Demography Flashcards
1
Q
Who created the notion of demography
A
The Belgian achille guillard in 1855
2
Q
Etiology of the word demography
A
From greek
Demos - people
Graphein - study
3
Q
Demography
A
Study of human population characteristics and processes
4
Q
Definition of demography by guillard
A
Natural and social history of the human species
Mathematical knowledge f populations and their general movements, changes,I and of their physical, intellectual and moral conditions and qtates
5
Q
Narrow/formal definition of demography
A
Analysis of the size, distribution, growth structure/change, processes and the composition of a population
6
Q
Key components of demography
A
Size Distribution Growth / decline Structure Characteristics Processes
7
Q
Normal demography definition
A
study of human population in relation to changes brought by the interplay of birth, death and migration.
8
Q
Broader definition of demography
A
Application of demographic data and findings including study of problems related to demographic processes
9
Q
Applied demography definition
A
Usage of knowledge gained from analyzing and understanding populations in order to manage them effectively
10
Q
Areas where applied demography is used
A
Effet of lifestyle on population processes
Effect of immigration/ emigration on a society
Prediction of future population size and its effect
Government funding, planning and population change
Effect of population change on mariage and fertility
11
Q
Less important factors that still affect demographic
A
Ethnic Social Economic Genetic inheritance Intelligence
12
Q
Population studies and demography differences
A
Demography more quantitative and interested in changes of components of demography
Population studies is not only interested in population variable but also all the other factors that affect it
13
Q
Least populated continent compared to size in the world
A
Africa
14
Q
Continent with Fastest growing populations
A
Africa
15
Q
Why does urbanization occur
A
Natural increase and migration fueled by nature and spatial natural resource distribution and utilization
Occur mostly due to migration of people from rural to urban areas
16
Q
Higher or lower level of literacy in urban areas
A
Higher
17
Q
Is Africa pronatalist
A
Yes
18
Q
What demographic processes do you find in demographic data
A
Birth Death Migration Marriage Divorce
19
Q
What demographic characteristics do you find in demographic data
A
Sex age marital status birthplace occupation education
20
Q
What are the 2 broad sources of demographic data
A
Conventional
Non conventional
21
Q
Examples of conventional sources
A
Population census Vital registration system Demographic sample surveys Migration statistics Population registers
22
Q
Example of non conventional sources
A
Parish or baptismal records School registers Family planning Health rcords Security stats Citizenship identification records Voters registration records SSNIT
23
Q
What does census means
A
Latin for assessing or taxing
24
Q
Why census
A
Know taxpayers
Identify laborers
Identify soldiers
25
What is population census
Taking statistical account of people in a particlar place with reference to paritcular point in time
Collection, compilation , analysis , and publication of demoraphic, social, economic data pertaining to all people in a country at specific period in time
26
What is the goal of population census
Size
Distribution
Composition of population
27
Relevance of population census
Primary source of demogrpahic data
Estimation of future population size, structure, distribution
Delineate electoral boundaries
Used for planning for socioeconomic development in areas of health education and housing
Research
Business
Sampling frame for surveys
Provide information on small areas and small groups
Guide for EC, NHIA
28
Type of population censusb
```
De facto ( most common)
De jure
```
29
What is de facto population count
Count people whereever they are physically at the time of count
30
De jure population count
Enumerate people at their place f usual rsidence
31
What measures are taken for population census day
Country demarcation into enumeratuon areas with corresponding maps and descriptions
Enumerators manual for training of field workers
Declaration of census night
Capturing floating population
32
What are the limitations of populaton census
```
Irregularities
Late publication of reports
Age heaping
Digit preference
Proxy reporting causing errors
Non accessibility of data for further research
```
33
What is age heaping
Ages are estimate so preferred ages most often declared
34
What is digit preference
Sge given with certain preferred digitd
35
How many national censys in ghana so far
5
36
Definition of vital registration system
Continuous registration of vital demographic events as and when they occur
37
