Demography Flashcards
Who created the notion of demography
The Belgian achille guillard in 1855
Etiology of the word demography
From greek
Demos - people
Graphein - study
Demography
Study of human population characteristics and processes
Definition of demography by guillard
Natural and social history of the human species
Mathematical knowledge f populations and their general movements, changes,I and of their physical, intellectual and moral conditions and qtates
Narrow/formal definition of demography
Analysis of the size, distribution, growth structure/change, processes and the composition of a population
Key components of demography
Size Distribution Growth / decline Structure Characteristics Processes
Normal demography definition
study of human population in relation to changes brought by the interplay of birth, death and migration.
Broader definition of demography
Application of demographic data and findings including study of problems related to demographic processes
Applied demography definition
Usage of knowledge gained from analyzing and understanding populations in order to manage them effectively
Areas where applied demography is used
Effet of lifestyle on population processes
Effect of immigration/ emigration on a society
Prediction of future population size and its effect
Government funding, planning and population change
Effect of population change on mariage and fertility
Less important factors that still affect demographic
Ethnic Social Economic Genetic inheritance Intelligence
Population studies and demography differences
Demography more quantitative and interested in changes of components of demography
Population studies is not only interested in population variable but also all the other factors that affect it
Least populated continent compared to size in the world
Africa
Continent with Fastest growing populations
Africa
Why does urbanization occur
Natural increase and migration fueled by nature and spatial natural resource distribution and utilization
Occur mostly due to migration of people from rural to urban areas
Higher or lower level of literacy in urban areas
Higher
Is Africa pronatalist
Yes
What demographic processes do you find in demographic data
Birth Death Migration Marriage Divorce
What demographic characteristics do you find in demographic data
Sex age marital status birthplace occupation education
What are the 2 broad sources of demographic data
Conventional
Non conventional
Examples of conventional sources
Population census Vital registration system Demographic sample surveys Migration statistics Population registers
Example of non conventional sources
Parish or baptismal records School registers Family planning Health rcords Security stats Citizenship identification records Voters registration records SSNIT
What does census means
Latin for assessing or taxing
Why census
Know taxpayers
Identify laborers
Identify soldiers
What is population census
Taking statistical account of people in a particlar place with reference to paritcular point in time
Collection, compilation , analysis , and publication of demoraphic, social, economic data pertaining to all people in a country at specific period in time
What is the goal of population census
Size
Distribution
Composition of population
Relevance of population census
Primary source of demogrpahic data
Estimation of future population size, structure, distribution
Delineate electoral boundaries
Used for planning for socioeconomic development in areas of health education and housing
Research
Business
Sampling frame for surveys
Provide information on small areas and small groups
Guide for EC, NHIA
Type of population censusb
De facto ( most common) De jure
What is de facto population count
Count people whereever they are physically at the time of count
De jure population count
Enumerate people at their place f usual rsidence
What measures are taken for population census day
Country demarcation into enumeratuon areas with corresponding maps and descriptions
Enumerators manual for training of field workers
Declaration of census night
Capturing floating population
What are the limitations of populaton census
Irregularities Late publication of reports Age heaping Digit preference Proxy reporting causing errors Non accessibility of data for further research
What is age heaping
Ages are estimate so preferred ages most often declared
What is digit preference
Sge given with certain preferred digitd
How many national censys in ghana so far
5
Definition of vital registration system
Continuous registration of vital demographic events as and when they occur
Vital demographic events of vital registration system
Birth registration Death registration Marriage registration Divorce Migration
Importance of vital registration system
Estimate population Monitor component of pop change Describe pop characteristics (growth, sex, age, structure, distribution ) Research Planning purposes
Limitations of VRS
Incomplete Non continuous Varies spatially coverage Prone to errors False representation Poorly stored Difficult to assess the raw data
Types of VRS
Passive (people go to registration office to register event)
Active (go to people to see if theres something to record )
Factors affecting VRS
Low value attached to it Low state commimtment Low public education Poor personel , not motivated Having passive insteas of active registration Sc beliefs No sanction
What is demography sample survey
Source of data based on representative sample of study population collected in selected household and population to infer characteristics of the entire population
What are the advantages of the demographics sample survey
Less costly
Convenient
Requires less time to conduct
Flexibility
Why is the demographics sample survey relevant
