
Q

Examples of data sources

A 
Vital events register 
Population censuses
housing censuses 
Routine health service records
Epidemiological surveillance data 
Sample survey data 
Disease registers
Experiment
66
Q

Types of routine data collection forms

A 
Laboratory form 
OPD forms 
Death register 
Cancer register 
Admission form
Diagnosis index card
67
Q

examples of primary source of data

A 
Registers 
Telephone records 
Interview guides
Clinical trials 
Questionnaire
68
Q

Secondary source of data example

A

Annual reports

Publications

69
Q

What are important factors to consider when collecting data

A

Good scientific procedure to determine sample
Sample size
Representativeness of sample \
Good instrument to serve purpose of data collection

70
Q

What is the research protocol ( research steps when writing )

A 
Title 
Abstract 
Introduction (background, problem rationale )
Literature review 
Aims and objectives 
Methodology 
Plan for data analysis 
Budget 
References
71
Q

2 types of epidemiological studies

A

Observational

Experimental

72
Q

What is observational study

A

Non experimental procedure in which nature determines exposure

73
Q

2 types of observational studies

A

Descriptive

Analytical

74
Q

Example of descriptive study

A

Case report
Case series
Case studies
Cross sectional studies in general

75
Q

Types of analytical study

A

Case control
Cohort
Retrospective cohort
Prospective cohort

76
Q

Example of experimental studies

A

Clinical trials

77
Q

What is close ended questionnaire

A

Possible answers are provided for choosing

78
Q

What is Open ended questionnaire

A

Respondent provides their own answer

79
Q

What are the difficulties of open ended questionnaire

A

Difficult to code and make comparisons

80
Q

What is reliability

A

Extent to which measures are repeatable

Consistency of measuring instrument

81
Q

What is validity

A

Extent to which instrument does what it is intended to do

82
Q

What is internal validity

A

How instrument measures content under investigation

83
Q

What is external validity

A

Generalization to total population

84
Q

What are the important points of the numberg code

A 
Voluntary consent essential 
Yield fruitful results 
No unnecessary suffering 
No predictable death / disability 
Risk not greater than problem 
Participants can stop anytime 
Investigator stopped if harmful
85
Q

Which declaration says “ interest of subject must prevail over interests of science and society “ and enforces privacy and informed consent

A

The declaration of Helsinki at world health assembly in 1964

86
Q

3 basic principles of clinical research

A

Respect for persons with informed consent and privacy
Bénéficience out-weights maleficence
Justice

87
Q

Code of conduct used by Europeans and Japanese in experiment

A

ICH guideline

88
Q

Code of conduct used by USA in research

A

Code of federal regulations (CFR)

89
Q

What is informed consent

A

Process by which fully informed participants in bio medical research make choices about participation in study

90
Q

What information should a person have in informed consent

A 
Not a one time activity 
Research goals 
Research procedure s
Why person targeted 
Benefits and risks 
Voluntary 
Confidentiality ‘
Who to contact
91
Q

8 elements of informed consent

A 
Research and its procedure , methodology 
Risks, discomfort 
Benefits
Alternate treatments 
Confidentiality 
Voluntary participation 
Compensation in case of injury 
Contact in case of emergency
92
Q

What is source document

A

First place where research data is written out

93
Q

What are the essential documents

A 
Informed consent form 
Cv of investigators
Copies of protocol 
Correspondance with sponsor 
Local lab values
94
Q

Who provide assent form in Ghana

A

Children between 10 to 18 years

95
Q

Sponsor definition

A

Entity that takes responsibility to initiate , manage , finance the clinical trial but does not conduct it

96
Q

What are the responsibilities of sponsors

A 
Record keeping 
Recruit qualified persons to conduct trial
Handling data 
Verification of data 
Data analyses
Preparation of reports
97
Q

What is population

A

Total persons or items observed in given study

98
Q

What is sampling

A

Some members of population are selected to observe purposes of drawing conclusions