Vital demographic events of vital registration system
```
Birth registration
Death registration
Marriage registration
Divorce
Migration
```
38
Importance of vital registration system
```
Estimate population
Monitor component of pop change
Describe pop characteristics (growth, sex, age, structure, distribution )
Research
Planning purposes
```
39
Limitations of VRS
```
Incomplete
Non continuous
Varies spatially coverage
Prone to errors
False representation
Poorly stored
Difficult to assess the raw data
```
40
Types of VRS
Passive (people go to registration office to register event)
| Active (go to people to see if theres something to record )
41
Factors affecting VRS
```
Low value attached to it
Low state commimtment
Low public education
Poor personel , not motivated
Having passive insteas of active registration
Sc beliefs
No sanction
```
42
What is demography sample survey
Source of data based on representative sample of study population collected in selected household and population to infer characteristics of the entire population
43
What are the advantages of the demographics sample survey
Less costly
Convenient
Requires less time to conduct
Flexibility
44
Why is the demographics sample survey relevant
Estimation of total population and distribution check accuracy of population census
Estimation of components of population change and demographic variables
handy for irregularity and high cost of population census
45
Limitation of the demographics sample survey
Can you be undermine by sampling errors
Delayed publication
Limited scope
Not comparable with one another
46
Types of DSS
Single round survey (most common) - only interviewed once
Multi round survey - several interviews
Dual record system - two independanr data collection side by side
47
Population register definition
Name
Adresses
Age
Sex
Helps verfy ccensus figures for given year
48
Sources of demographic errors
Interviewer
Respondent
Datta colection planning, system, organisation
Data coding, entry, analysis
49
2 categories of demographic errors
Non sampling error (Coverage error , content error)
| Sampling error
50
What is coverage error
People that were absent and not counted during census
| People counted twice
51
What is content error
Accuracy problen with data obtianed
52
What si sampling error
Happens when sample taken
53
What is the population dynamics
How and why populations change in size and structure overtime
54
What are the important factors in population dynamics
Birthrates and death rates migration
55
What are the different models of population growth
Arithmetic population growth
geometric population growth
exponential population growth
logistic population growth
56
What is arithmetic population growth
Population increases by a constant number of percents in each. So graph is linear
57
Is there a real population that grows like arithmetic population growth
No
58
What is geometric population growth
Population increases by fixed ratio at regular intervals
59
Is there a real population that increases a fixed ratio
No
60
What is exponential population growth
Growth changes occur continuously and from instant instant by fixed ratio
61
Why is exponential population growth not so realistic
Because in real life rates do not stay constant for so long
62
What is logistic population growth
Grove start slow then increases and later plateaus
63
How does population grow
Exponentially
64
How does food and other resources grow
Grow with arithmetically
65
What is the demographic balancing equation
Population growth = Natural increase + net migration
| Population growth = (birth-death)+(arrivals-departure)
66
What are the basic measures of Growth and decline
Absolute change
percentage change
average annual increase
arithmetic growth rates
67
What is the absolute change
The difference between the size of the population at the start and the end of a period time which is the Net growth
68
What is the percentage change
Absolutely change related to initial population
| (Pn-Po)/Po *100
69
What is the average annual increase
Average number by which population changes per year which assumes Arithmetic growth
(Pn-Po)/n
70
What is arithmetic growth rates
Compares the annual average increase with the initial population
(Pn-Po/n)/Po *100
71
What is the net growth
The difference between 2 population counts
72
What are the survivors
People who were present at 2 count done
73
What are the losses
Difference between survivors from first counts who never moved in the original counts which is made up of deaths and migration departures
74
What is gross growth
Difference between survivors from first counts who never moved and the new population which is made up of survivors from birth and migration arrivals
75
What is the demographic transition