Estimation of total population and distribution check accuracy of population census
Estimation of components of population change and demographic variables
handy for irregularity and high cost of population census
Limitation of the demographics sample survey
Can you be undermine by sampling errors
Delayed publication
Limited scope
Not comparable with one another
Types of DSS
Single round survey (most common) - only interviewed once
Multi round survey - several interviews
Dual record system - two independanr data collection side by side
Population register definition
Name
Adresses
Age
Sex
Helps verfy ccensus figures for given year
Sources of demographic errors
Interviewer
Respondent
Datta colection planning, system, organisation
Data coding, entry, analysis
2 categories of demographic errors
Non sampling error (Coverage error , content error)
Sampling error
What is coverage error
People that were absent and not counted during census
People counted twice
What is content error
Accuracy problen with data obtianed
What si sampling error
Happens when sample taken
What is the population dynamics
How and why populations change in size and structure overtime
What are the important factors in population dynamics
Birthrates and death rates migration
What are the different models of population growth
Arithmetic population growth
geometric population growth
exponential population growth
logistic population growth
What is arithmetic population growth
Population increases by a constant number of percents in each. So graph is linear
Is there a real population that grows like arithmetic population growth
No
What is geometric population growth
Population increases by fixed ratio at regular intervals
Is there a real population that increases a fixed ratio
No
What is exponential population growth
Growth changes occur continuously and from instant instant by fixed ratio
Why is exponential population growth not so realistic
Because in real life rates do not stay constant for so long
What is logistic population growth
Grove start slow then increases and later plateaus
How does population grow
Exponentially
How does food and other resources grow
Grow with arithmetically
What is the demographic balancing equation
Population growth = Natural increase + net migration
Population growth = (birth-death)+(arrivals-departure)
What are the basic measures of Growth and decline
Absolute change
percentage change
average annual increase
arithmetic growth rates
What is the absolute change
The difference between the size of the population at the start and the end of a period time which is the Net growth
What is the percentage change
Absolutely change related to initial population
(Pn-Po)/Po *100
What is the average annual increase
Average number by which population changes per year which assumes Arithmetic growth
(Pn-Po)/n
What is arithmetic growth rates
Compares the annual average increase with the initial population
(Pn-Po/n)/Po *100
What is the net growth
The difference between 2 population counts
What are the survivors
People who were present at 2 count done
What are the losses
Difference between survivors from first counts who never moved in the original counts which is made up of deaths and migration departures
What is gross growth
Difference between survivors from first counts who never moved and the new population which is made up of survivors from birth and migration arrivals
What is the demographic transition
Explains population change over time and is the transition from hive birthrate and death rate to lower birthrate and death rate when there’s development of a country or region
Who proposed the demographic transition concept
Waren Thompson
What are the four traditional stages in transition theory
Pre-transition
Transition /early industrialisation stage
post transition /mature industrial stage
Post industrial stage
Characteristics of pre-transition stage
High birthrates high death rate high child mortality low life expectancy at birth slow population growth small population size young population low growth
Transition stage characteristics
High birthrates
death rates begins to fall specially among young ones
high and rapid population growth
happens in developing countries
Characteristics of post transition stage
Birthrate begins to fall due to birth control and marriage pattern
lower death rates
lower growth compared to stage two
developing countries like Ghana
Post industrial stage characteristics
Slow death rate
Slow birthrates
very slow growth
developed countries
What is teach five demographic transition theory
Very low fertility
birth rates drop below replacement level
population growth is negative
What is the most widely used comparative measure of population change
Rates
What are the basic demographics rates
Crude birth rate
crude death rate
rate of natural increase
rate of net migration
Crude birth rate
(Number of life birth in a year / mid year population) *1000
Crude death rate
(Number of deaths in a year / mid year population )*1000
Natural increase
Let’s effect of births and deaths in the population without migration
Crude birth rate - crude death rate
Rates of net migration
(Immigration in a year - emigration in a year / mid year population)*1000
Population growth rate
((Birth minus death )+ (immigration - emigration)/ mid year population )*100
What are the major maternal health indices
Contraceptives prevalence rates
maternal mortality rates
maternal mortality ratio
Contraceptive prevalence rates
(Proportion of women between 15 and 49 using any method of contraception in a year / mid year population of woman in fertility age in same year )* 1000
Maternal mortality ratio
Maternal deaths in a year / mid year population of WIFA) * 100,000
Major child Health indices
