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Community Health > Demography > Flashcards

Demography Flashcards

1
Q

Who created the notion of demography

A

The Belgian achille guillard in 1855

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2
Q

Etiology of the word demography

A

From greek
Demos - people
Graphein - study

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3
Q

Demography

A

Study of human population characteristics and processes

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4
Q

Definition of demography by guillard

A

Natural and social history of the human species
Mathematical knowledge f populations and their general movements, changes,I and of their physical, intellectual and moral conditions and qtates

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5
Q

Narrow/formal definition of demography

A

Analysis of the size, distribution, growth structure/change, processes and the composition of a population

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6
Q

Key components of demography

A 
Size
Distribution
Growth / decline 
Structure
Characteristics 
Processes
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7
Q

Normal demography definition

A

study of human population in relation to changes brought by the interplay of birth, death and migration.

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8
Q

Broader definition of demography

A

Application of demographic data and findings including study of problems related to demographic processes

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9
Q

Applied demography definition

A

Usage of knowledge gained from analyzing and understanding populations in order to manage them effectively

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10
Q

Areas where applied demography is used

A

Effet of lifestyle on population processes
Effect of immigration/ emigration on a society
Prediction of future population size and its effect
Government funding, planning and population change
Effect of population change on mariage and fertility

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11
Q

Less important factors that still affect demographic

A 
Ethnic 
Social 
Economic 
Genetic inheritance 
Intelligence
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12
Q

Population studies and demography differences

A

Demography more quantitative and interested in changes of components of demography

Population studies is not only interested in population variable but also all the other factors that affect it

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13
Q

Least populated continent compared to size in the world

A

Africa

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14
Q

Continent with Fastest growing populations

A

Africa

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15
Q

Why does urbanization occur

A

Natural increase and migration fueled by nature and spatial natural resource distribution and utilization

Occur mostly due to migration of people from rural to urban areas

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16
Q

Higher or lower level of literacy in urban areas

A

Higher

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17
Q

Is Africa pronatalist

A

Yes

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18
Q

What demographic processes do you find in demographic data

A 
Birth
Death
Migration
Marriage 
Divorce
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19
Q

What demographic characteristics do you find in demographic data

A 
Sex age 
marital status 
birthplace 
occupation
 education
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20
Q

What are the 2 broad sources of demographic data

A

Conventional

Non conventional

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21
Q

Examples of conventional sources

A 
Population census
Vital registration system 
Demographic sample surveys
Migration statistics
Population registers
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22
Q

Example of non conventional sources

A 
Parish or baptismal records
School registers 
Family planning
Health rcords
Security stats
Citizenship identification records
Voters registration records
SSNIT
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23
Q

What does census means

A

Latin for assessing or taxing

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24
Q

Why census

A

Know taxpayers
Identify laborers
Identify soldiers

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25
Q

What is population census

A

Taking statistical account of people in a particlar place with reference to paritcular point in time
Collection, compilation , analysis , and publication of demoraphic, social, economic data pertaining to all people in a country at specific period in time

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26
Q

What is the goal of population census

A

Size
Distribution
Composition of population

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27
Q

Relevance of population census

A

Primary source of demogrpahic data
Estimation of future population size, structure, distribution
Delineate electoral boundaries
Used for planning for socioeconomic development in areas of health education and housing
Research
Business
Sampling frame for surveys
Provide information on small areas and small groups
Guide for EC, NHIA

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28
Q

Type of population censusb

A 
De facto ( most common)
De jure
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29
Q

What is de facto population count

A

Count people whereever they are physically at the time of count

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30
Q

De jure population count

A

Enumerate people at their place f usual rsidence

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31
Q

What measures are taken for population census day

A

Country demarcation into enumeratuon areas with corresponding maps and descriptions
Enumerators manual for training of field workers
Declaration of census night
Capturing floating population

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32
Q

What are the limitations of populaton census

A 
Irregularities
Late publication of reports
Age heaping 
Digit preference 
Proxy reporting causing errors
Non accessibility of data for further research
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33
Q

What is age heaping

A

Ages are estimate so preferred ages most often declared

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34
Q

What is digit preference

A

Sge given with certain preferred digitd

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35
Q

How many national censys in ghana so far

A

5

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36
Q

Definition of vital registration system

A

Continuous registration of vital demographic events as and when they occur

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37
Q

Vital demographic events of vital registration system

A 
Birth registration 
Death registration 
Marriage registration 
Divorce 
Migration
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38
Q

Importance of vital registration system

A 
Estimate population 
Monitor component of pop change 
Describe pop characteristics (growth, sex, age, structure, distribution )
Research 
Planning purposes
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39
Q