Explains population change over time and is the transition from hive birthrate and death rate to lower birthrate and death rate when there’s development of a country or region
76
Who proposed the demographic transition concept
Waren Thompson
77
What are the four traditional stages in transition theory
Pre-transition
Transition /early industrialisation stage
post transition /mature industrial stage
Post industrial stage
78
Characteristics of pre-transition stage
```
High birthrates
high death rate
high child mortality
low life expectancy at birth
slow population growth
small population size
young population
low growth
```
79
Transition stage characteristics
High birthrates
death rates begins to fall specially among young ones
high and rapid population growth
happens in developing countries
80
Characteristics of post transition stage
Birthrate begins to fall due to birth control and marriage pattern
lower death rates
lower growth compared to stage two
developing countries like Ghana
81
Post industrial stage characteristics
Slow death rate
Slow birthrates
very slow growth
developed countries
82
What is teach five demographic transition theory
Very low fertility
birth rates drop below replacement level
population growth is negative
83
What is the most widely used comparative measure of population change
Rates
84
What are the basic demographics rates
Crude birth rate
crude death rate
rate of natural increase
rate of net migration
85
Crude birth rate
(Number of life birth in a year / mid year population) *1000
86
Crude death rate
(Number of deaths in a year / mid year population )*1000
87
Natural increase
Let’s effect of births and deaths in the population without migration
Crude birth rate - crude death rate
88
Rates of net migration
(Immigration in a year - emigration in a year / mid year population)*1000
89
Population growth rate
((Birth minus death )+ (immigration - emigration)/ mid year population )*100
90
What are the major maternal health indices
Contraceptives prevalence rates
maternal mortality rates
maternal mortality ratio
91
Contraceptive prevalence rates
(Proportion of women between 15 and 49 using any method of contraception in a year / mid year population of woman in fertility age in same year )* 1000
92
Maternal mortality ratio
Maternal deaths in a year / mid year population of WIFA) * 100,000
93
Major child Health indices
```
Neonatal mortality rates
postneonatal mortality rates
infant mortality rates
perinatal mortality rates
still birth rates
under five mortality rate
child mortality rates
```
94
Neonatal mortality rates
(Death in first 28 days after birth in a year / live births in same year) * 1000
95
What does the neonatal mortality rate indicate
delivery care and Neonatal care
96
Post neonatal mortality rates
Deaths between 29 days and 1 year after birth in a year / live births in the same year )* 1000
97
What does the post neonatal mortality rate indicate
Pediatric care
| quality of home infant care
98
Infant mortality rates
Deaths under one year of age / total life births ) * 1000
99
Still birth rate
Annual deaths between 28 weeks gestation to birth / total births (life and still birth) * 1000
100
Perinatal mortality rate
Deaths 28 weeks gestation to 7 completed days of life / total births (life and stillbirths )* 1000
101
Child mortality rates
Number of deaths between one and 5/ Number of live births who are one year ) ×1000
102
Under five mortality rates
Probability of dying between birth to five years
(number of deaths in children under five / total live births )* 1000
103
What is fertility
Actual birth performance of a woman
104
What is infertility
Absence of actual birth performance of a woman
105
What is fecundity
Physiological capacity to reproduce of a woman
106
What is fecundability
Probability that a woman will conceive during a menstrual cycle
107
What is infecundity , sterility or physiological infertility
Lack a physiological capacity to reproduce
108
What is primary sterility
When conception is never achieved
109
What is secondary stability
Not able to conceive after one or more children have been born
110
What are some factors that directly influence fertility
Behavioral and biological factors
111
What are some factors that indirectly influence fertility
```
Cultural
psychological
economic
social
health
environmental
```
112
What is a period analysis
Analysis performed over a defined timeframe which study all people present during that time frame
113
What is cohort analysis
Analysis of a defined group of people who are at the same stage for demographic event and Are followed over a defined period of time
114
What are some examples of. Measures of fertility
```
Age specific fertility rates
age specific marriage rates
age specific divorce rates
crude birth rate
Crude marriage rates
Crude divorce rates
child women ratio
general marriage rates