Neonatal mortality rates postneonatal mortality rates infant mortality rates perinatal mortality rates still birth rates under five mortality rate child mortality rates
Neonatal mortality rates
(Death in first 28 days after birth in a year / live births in same year) * 1000
What does the neonatal mortality rate indicate
delivery care and Neonatal care
Post neonatal mortality rates
Deaths between 29 days and 1 year after birth in a year / live births in the same year )* 1000
What does the post neonatal mortality rate indicate
Pediatric care
quality of home infant care
Infant mortality rates
Deaths under one year of age / total life births ) * 1000
Still birth rate
Annual deaths between 28 weeks gestation to birth / total births (life and still birth) * 1000
Perinatal mortality rate
Deaths 28 weeks gestation to 7 completed days of life / total births (life and stillbirths )* 1000
Child mortality rates
Number of deaths between one and 5/ Number of live births who are one year ) ×1000
Under five mortality rates
Probability of dying between birth to five years
(number of deaths in children under five / total live births )* 1000
What is fertility
Actual birth performance of a woman
What is infertility
Absence of actual birth performance of a woman
What is fecundity
Physiological capacity to reproduce of a woman
What is fecundability
Probability that a woman will conceive during a menstrual cycle
What is infecundity , sterility or physiological infertility
Lack a physiological capacity to reproduce
What is primary sterility
When conception is never achieved
What is secondary stability
Not able to conceive after one or more children have been born
What are some factors that directly influence fertility
Behavioral and biological factors
What are some factors that indirectly influence fertility
Cultural psychological economic social health environmental
What is a period analysis
Analysis performed over a defined timeframe which study all people present during that time frame
What is cohort analysis
Analysis of a defined group of people who are at the same stage for demographic event and Are followed over a defined period of time
What are some examples of. Measures of fertility
Age specific fertility rates age specific marriage rates age specific divorce rates crude birth rate Crude marriage rates Crude divorce rates child women ratio general marriage rates general divorce rates general fertility rates total birth
What are some examples of cohort measures of fertility
Gross reproduction rate
nets reproduction rate
total fertility rates
Each specific marriage rate formula
(Marriages of females in each group / mid year population of female ) * 1000
Age specific divorce rates formula
(Divorce of female / midyear population of females )* 1000
Age Specific fertility rate formula
(Births in a year to woman in a given age group / mid year population of women )* 1000
Age specific death rate formula
(Deaths in a year at a given age / mid year population )* 1000
Crude divorce rate formula
(Divorces in a year / mid year population )* 1000
Crude marriage rate formula
(Marriages in the year / mid year population )* 1000
General marriage rates formula
(Marriages in the year / mid year population over 15yo) ×1000
General fertility rate formula
(Number of live births in a year / mid year population of women) *1000
General divorce rate formula
(Divorces in the year / mid year population age 15 and other )* 1000
Child women ratio formula
(Number of children aged 0-4 / number of women aged 15 to 49) *1000
Crude birth rate formula
(Number of live births in a year / mid year population )* 1000
Cause specific death rates. Formula
(Deaths in a calendar year from particular cause / total mid year population )* 100,000
What is the total fertility rate formula
Sum of single year age specific fertility rates per 1000
What is the gross reproduction rate
Average number of daughters a woman will have if she experiences this sets of age specific fertility rates
Total fertility rate * (female births / all births)
Nets reproduction rate
Average number of daughters that would be born to woman if she passed through childbearing years conforming to the age specific fertility rates and age specific marriage rates
Population density defined as
Population/ unit land area
People/km^2
Other types of density measures
Average number of people per household
Average number of persons per room
Importance of population density
Identify crowding level
Measure and compare population distribution
High population density shows overpopulation with resources scarce
Global population
7.71 billion
Continent with majority of population
Asia - 60%
These two countries have 35.6% of the populatio
India
Chnia
Population of Asia
4.58 billion
Most three populated regions of the world
Southern Asia
Eastern Asia
Southeastern asia
Year by which India population will surpass chinas one
2025
Second most populous continent
Africa
Population of Africa
1.3 billion
Number of countries in Africa
54
Europe population
738million
Slowest growing rate continent
Europe
Noth America population
580 million
South America population
422million
Smallest continent
Australia
Population of Australia
38.3 million
Least populated continent
Antarctica
Growth population worldwide
1.17%
Fastest growing continent
Afroca
Growth rate of Africa
2.57
Europe growth rate
0.08%
Places of world that have negative growth rate
Eastern an Southern Europe
What is migration
Movement of population form one recognized boundary or geographic area to another with purpose of settling or residence
Number of migrants in 2019
272 millions
Reasons of migration
Out of choice
Out of necessity
Number of forcibly displaced people
70 millions
Who is a migrant
