Ethnicity

Question 1

jenny cheshire 2008

Answer 1

new form of english
london inner city among young people
mle later renamed mue

Question 2

hubert devonish

Answer 2

patois is language of the home
expresses emotion
english is something children learn at school - overt prestige and formal

Question 3

viv edwards 1986

Answer 3

people speak in a group rather than on their own
varied interviewer by age and ethnicity
1 - formal interviewer and white researcher ‘Mr Sutcliffe’ about education
4 - discussion by black peer group talking about questionnaire regarding attitudes to mainstream white society
5 - informal conversation with black fieldworker over biscuits and drinks
1: 5.57% used patois 4: 43.29% used patois 5:30.11% used patois
sensitive to ethnicity, age and topic
use of english v patois - aggregate index

Question 4

john pitts 2012

Answer 4

difference in english young black speakers who felt that mainstream society was ignoring and constraining them
resistance identity through language

Question 5

jamaican english

Answer 5

mi run im run
subjective - objective

verbs not always marked e.g im tell me dat yesterday

Question 6

garrard mcclendon

Answer 6

black american english ebonics
time and place for BAE
blames teachers for not correcting
people who use BAE need to change to raise expectations , state of emergency
stereotypes not employable
code switching needed to protect

Question 7

carribbean english

Answer 7

h dropping e.g appy

th stopping e.g dis

Question 8

mary bucholtz 2001

Answer 8

‘white nerds’ deliberately diverge from other white peers who use ‘cooler’ black styles

Question 9

linguistic approphacy

Answer 9

which language choices reflect ideas for appropriate context

Question 10

linguistic identity

Answer 10

when placed with prejudice for language to equip speakers with knowledge to help on whether to code switch or not

Question 11

1960s and 1970s

Answer 11

JE and white neighbours exposed to different varieties - degree of crossing
ethnolect shared
linked to accommodation theory

Question 12

le page and tabouret keller

Answer 12

‘act of identity’

revealing through personal use of language , ethnic and solidarity

Question 13

patois

Answer 13

type of creole, blend of english and other african languages commonly jamaican

Question 14

labov and trudgill

Answer 14

prestige separated into overt and covert prestige
both used when changing speech
to appear to have a high reputation, success, standing
but do so in different ways

Question 15

code switching

Answer 15

ability to move between different types of language in order to suit the needs of the other

Question 16

viv edwards 1986 JE in west midlands

Answer 16

english is official language of the former british west indies
afro-caribbean immigrants had a few communication difficulties upon arrival compared to immigrants from other regions

Question 17

mark sebba 1993 london jamaican

Answer 17

LJ is linked to BBE and has been identified as main choice of young new generation brought up in london Caribbean community
lies between cockney and creole forms

Question 18

sue fox and paul kerswill

Answer 18

MLE is identified with by adolescent users in the wider city of environment of greater london
gaining ground in other large uk cities e.g bristol

Question 19

devyani sharma and lavanya sankaran 2011

Answer 19

focussed on /t/ pronunciation when researching punjabi indian english
distinctive local pronunciation as well as south asian pronunciation
local london /t/ glottalised

Question 20

MLE emerged in 20th century

Answer 20

sociolect among young, working class
many ethnicities, urban cities as specific social group from hybrid
certain features in london spreading - aitchsion

Question 21

ben rampton 2010

Answer 21

creole seen cool, tough and good to use
associated with assertiveness, verbal resourcefulness , competence in heterosexual relationships and opposition to authority

Question 22

roger hewitt 1986 and mark sebba 1993

Answer 22

new development in late 1990s, ‘black cockney’
style rather than discrete variety
black young speakers in london

Question 23

resistance identity

Answer 23

against mainstream culture

Question 24

super standard forms

Answer 24

language use that deliberately intensifies the standard forms of mainstream culture

Question 25

british black english

Answer 25

wide ranging label but often refers to a variety used by some speakers within the caribbean community in the uk

Question 26

kara becker

Answer 26

ethnicity is prioritised too much as a factor used to explain linguistic variations between different groups
other factors must be considered to be an equal or higher measure e.g social group, region

Question 27

penelope eckert

Answer 27

white varieties are categorised into many levels of dialect e.g yorkshire
non white varieties tend to be lumped together
solutions made such as bedor - ethnolinguisitic repertoires
problem persists within and outside of linguistic study

Question 28

holmes 2013

Answer 28

speakers don’t necessarily have to have a native or extensive knowledge of their second language to claim ethnic identity
act of code switching to create a sense of solidarity within an ethnic group is enough
e.g descendants of immigrants from non-english speaking countries whose first language is punjabi would not have to speak it fluently instead the natural code switching between the words of the two languages is enough to create a non english identity

Question 29

gordon d drummond 2012

Answer 29

examined speech habits of people in manchester
discovered there were two types of immigrants’ pronunciation
polish immigrants settled and wanted to stay- less of polish accent , could have softened their accent
polish immigrants who wanted to move back - assert polish identity in britain, could have strengthened it
the comparison was only done between these groups of people
no comparison to the general polish accent was made

Question 30

gary ives 2014 bradford

Answer 30

using language to create a well-defined social identity, speak differntly from family and friends
british asian use same diverse forms of language to be part of social group
lexis influenced by wide mixture of influences e.g popular culture, area/postcode, being born in england and age
differentiate themselves from others with pakistani backgrounds and ‘freshies’ and use language to exclude
comparisons to martha’s vineyard - clear and definite attempt to use language to exclude others and feel included
identity is clearly importance to group of teens - unifying mechanism

Question 31

gary ives 2014 london

Answer 31

some lexical choices originate from other countires e.g afro caribbean or jamiacan backgrounds
not about ethnicity rather than where you live- white backgrounds used lexis from other places e.g bruv
teens demonstrated grammatical distinctions including normalisation - changing word class e.g hyping - hype

Question 32

ives 2014

Answer 32

to ensure independent variable was ethnicity he studied teachers
code switched to an equal measure
age wasnt necessarily an influencing factor