general divorce rates
general fertility rates
total birth
```
115
What are some examples of cohort measures of fertility
Gross reproduction rate
nets reproduction rate
total fertility rates
116
Each specific marriage rate formula
(Marriages of females in each group / mid year population of female ) * 1000
117
Age specific divorce rates formula
(Divorce of female / midyear population of females )* 1000
118
Age Specific fertility rate formula
(Births in a year to woman in a given age group / mid year population of women )* 1000
119
Age specific death rate formula
(Deaths in a year at a given age / mid year population )* 1000
120
Crude divorce rate formula
(Divorces in a year / mid year population )* 1000
121
Crude marriage rate formula
(Marriages in the year / mid year population )* 1000
122
General marriage rates formula
(Marriages in the year / mid year population over 15yo) ×1000
123
General fertility rate formula
(Number of live births in a year / mid year population of women) *1000
124
General divorce rate formula
(Divorces in the year / mid year population age 15 and other )* 1000
125
Child women ratio formula
(Number of children aged 0-4 / number of women aged 15 to 49) *1000
126
Crude birth rate formula
(Number of live births in a year / mid year population )* 1000
127
Cause specific death rates. Formula
(Deaths in a calendar year from particular cause / total mid year population )* 100,000
128
What is the total fertility rate formula
Sum of single year age specific fertility rates per 1000
129
What is the gross reproduction rate
Average number of daughters a woman will have if she experiences this sets of age specific fertility rates
Total fertility rate * (female births / all births)
130
Nets reproduction rate
Average number of daughters that would be born to woman if she passed through childbearing years conforming to the age specific fertility rates and age specific marriage rates
131
Population density defined as
Population/ unit land area
| People/km^2
132
Other types of density measures
Average number of people per household
| Average number of persons per room
133
Importance of population density
Identify crowding level
Measure and compare population distribution
High population density shows overpopulation with resources scarce
134
Global population
7.71 billion
135
Continent with majority of population
Asia - 60%
136
These two countries have 35.6% of the populatio
India
| Chnia
137
Population of Asia
4.58 billion
138
Most three populated regions of the world
Southern Asia
Eastern Asia
Southeastern asia
139
Year by which India population will surpass chinas one
2025
140
Second most populous continent
Africa
141
Population of Africa
1.3 billion
142
Number of countries in Africa
54
143
Europe population
738million
144
Slowest growing rate continent
Europe
145
Noth America population
580 million
146
South America population
422million
147
Smallest continent
Australia
148
Population of Australia
38.3 million
149
Least populated continent
Antarctica
150
Growth population worldwide
1.17%
151
Fastest growing continent
Afroca
152
Growth rate of Africa
2.57
153
Europe growth rate
0.08%
154
Places of world that have negative growth rate
Eastern an Southern Europe
155
What is migration
Movement of population form one recognized boundary or geographic area to another with purpose of settling or residence
156
Number of migrants in 2019
272 millions
157
Reasons of migration
Out of choice
| Out of necessity
158
Number of forcibly displaced people
70 millions
159
Who is a migrant
Any person moving or has moved across an international border within state away from his or her habitual place of residence
160
Percentage of female migrant
48%
161
Umber of migrant children
38million
162
Types of migration
International -> across international borders
| Internal -> within boundaries of a country
163
Types of international migration
Immigration
| Emigraton
164
Types of internal migration
Rural rural
Rural urban
Urban urban
Urban rural
165
Health implications due to migration
```
Epidemics
Spread of communicable diseases
Poor access to health facilities
Poor environmental conditions
Development of slums
```
166
Social implications of migration
```
Healthy strong population move
Malnutrition
Lack of proper care of children
Low food production in rural areas
Remittances set home support economy
Brain drain
Stress on social amenities due to increased population size
Slums development
High social vices
Streetwise children and sellers
Low qualifications for available jobs
Low socioeconomic status
Cultural shock
Traditions and norms influence
Land space and amenities stress
```
167
Measures taken to address rural urban migration
Social amenities and facilities in rural areas
Employable skills to residents
Micro credit access
