Occupation/Power

Question 1

accommodation theory

Answer 1

convergence - matching
downward convergence - more regional
upward convergence - more refined
mutual convergence - both parties alter
divergence - seperating

Question 2

grice

Answer 2

manner- avoid ambiguity
relevance - relevant to ongoing context
quantity- not saying more nor less
quality - truthful
implicature - seems you are not cooperating but you are, shared understanding

Question 3

drew and heritage rules

Answer 3

special rules in hierarchal settings

different in workplace rather than normal conversation

Question 4

lakoff politeness principle

Answer 4

dont impose
give options
make receiver feel good

Question 5

atkinson

Answer 5

hyper formal turn taking in parliament

links to idea of certain workplaces having asymmetry be accentuated

Question 6

holmes and stubbe

Answer 6

those in higher position can downplay or assert authority to alter their status

Question 7

blank

Answer 7

change language in an attempt to fit in social situations and exert influence

Question 8

brown and levinson 1987 pp

Answer 8

positive politeness
showed people they liked and admired
compliments
social superior reducing distance

Question 9

brown and levinson 1987 np

Answer 9

shown when wanting to avoid intruding
indirect language that is apologetic
keeping titles

Question 10

goffman 1955

Answer 10

face
present an image to others at changes in different situations
cooperation principle says we respect and accept people presentation
FTA: refusing the face we are being offered and mocking/ challenging it
this is rare as people dont want their face challenged - maintains status

Question 11

french and raven

Answer 11

5 ‘bases of power’
legitimate - genuine e.g teacher=student
referent - rapport with people e.g teacher covers a lesson = friendship/loyalty or gain referent power
expert - superior knowledge e.g listen to teacher= knowledge you will need
reward - reward in exchange of compliance or withhold for lack of e.g sweet for correct answer
coercive - force someone to do something e.g headteacher makes teacher mark a certain way

Question 12

kim and elder 2009

Answer 12

korean pilots and air traffic staff
experiencing miscommunication when talking to american colleagues
not due to language difference
unhelpful abbreviation, unneccessary elaborations, idiomatic phrases

Question 13

politicians language

Answer 13

pauses for dramatic effect
rp
emotive language humanises them
gesticulation paralinguistic features
everyone as a whole
rhetorical questions
lack of fillers makes them trustworthy

Question 14

inferential frameworks

Answer 14

knowledge built upon over time and used in order to understand meanings that are implicit

Question 15

lexis used for purpose

Answer 15

companies = euphemisms for difficult situations

e.g released - fired

Question 16

idiomatic phrases

Answer 16

group of words not meaning what they appear e.g bringing home the bacon (money)

Question 17

language link to occupation

Answer 17

develop own features
source of lang change
attitudes to society

Question 18

acronyms

Answer 18

speciailsed lang
used for speed, efficiency and privacy
pcso - police community support officer

Question 19

michael nelson

Answer 19

british national corpus
clear semantic field of business e.g premises, departments, depot
less lexis to do with personal issues
overlap of lexis in occupations

Question 20

misinterpretation

Answer 20

acronyms
accents
double meanings
vague language

Question 21

occupational register

Answer 21

word/phrases used soley in particular job

originated in specfic job and now more widely used

Question 22

lexis in occupation

Answer 22

well educated spoke latin/borrowed words from latin to expand language
80% english is latin words
60% english have greek or latin origin
10% of latin found into english without intermediary (usually french)

Question 23

influential power

Answer 23

persuade others to do something
used to get people to join politicians
control people with a certain view

Question 24

restricted terms

Answer 24

words/phrases only used specifically in settings e.g court, hopsital

Question 25

synthetic personalisation

Answer 25

personalised language such as 2nd person pronoun ‘you’

contruct a ‘fake’ relationship between text producers and receivers

Question 26

wareing 1999

Answer 26

classified power as political (law enforcement, politicians)
personal (occupation)
social (class, age, gender)

Question 27

jargon

Answer 27

not understood by everyone
sounds professional
unnecessarily complex
scientific and technical
euphemisms distract
vague and imprecise sometimes

Question 28

syntactic patterning

Answer 28

when the order of words has developed a pattern of repetition or a similar order throughout e.g same tone

Question 29

linguistic relatively

Answer 29

how the structure of a language affects the way in which respective conceptualise their world e.g their view

Question 30

herbert and straight

Answer 30

in conversations, compliments are paid but move down the hierarchy
e.g boss pay you one more than you pay your boss one

Question 31

koester

Answer 31

workplace is varied
divide conversations - transactional and interactional
transactional= making a transaction e.g getting something done
interactional= serving a social purpose

Question 32

fairclough

Answer 32

conversations at work lead to ‘conversationalisation’

become less formal overtime

Question 33

plain english campaign

Answer 33

reduce amount of jargon

detracts from the ‘plain english’

Question 34

spolsky

Answer 34

become persuaded into the group

stand out in a bad way if you dont know/use jargon

Question 35

john swales

Answer 35

'the web of discourse'
being part of 'discourse community'
share common purpose and goals
similarities and differences
e.g boss and employee using same jargon, boss using language differently

Question 36

crystal

Answer 36

jargon leads to efficiency
optimal communication
group identity
‘elite’ members can emerge e.g boss knows more jargon

Question 37

kollataj

Answer 37

some language like slang has stigma

jargon doesnt

Question 38

herrgard

Answer 38

time constrained situations e.g kitchen

jargon works well for efficiency

Question 39

althusser

Answer 39

disturbs thoughts if you dont know/ use jargon

Question 40

drew and herritage

Answer 40

relevant jargon makes it more efficient
goal orientated conversations
achieve work placed goal

Question 41

myers- scotton

Answer 41

code switch to one with the most benefits
up and down registers
increased politeness markers e.g fronting imperative with ‘please’

Question 42

hornyak

Answer 42

conversations initiated by those who have the most power

Question 43

thornborrow

Answer 43

workplace built with asymmetrical power

different people have different amounts of power

Question 44

gavruseva

Answer 44

built on roberts and sarangi research
many different ‘discourse identities’
talk to different people differently

Question 45

herring

Answer 45

technology and gender has influence on work based language

emails- men use harsher and less euphemised methods of expression, women more emotional responses seeking personal touch

Question 46

roberts and sarangi

Answer 46

challenged previous theories
workplace roles are negotiated by conversation
arent fixed

Question 47

heritage

Answer 47

turn taking structure happens in transactional conversations

person with most power asks most questions