Limitations of VRS

A 
Incomplete 
Non continuous 
Varies spatially coverage 
Prone to errors
False representation 
Poorly stored
Difficult to assess the raw data
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40
Q

Types of VRS

A

Passive (people go to registration office to register event)

Active (go to people to see if theres something to record )

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41
Q

Factors affecting VRS

A 
Low value attached to it
Low state commimtment 
Low public education 
Poor personel , not motivated
Having passive insteas of active registration 
Sc beliefs 
No sanction
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42
Q

What is demography sample survey

A

Source of data based on representative sample of study population collected in selected household and population to infer characteristics of the entire population

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43
Q

What are the advantages of the demographics sample survey

A

Less costly
Convenient
Requires less time to conduct
Flexibility

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44
Q

Why is the demographics sample survey relevant

A

Estimation of total population and distribution check accuracy of population census
Estimation of components of population change and demographic variables
handy for irregularity and high cost of population census

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45
Q

Limitation of the demographics sample survey

A

Can you be undermine by sampling errors
Delayed publication
Limited scope
Not comparable with one another

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46
Q

Types of DSS

A

Single round survey (most common) - only interviewed once

Multi round survey - several interviews

Dual record system - two independanr data collection side by side

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47
Q

Population register definition

A

Name
Adresses
Age
Sex

Helps verfy ccensus figures for given year

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48
Q

Sources of demographic errors

A

Interviewer
Respondent
Datta colection planning, system, organisation
Data coding, entry, analysis

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49
Q

2 categories of demographic errors

A

Non sampling error (Coverage error , content error)

Sampling error

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50
Q

What is coverage error

A

People that were absent and not counted during census

People counted twice

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51
Q

What is content error

A

Accuracy problen with data obtianed

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52
Q

What si sampling error

A

Happens when sample taken

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53
Q

What is the population dynamics

A

How and why populations change in size and structure overtime

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54
Q

What are the important factors in population dynamics

A

Birthrates and death rates migration

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55
Q

What are the different models of population growth

A

Arithmetic population growth
geometric population growth
exponential population growth
logistic population growth

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56
Q

What is arithmetic population growth

A

Population increases by a constant number of percents in each. So graph is linear

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57
Q

Is there a real population that grows like arithmetic population growth

A

No

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58
Q

What is geometric population growth

A

Population increases by fixed ratio at regular intervals

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59
Q

Is there a real population that increases a fixed ratio

A

No

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60
Q

What is exponential population growth

A

Growth changes occur continuously and from instant instant by fixed ratio

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61
Q

Why is exponential population growth not so realistic

A

Because in real life rates do not stay constant for so long

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62
Q

What is logistic population growth

A

Grove start slow then increases and later plateaus

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63
Q

How does population grow

A

Exponentially

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64
Q

How does food and other resources grow

A

Grow with arithmetically

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65
Q

What is the demographic balancing equation

A

Population growth = Natural increase + net migration

Population growth = (birth-death)+(arrivals-departure)

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66
Q

What are the basic measures of Growth and decline

A

Absolute change
percentage change
average annual increase
arithmetic growth rates

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67
Q

What is the absolute change

A

The difference between the size of the population at the start and the end of a period time which is the Net growth

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68
Q

What is the percentage change

A

Absolutely change related to initial population

(Pn-Po)/Po *100

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69
Q

What is the average annual increase

A

Average number by which population changes per year which assumes Arithmetic growth

(Pn-Po)/n

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70
Q

What is arithmetic growth rates

A

Compares the annual average increase with the initial population

(Pn-Po/n)/Po *100

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71
Q

What is the net growth

A

The difference between 2 population counts

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72
Q

What are the survivors

A

People who were present at 2 count done

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73
Q

What are the losses

A

Difference between survivors from first counts who never moved in the original counts which is made up of deaths and migration departures

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74
Q

What is gross growth

A

Difference between survivors from first counts who never moved and the new population which is made up of survivors from birth and migration arrivals

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75
Q

What is the demographic transition

A

Explains population change over time and is the transition from hive birthrate and death rate to lower birthrate and death rate when there’s development of a country or region

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76
Q

Who proposed the demographic transition concept

A

Waren Thompson

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77
Q

What are the four traditional stages in transition theory

A

Pre-transition
Transition /early industrialisation stage
post transition /mature industrial stage
Post industrial stage

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78
Q

Characteristics of pre-transition stage

A 
High birthrates
 high death rate
 high child mortality
 low life expectancy at birth 
slow population growth 
small population size 
young population 
low growth
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79
Q