99
Q

What is a parameter

A

Characteristic of a population

100
Q

Benefits of sampling

A

Save manpower , Time, finances

101
Q

what is the law of statistical regularity

A

Sample from population possesses characteristics of larger group

102
Q

What is the law of large numbers

A

The bigger the sample size the more accurate and steady the characteristic

103
Q

Qualities of a good sample

A 
Representative 
Randomly selected to minimize bias
Large enough to increase precision 
All characteristics of interest 
Good research design
104
Q

2 types of sampling

A

Probability sampling

Non probability sampling

105
Q

Types of probability sampling

A 
Simple random sampling 
Systematic sampling 
Stratified sampling 
Cluster sampling 
Multistage sampling
106
Q

Types of non probability sampling

A 
Quota sampling 
Snowball sampling 
Purposive Sampling 
Saturation sampling 
Convenient sampling
107
Q

Sample frame

A

Entire list of sampling members of population from which sample will be taken

108
Q

Sampling unit

A

Individual members of sampling frame

109
Q

What is simple random sampling

A

Each member of population has equal chance of being selected into sample

110
Q

Is sampling frame required for simple random sampling

A

Yes

111
Q

Three ways of obtaining simple random sampling

A

Balloting
Random digit table
Computer

112
Q

What is systematic sampling

A

Sample selected at interval

113
Q

Is sampling frame necessary in systematic sampling

A

Not necessary but can be used

114
Q

Procedure of systematic sampling

A

Choose sample size
divide population to get k
Choose item between 1 and K at random
go down the frame and pick Kth item every time until you exhaust the frame

115
Q

What is cluster sampling

A

Sampling unit is group instead of individual like households in villages

116
Q

Is sampling frame necessary in cluster something

A

Yes

117
Q

Procedure of cluster sampling

A

Villages selected at random
list of head created
sample selected from a list of head using simple random sampling
everybody related to head of household selected part of sample

118
Q

What is stratified sampling

A

Separate heterogeneous population into homogeneous strata to allow evaluation of underrepresented groups

119
Q

What is multistage sampling

A

multiple stage to sample

120
Q

What is quota sampling

A

Population divided into groups which ideally represents what exist in the population

121
Q

what is the limit of quota sampling

A

Selection bias

can’t calculate sampling error

122
Q

What is a snowball technique in sampling

A

Previously identified group members identify other members of the population until most of the population is named

123
Q

In what cases can you use snowball technique

A

For drug users
illegal aliens
prostitutes
community opinion leaders

124
Q

What is the situation technique in sampling

A

Interviewer select individuals into study while partially analyzing information collected and stuff when realize that no new information is added to the study

125
Q

What cases are saturation technique used

A

In qualitative research

126
Q

What is purposive sampling

A

Nonrandom method of sampling in which a group of people are sitting with particular characters are selected

127
Q

What is the convenience sample technique

A

Simple drawings from population at hands

128
Q

When is convenient sample useful

A

For pilots testing and quantitative work

129
Q

What does minimal sample size depends on

A

Objective of study
level of confidence to estimate population parameter
level of acceptable error
consideration with available resources

130
Q

What are some assumptions made to calculate sample size

A 
Single statistic calculated 
normal distribution of the statistic 
sampling using simple random sample 
only type one error 
have 2 tail situation with null Hypothesis  and alternative hypothesis different from zero
131
Q

What data doyou need before calculating sample size

A

Objective of study is SMART
level of confidence
level of acceptable error
available resources

132
Q

What is a type one error

A

Null hypothesis is rejected when it’s true

133
Q

What is type ii error

A

Null hypothes is accepted when its false and alternate hypothesis is rather true

134
Q

What is the formula of sample size using Cochran formula

A

n = (z^2 * p(1-p) ) / d^2

135
Q

What is the formula of sample size using Slovinsformula

A

n= N/ 1+ Ne^2

Community Health (11 decks)

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