Industries and job opportunities
High yield crop to farmers , fertilizers access,
Solve ethnic conflicts
168
What is population distribution
Pattern of settlement , location of people in an area
| How people are spread across specific area
169
World population distribution even or uneven
Uneven
170
Type of population distribution
Uniform dispersion
Random disperse
Clumped dispersion
171
Uniform dispersion
More or less equally sparsed
172
Random dispersion
Random dispersion with no predictable pattern
173
Clumped dispersion
Clustered in groups
174
Categories of population distrubion type
Local, districti, regional, national , global
Statistical areas
Residence
Age
Sex
175
Factors influencing population distribution
```
Physical factors
Social and economic
Demographic
Human
Political
Historical factors
```
176
Physical factors influencing population distribution
```
Topography
Relief
Climate
Nature of soil
Vegetation
Water resources
Mineral and energy resources
Altitude , latitude
```
177
Which areas attract more people -> plain or mountain
Plain
178
Why are mountains not adequate for population growth
Not enough land for agriculture
Low development of transport, industries,
difficult to build houses , roads, railways
Remote
179
Which climate better for population growth -> temperate or or extreme temperature
Temperate
180
Social and economic factors influencing population istirbution
Infrastructure
Social amenities
Economic activities
Cultural , political , administrative policies
181
Demographic factors influencing population distribution
```
Births
Deaths
Migration
Low RONI -> developed. Countries
High RONI -> less developed countries
```
182
What is urbanisation
Increase proportion of a population living in an urban area
Increase in amount of industrialisation
People moving to cities or densely settled areas
183
Common problems in urban area s
```
Lack of jobs
Homelessness
Inadequate services., infrastructure
Poor health
Poor education
High pollution
```
184
Urban growth definition
Describe increase in population of an urban locality or area between two points in time
185
Urban slum
```
Low class settlement within or in close proximity to cities or large towns
Densely populated
Lack basic infrastructure
```
186
Urban sprawl
City or a town grows spatially and annex nearby localities
| Boundaries between both unclear
187
Counter urbanisation
People movement out of cities to surrounding areas
188
Reasons for counter urbanisation
```
Increased car ownership
More mobility
Go away from pollution , crime , and traffic congestion
Retirement
More amenities around cities
```
189
Urbanisation benefits
```
Internal commerce
Foreign trade
Financial services
Economic growth
Growth of modern production and industry
Education
```
190
Urbanisation disadvantages
```
Rapid and unplanned urban growth
Poor infrastructure (Inadequate housing , Water and sanitation , Transport and, healthcare )
Traffic congestion
Air pollution
Slums
Sewerage pollution
High disease
High chronic diseases
Noise pollution
Unhealthy habits
Risky sexual behavior
```
191
Mega cities
Urban area of greater than ten million people
192
Number of mega cities around the world
24
193
Urbanisation reasons
Natural increase
| Rural to urban migration
194
RONI formula
Births - deaths / mid year pop x100
195
Pull factors
Factors that attract people form villages to cities
196
Push factor
Drive people away from countryside
197
Pull factors examples
Employment opportunities
More educational institutions
Urban lifestyle
198
Push factor examples
Poor living conditions
Poor healthcare
Less educational and economical opportunities
Environmental changes
199
Factors that influence who migrates - selective process
Gender
| Age
200
Impact of urbanisation on housing
1/3 of urban inhabitants live in slums and settlements in developing countries
201
Slums definition
Urban areas heavily populated with sub standard housing , very poor living conditions
202
Issues in slums
```
Poor housing
Overcrowded houses
Restricted water supply
No sanitation , latrines
No solid waste disposal
No health care facilities
Insecurity
```
203
Challenges in growing urban settings
```
Water supply
Water sanitation
Waste and pollution
Water quality
Solid waste
Air quality
Health
Food
Economic system
Social system
```
204
Why is there water supply challenges in urbanisation
Too much demand
| Conflict between agricultural demand and industrial and domestic demand
205
Criteria used to determine urban areas
City population size
Population density
% of labour force employed in non agricultural activities
Availability of social facilities (health , educational ,
energy consumption
Industrialization degree
206
When is a community considered urban in Ghana ? USA? Australia ?
Ghana -> 5000 people
USA -> 50,000 people
Australia -> 1000