Transition stage characteristics

A

High birthrates
death rates begins to fall specially among young ones
high and rapid population growth
happens in developing countries

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80
Q

Characteristics of post transition stage

A

Birthrate begins to fall due to birth control and marriage pattern
lower death rates
lower growth compared to stage two
developing countries like Ghana

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81
Q

Post industrial stage characteristics

A

Slow death rate
Slow birthrates
very slow growth
developed countries

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82
Q

What is teach five demographic transition theory

A

Very low fertility
birth rates drop below replacement level
population growth is negative

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83
Q

What is the most widely used comparative measure of population change

A

Rates

84
Q

What are the basic demographics rates

A

Crude birth rate
crude death rate
rate of natural increase
rate of net migration

85
Q

Crude birth rate

A

(Number of life birth in a year / mid year population) *1000

86
Q

Crude death rate

A

(Number of deaths in a year / mid year population )*1000

87
Q

Natural increase

A

Let’s effect of births and deaths in the population without migration

Crude birth rate - crude death rate

88
Q

Rates of net migration

A

(Immigration in a year - emigration in a year / mid year population)*1000

89
Q

Population growth rate

A

((Birth minus death )+ (immigration - emigration)/ mid year population )*100

90
Q

What are the major maternal health indices

A

Contraceptives prevalence rates
maternal mortality rates
maternal mortality ratio

91
Q

Contraceptive prevalence rates

A

(Proportion of women between 15 and 49 using any method of contraception in a year / mid year population of woman in fertility age in same year )* 1000

92
Q

Maternal mortality ratio

A

Maternal deaths in a year / mid year population of WIFA) * 100,000

93
Q

Major child Health indices

A 
Neonatal mortality rates 
postneonatal mortality rates 
infant mortality rates 
perinatal mortality rates 
still birth rates
 under five mortality rate 
child mortality rates
94
Q

Neonatal mortality rates

A

(Death in first 28 days after birth in a year / live births in same year) * 1000

95
Q

What does the neonatal mortality rate indicate

A

delivery care and Neonatal care

96
Q

Post neonatal mortality rates

A

Deaths between 29 days and 1 year after birth in a year / live births in the same year )* 1000

97
Q

What does the post neonatal mortality rate indicate

A

Pediatric care

quality of home infant care

98
Q

Infant mortality rates

A

Deaths under one year of age / total life births ) * 1000

99
Q

Still birth rate

A

Annual deaths between 28 weeks gestation to birth / total births (life and still birth) * 1000

100
Q

Perinatal mortality rate

A

Deaths 28 weeks gestation to 7 completed days of life / total births (life and stillbirths )* 1000

101
Q

Child mortality rates

A

Number of deaths between one and 5/ Number of live births who are one year ) ×1000

102
Q

Under five mortality rates

A

Probability of dying between birth to five years

(number of deaths in children under five / total live births )* 1000

103
Q

What is fertility

A

Actual birth performance of a woman

104
Q

What is infertility

A

Absence of actual birth performance of a woman

105
Q

What is fecundity

A

Physiological capacity to reproduce of a woman

106
Q

What is fecundability

A

Probability that a woman will conceive during a menstrual cycle

107
Q

What is infecundity , sterility or physiological infertility

A

Lack a physiological capacity to reproduce

108
Q

What is primary sterility

A

When conception is never achieved

109
Q

What is secondary stability

A

Not able to conceive after one or more children have been born

110
Q

What are some factors that directly influence fertility

A

Behavioral and biological factors

111
Q

What are some factors that indirectly influence fertility

A 
Cultural 
psychological
 economic 
social
 health
 environmental
112
Q

What is a period analysis

A

Analysis performed over a defined timeframe which study all people present during that time frame

113
Q

What is cohort analysis

A

Analysis of a defined group of people who are at the same stage for demographic event and Are followed over a defined period of time

114
Q

What are some examples of. Measures of fertility

A 
Age specific fertility rates 
age specific marriage rates 
age specific divorce rates 
crude birth rate 
Crude marriage rates 
Crude divorce rates 
child women ratio 
general marriage rates 
general divorce rates 
general fertility rates 
total birth
115
Q

What are some examples of cohort measures of fertility

A

Gross reproduction rate
nets reproduction rate
total fertility rates

116
Q

Each specific marriage rate formula

A

(Marriages of females in each group / mid year population of female ) * 1000

117
Q

Age specific divorce rates formula

A

(Divorce of female / midyear population of females )* 1000

118
Q

Age Specific fertility rate formula

A

(Births in a year to woman in a given age group / mid year population of women )* 1000

