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Language and Diversity > Accent and dialect > Flashcards

Accent and dialect Flashcards

1
Q

Giles CP

A

capital punishment experiment
5 groups of students
4 oral and 1 written script
spoken in different accents; RP, Somerset, Welsh and Brummie
RP - most competent and reliable, lowest in persuasiveness, seen as ‘snobby and posh’

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2
Q

AC Gimson

A

1962
RP could be a disadvantage
especially in social situations where empathy and affection needed

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3
Q

Linda Mugglestone

A

RP prestige is on the wane

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4
Q

Jonathan Harrington

A

investigated Queen’s accent
over 50 years of christmas speeches
believes started shifting to southern english accent
via interactions with non RP speakers and gradual reduction

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5
Q

George Osbourne

A 
chancellor role
drop his RP accent 
accent closer to Estuary English
'kinda' 'briddish' - 'kind of' 'british'
RP in parliament
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6
Q

Giles and Powesland

A

speaker of psychology to two sets of students
RP and Brummie
RP ranked higher
Brummie least intelligent

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7
Q

Giles matched guise

A 
accent put on by speaker
rate on various features
RP most intelligent and prestigious
regional friendlier and more honest
Brummie rated least intelligent
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8
Q

Worcester College

A

clips form police interview
Brummie labelled as guilty significantly more
Brummie labelled more likely to be poor and working class

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9
Q

Uni of Aberdeen

A

study of jokes
Brummie funniest
RP unfunniest

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10
Q

RP

A

‘standard accent’ of Southern England -OED
prescriptivisim
overt prestige - high status due to ‘establishment’ and ‘queen’s english’
artificial construct - regionless
oudated - 2%
universally recognised - ‘english’ by foreigners or when accent challenge

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11
Q

RP phonological features

A

trap/bath split - long a /a:/ e/g bath
h-retention - /h/ always pronounced in initial positioning e.g house
non-rhoticity - not pronouncing the /r/ at ends of words e.g mother
conservative vowels - sound like they ‘ought to’
yod coalescence - /j/ pronounced ‘y’ e.g rain, spain, tuesday
features known as shibboleths - feature of a group

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12
Q

Paul Coggle

A 
EE never a good name but stuck with it 
accent of the lower middle classes in Greater London, Home Counties areas 
it is used by some younger people from upper class backgrounds
probably influence the speech of power-holders in the Greater London area
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13
Q

Paul Kerswill

A

within 50 years, MLE will replace cockney completely

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14
Q

Trudgill variations

A 
variations in relationships to show class and regional forms
triangle shows as social class decreases, regional variation increases
classify dialectal words - traditional and mainstream
traditional - 'old', rural lexemes and grammatical constructions
mainstream - more common lexical and grammatical constructions used majorly in a grammatical area
lexical attrition process dies out traditional dialectal words
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15
Q

Cockney rhyming slang

A

dialectal variation found in London
originated from criminal underworld in 1800s
‘brown bread’ - dead
stopped being used by criminals when adopted by non criminals - stopped deictic
‘donkey ears’ - years ‘donks’ broadening and becoming common usage
dialectal terms rarely used
weakened version still in use e.g Eastenders

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16
Q

MLE

A

variation arisen from migration
bringing in speakers of ENFL
inner-London cities

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17
Q

spreading of MLE

A 
mostly by grime music 
Stormzy
part of teenagers speech
difficult to distinguish of whether it is an idiolect or sociolect
news publication 'jafaican'
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18
Q

MLE features

A

indefinite pronoun ‘man’ e.g man dem
‘why… for?’ e.g why you doing that for?
/h/ retention e.g house
jamaican slang e.g blood for friend
th-stopping (harsh sound instead of th) e.g MLE is a mad ting

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19
Q

Estuary English

A

David Rosewarne
occasionally ‘London Regional General British’
variation around River Thames
mix of RP and cockney

20
Q

Estuary English features

A

glottal stop - missing out ‘t’ in middle of words e.g butter
dark l (/l/) - pronuncing ‘L’ sound with an (ow) sound e.g ull
mouth closer to /ea/ (air) in words like hair
th- fronting - ‘th’ with ‘f’ e.g fing