Any person moving or has moved across an international border within state away from his or her habitual place of residence
Percentage of female migrant
48%
Umber of migrant children
38million
Types of migration
International -> across international borders
Internal -> within boundaries of a country
Types of international migration
Immigration
Emigraton
Types of internal migration
Rural rural
Rural urban
Urban urban
Urban rural
Health implications due to migration
Epidemics Spread of communicable diseases Poor access to health facilities Poor environmental conditions Development of slums
Social implications of migration
Healthy strong population move Malnutrition Lack of proper care of children Low food production in rural areas Remittances set home support economy Brain drain Stress on social amenities due to increased population size Slums development High social vices Streetwise children and sellers Low qualifications for available jobs Low socioeconomic status Cultural shock Traditions and norms influence Land space and amenities stress
Measures taken to address rural urban migration
Social amenities and facilities in rural areas
Employable skills to residents
Micro credit access
Industries and job opportunities
High yield crop to farmers , fertilizers access,
Solve ethnic conflicts
What is population distribution
Pattern of settlement , location of people in an area
How people are spread across specific area
World population distribution even or uneven
Uneven
Type of population distribution
Uniform dispersion
Random disperse
Clumped dispersion
Uniform dispersion
More or less equally sparsed
Random dispersion
Random dispersion with no predictable pattern
Clumped dispersion
Clustered in groups
Categories of population distrubion type
Local, districti, regional, national , global
Statistical areas
Residence
Age
Sex
Factors influencing population distribution
Physical factors Social and economic Demographic Human Political Historical factors
Physical factors influencing population distribution
Topography Relief Climate Nature of soil Vegetation Water resources Mineral and energy resources Altitude , latitude
Which areas attract more people -> plain or mountain
Plain
Why are mountains not adequate for population growth
Not enough land for agriculture
Low development of transport, industries,
difficult to build houses , roads, railways
Remote
Which climate better for population growth -> temperate or or extreme temperature
Temperate
Social and economic factors influencing population istirbution
Infrastructure
Social amenities
Economic activities
Cultural , political , administrative policies
Demographic factors influencing population distribution
Births Deaths Migration Low RONI -> developed. Countries High RONI -> less developed countries
What is urbanisation
Increase proportion of a population living in an urban area
Increase in amount of industrialisation
People moving to cities or densely settled areas
Common problems in urban area s
Lack of jobs Homelessness Inadequate services., infrastructure Poor health Poor education High pollution
Urban growth definition
Describe increase in population of an urban locality or area between two points in time
Urban slum
Low class settlement within or in close proximity to cities or large towns Densely populated Lack basic infrastructure
Urban sprawl
City or a town grows spatially and annex nearby localities
Boundaries between both unclear
Counter urbanisation
People movement out of cities to surrounding areas
Reasons for counter urbanisation
Increased car ownership More mobility Go away from pollution , crime , and traffic congestion Retirement More amenities around cities
Urbanisation benefits
Internal commerce Foreign trade Financial services Economic growth Growth of modern production and industry Education
Urbanisation disadvantages
Rapid and unplanned urban growth Poor infrastructure (Inadequate housing , Water and sanitation , Transport and, healthcare ) Traffic congestion Air pollution Slums Sewerage pollution High disease High chronic diseases Noise pollution Unhealthy habits Risky sexual behavior
Mega cities
Urban area of greater than ten million people
Number of mega cities around the world
24
Urbanisation reasons
Natural increase
Rural to urban migration
RONI formula
Births - deaths / mid year pop x100
Pull factors
Factors that attract people form villages to cities
Push factor
Drive people away from countryside
Pull factors examples
Employment opportunities
More educational institutions
Urban lifestyle
Push factor examples
Poor living conditions
Poor healthcare
Less educational and economical opportunities
Environmental changes
Factors that influence who migrates - selective process
Gender
Age
Impact of urbanisation on housing
1/3 of urban inhabitants live in slums and settlements in developing countries
Slums definition
Urban areas heavily populated with sub standard housing , very poor living conditions
Issues in slums
Poor housing Overcrowded houses Restricted water supply No sanitation , latrines No solid waste disposal No health care facilities Insecurity
Challenges in growing urban settings
Water supply Water sanitation Waste and pollution Water quality Solid waste Air quality Health Food Economic system Social system
Why is there water supply challenges in urbanisation
Too much demand
Conflict between agricultural demand and industrial and domestic demand
Criteria used to determine urban areas
City population size
Population density
% of labour force employed in non agricultural activities
Availability of social facilities (health , educational ,
energy consumption
Industrialization degree
When is a community considered urban in Ghana ? USA? Australia ?
Ghana -> 5000 people
USA -> 50,000 people
Australia -> 1000