119
Q

Age specific death rate formula

A

(Deaths in a year at a given age / mid year population )* 1000

120
Q

Crude divorce rate formula

A

(Divorces in a year / mid year population )* 1000

121
Q

Crude marriage rate formula

A

(Marriages in the year / mid year population )* 1000

122
Q

General marriage rates formula

A

(Marriages in the year / mid year population over 15yo) ×1000

123
Q

General fertility rate formula

A

(Number of live births in a year / mid year population of women) *1000

124
Q

General divorce rate formula

A

(Divorces in the year / mid year population age 15 and other )* 1000

125
Q

Child women ratio formula

A

(Number of children aged 0-4 / number of women aged 15 to 49) *1000

126
Q

Crude birth rate formula

A

(Number of live births in a year / mid year population )* 1000

127
Q

Cause specific death rates. Formula

A

(Deaths in a calendar year from particular cause / total mid year population )* 100,000

128
Q

What is the total fertility rate formula

A

Sum of single year age specific fertility rates per 1000

129
Q

What is the gross reproduction rate

A

Average number of daughters a woman will have if she experiences this sets of age specific fertility rates

Total fertility rate * (female births / all births)

130
Q

Nets reproduction rate

A

Average number of daughters that would be born to woman if she passed through childbearing years conforming to the age specific fertility rates and age specific marriage rates

131
Q

Population density defined as

A

Population/ unit land area

People/km^2

132
Q

Other types of density measures

A

Average number of people per household

Average number of persons per room

133
Q

Importance of population density

A

Identify crowding level
Measure and compare population distribution
High population density shows overpopulation with resources scarce

134
Q

Global population

A

7.71 billion

135
Q

Continent with majority of population

A

Asia - 60%

136
Q

These two countries have 35.6% of the populatio

A

India

Chnia

137
Q

Population of Asia

A

4.58 billion

138
Q

Most three populated regions of the world

A

Southern Asia
Eastern Asia
Southeastern asia

139
Q

Year by which India population will surpass chinas one

A

2025

140
Q

Second most populous continent

A

Africa

141
Q

Population of Africa

A

1.3 billion

142
Q

Number of countries in Africa

A

54

143
Q

Europe population

A

738million

144
Q

Slowest growing rate continent

A

Europe

145
Q

Noth America population

A

580 million

146
Q

South America population

A

422million

147
Q

Smallest continent

A

Australia

148
Q

Population of Australia

A

38.3 million

149
Q

Least populated continent

A

Antarctica

150
Q

Growth population worldwide

A

1.17%

151
Q

Fastest growing continent

A

Afroca

152
Q

Growth rate of Africa

A

2.57

153
Q

Europe growth rate

A

0.08%

154
Q

Places of world that have negative growth rate

A

Eastern an Southern Europe

155
Q

What is migration

A

Movement of population form one recognized boundary or geographic area to another with purpose of settling or residence

156
Q

Number of migrants in 2019

A

272 millions

157
Q

Reasons of migration

A

Out of choice

Out of necessity

158
Q

Number of forcibly displaced people

A

70 millions

159
Q

Who is a migrant

A

Any person moving or has moved across an international border within state away from his or her habitual place of residence

160
Q

Percentage of female migrant

A

48%

161
Q

Umber of migrant children

A

38million

162
Q

Types of migration

A

International -> across international borders

Internal -> within boundaries of a country

163
Q

Types of international migration

A

Immigration

Emigraton

164
Q

Types of internal migration

A

Rural rural
Rural urban
Urban urban
Urban rural

165
Q

Health implications due to migration

A 
Epidemics 
Spread of communicable diseases
Poor access to health facilities 
Poor environmental conditions 
Development of slums
166
Q

Social implications of migration

A 
Healthy strong population move 
Malnutrition 
Lack of proper care of children 
Low food production in rural areas
Remittances set home support economy 
Brain drain 
Stress on social amenities due to increased population size 
Slums development 
High social vices 
Streetwise children and sellers
Low qualifications for available jobs 
Low socioeconomic status
Cultural shock 
Traditions and norms influence 
Land space and amenities stress
167
Q

Measures taken to address rural urban migration

A

Social amenities and facilities in rural areas
Employable skills to residents
Micro credit access
Industries and job opportunities
High yield crop to farmers , fertilizers access,
Solve ethnic conflicts