21
Q

Mark Thompson 2008

A

conscious effort to move away from ‘BBC english’

wider range of accounts on BBC

22
Q

Workman 2008

A

different accents looking at people’s photos and rating intelligence
yorkshire most intelligent
birmingham least intelligent

23
Q

Malcom Petyt

A 
omission of /h/ in speech (h-dropping)
social climbing in bradford
conscious effort moving up the social ladder and hyper correction
lower working class 93% h-dropping
lower middle class 12% h-dropping
24
Q

Labov black venacular english 1972

A

independent dialect of english
incomplete form of expression
deprivation in the black community

25
Q

Philip Howard 1993

A

the point of rp is to enable one tribe of pronouncers to feel superior

26
Q

Tajfel 1978

A

personal v group identities

identify and adopt personas

27
Q

milroy and milroy 1985

A

children struggle at school as SE is unfamiliar

all varieties of English should be valued equally and not discouraged

28
Q

folkes and docherty 1999

A

suggested dialect levelling is a degree of standardisation

surviving forms not common to one region

29
Q

milroy

A

open network - person whose contacts don’t know each other (low density)
closed network - person whose contacts know each other (high density)

30
Q

milroy belfast study

A

correlation between the density of the network
the language was that the higher the density
the more there was use of vernacular or non-standard forms

31
Q

labov new york department study

A

post-vocalic ‘r’ - prestige pronunciation in NY
investigated speech sales of sales assistants -Saks (H) Macys (M) Kleins (L)
Saks prestige ‘r’ the most when asked for directions
Kleins used it least
Macys greatest upward shift when asked to repeat

32
Q

mark sebba

A

london jamaican english - phonological and grammatical elements of carribbean creoles, cockney, SE and RP
eveolved from language needs of immigrant countries

33
Q

beryl bainbridge

A

all children should have elocution lessons to wipe out regional accents
taught to abandon her own Liverpool accent had helped her career no end
bainbridge criticised for falling into the pymalion trap; higher expectations = increased performance

34
Q

paul coggle 1993 attitudes to accents

A 
like accents for different reasons
evaluated stereotypical attitudes towards different classes
more soothing and friendly e.g geordie
some reputable for poverty
generalised so unrepresentative
35
Q

howard giles

A 
accommodation theory
convergence
upwards convergence
downwards convergence
divergence
36
Q

choy and dodd 1976

A

teachers make judgements on students’ abilities and personalities based on how they speak

37
Q

thomas pear 1931

A

people have different perceptions of a speaker according to their accent

38
Q

halliday

A

social variation theory

forms of sociolect arise in order to support subcultures seeking a covert identity

39
Q

kerswill - milton keynes

A

vowel fronting indicating influence of EE due to significant migration in the area from london
represents EE has a potential in dialect levelling

40
Q

kerswill - survivor in dialect levelling

A 
multiple negation
use of aint
absence of plural marking e.g 3 foot
absence of adverb marking
addition of present tense - s e.g i likes
41
Q

trudgill norwich study

A

men and women from different social classes
women use overt prestige to appear higher social class due to social insecurity
men use covert to appear more down to earth and tough
looked at ‘g’ dropping, ‘t’ glottalisaton (wa’er), loss of initial ‘h’ (ave)
men and lower social classes dropped ‘g’ most
women over reported their use of standard seeking overt
men use more non-standard seeking covert

42
Q

cheshire 1990s

A

children’s prestige
explore whether adults prestige stemmed from speech as a child
girls spoke to maintain/ create friendships
boys spoke to install a group identity

43
Q

prestige - coined by labov, trudgill links to social values

A 
overt - nationally recognised, offical context, high intelligence
covert- loyalty and solidarity, working class with class and region using non-standard
44
Q

kerswill dialect levelling

A 
caused by movement of people leading to greater dialectal contact
increasing social mobility has led to the consequent breakdown of tight-knit working -class communication
45
Q

john honey

A

some prejudices about accents are reasonable
deeply ingrained they are unlikely to be eradicated
children are being disadvantaged - not equipped with an accent to succeed
SE should be taught in schools
status of accent reflects power and people who use it
hierarchy of accent in terms of social prestige and perceived attractiveness

Language and Diversity (9 decks)

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