168
Q

What is population distribution

A

Pattern of settlement , location of people in an area

How people are spread across specific area

169
Q

World population distribution even or uneven

A

Uneven

170
Q

Type of population distribution

A

Uniform dispersion
Random disperse
Clumped dispersion

171
Q

Uniform dispersion

A

More or less equally sparsed

172
Q

Random dispersion

A

Random dispersion with no predictable pattern

173
Q

Clumped dispersion

A

Clustered in groups

174
Q

Categories of population distrubion type

A

Local, districti, regional, national , global

Statistical areas

Residence

Age

Sex

175
Q

Factors influencing population distribution

A 
Physical factors 
Social and economic 
Demographic 
Human 
Political 
Historical factors
176
Q

Physical factors influencing population distribution

A 
Topography
Relief
Climate 
Nature of soil
Vegetation 
Water resources 
Mineral and energy resources 
Altitude , latitude
177
Q

Which areas attract more people -> plain or mountain

A

Plain

178
Q

Why are mountains not adequate for population growth

A

Not enough land for agriculture
Low development of transport, industries,
difficult to build houses , roads, railways
Remote

179
Q

Which climate better for population growth -> temperate or or extreme temperature

A

Temperate

180
Q

Social and economic factors influencing population istirbution

A

Infrastructure
Social amenities
Economic activities
Cultural , political , administrative policies

181
Q

Demographic factors influencing population distribution

A 
Births 
Deaths
Migration 
Low RONI -> developed. Countries 
High RONI -> less developed countries
182
Q

What is urbanisation

A

Increase proportion of a population living in an urban area
Increase in amount of industrialisation
People moving to cities or densely settled areas

183
Q

Common problems in urban area s

A 
Lack of jobs
Homelessness
Inadequate services., infrastructure 
Poor health 
Poor education 
High pollution
184
Q

Urban growth definition

A

Describe increase in population of an urban locality or area between two points in time

185
Q

Urban slum

A 
Low class settlement within or in close proximity to cities or large towns 
Densely populated 
Lack basic infrastructure
186
Q

Urban sprawl

A

City or a town grows spatially and annex nearby localities

Boundaries between both unclear

187
Q

Counter urbanisation

A

People movement out of cities to surrounding areas

188
Q

Reasons for counter urbanisation

A 
Increased car ownership 
More mobility 
Go away from pollution , crime , and traffic congestion 
Retirement 
More amenities around cities
189
Q

Urbanisation benefits

A 
Internal commerce 
Foreign trade 
Financial services 
Economic growth 
Growth of modern production and industry 
Education
190
Q

Urbanisation disadvantages

A 
Rapid and unplanned urban growth 
Poor infrastructure (Inadequate housing , Water and sanitation , Transport and, healthcare )
Traffic congestion 
Air pollution
Slums 
Sewerage pollution 
High disease
High chronic diseases
Noise pollution
Unhealthy habits 
Risky sexual behavior
191
Q

Mega cities

A

Urban area of greater than ten million people

192
Q

Number of mega cities around the world

A

24

193
Q

Urbanisation reasons

A

Natural increase

Rural to urban migration

194
Q

RONI formula

A

Births - deaths / mid year pop x100

195
Q

Pull factors

A

Factors that attract people form villages to cities

196
Q

Push factor

A

Drive people away from countryside

197
Q

Pull factors examples

A

Employment opportunities
More educational institutions
Urban lifestyle

198
Q

Push factor examples

A

Poor living conditions
Poor healthcare
Less educational and economical opportunities
Environmental changes

199
Q

Factors that influence who migrates - selective process

A

Gender

Age

200
Q

Impact of urbanisation on housing

A

1/3 of urban inhabitants live in slums and settlements in developing countries

201
Q

Slums definition

A

Urban areas heavily populated with sub standard housing , very poor living conditions

202
Q

Issues in slums

A 
Poor housing 
Overcrowded houses
Restricted water supply
No sanitation , latrines 
No solid waste disposal
No health care facilities 
Insecurity
203
Q

Challenges in growing urban settings

A 
Water supply
Water sanitation 
Waste and pollution
Water quality 
Solid waste 
Air quality 
Health 
Food
Economic system 
Social system
204
Q

Why is there water supply challenges in urbanisation

A

Too much demand

Conflict between agricultural demand and industrial and domestic demand

205
Q

Criteria used to determine urban areas

A

City population size
Population density
% of labour force employed in non agricultural activities
Availability of social facilities (health , educational ,
energy consumption
Industrialization degree

206
Q

When is a community considered urban in Ghana ? USA? Australia ?

A

Ghana -> 5000 people
USA -> 50,000 people
Australia -> 1000

Community Health (11 decks)

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