Age Flashcards
de klerk
teenagers have freedom which allows them to rebel against linguistic norms
mark themselves as different to others
jenny cheshire
11 non standard forms used by teens against adherence to the law
multiple negation
non standard use of ‘what’ e.g is that the book what we learning about
‘aint’ as copula verb e.g you aint the teacher
children who approved criminal activities more likely to use non standard forms
more boys than girls approved - deduce non standard variations are conscious
clear prestige of standard and non standard
gain overt prestige from behaving when abiding the law
covert prestige of non standard forms fits with the breaking of the law
sali tagliamonte
teens have gained a mastery in new set of registers
‘like’ as quotative verb is on increase in anecdotes
almost 1/4 of adjectives are intensified
eckert theory of age
chronological - physical time
biological - maturity of the body
social - way someone is developed in society
penelope eckert
vowel sounds in detroit /e/ and /^/ e.g flesh - flush and negative concord (multiple negation)
jocks - school centred, enaged in school sphered activities, significantly higher proportion of standard form, vowels were conservative, grammatical constructions practically all standard (no negative concord), 1 jock girl used negative concord, considerable more jock boys used negative concord
burnouts- looking for a job in the local workforce, activities in neighbourhood area, detroit vowels severely, burnout girls and boys no difference of negative concord
emma moore 2010
social groups in bolton
non-standard use of ‘were’
eden valley girls- well off, standard form, higher social class, geographically distant
populars - rebellious, didnt always use standard, 3 girls higher social class - no standard form
townies - mix of upper working and lower middle, rebellious activities, non standard, working class boys
geeks- choir, 4 from lower class used non standard, generally disliked non standard
tony mcenery
top 20 words by teens included ‘yeah’, ‘no’, ‘but’ which account for 1/3 of all words used
john bald
‘culture among teenagers of stripping away verbiage in language… part of a wider anti-social school culture’
martha’s vineyard
teens choose to converge/diverge to give different impression of themselves
younger generations wanted to follow the older generations
connection between younger and older generations
stenstrom, anderson and hasund 2002
non standard grammatical features 14-16 in london multiple negation use of 'aint' ellipsis of auxiliary verbs non standard pronouns such as 'theirselves'
ignacio palacios martinez 2011
use of negatives
teens use more negatives frequently than adults
teens more direct in their speech
typical negative words and phrases are used by teens are informal
goffman FTA 1955
purposefully creates a barrier between the two age groups for distance and individuality
older generations disliking ‘new’ language of younger generations -negative face threatening independence
younger generations new language threatens the older generations positive face as they would feel left out
accommodation theory age
many teens feel the need for acceptance from their peers
teens f=diverge from ‘adult speech’ to create own identity
teens feel the need to assert their dominance through own language
douglas bigham 2012
important life events more likely to occur post-18
chronological age may be a factor for young people
christopher odato 2012
three stages of how children and teenagers use the word “like”.
Stage 1 children roughly 4 and under, “like” infrequently and only in a few syntactic positions often as a filler
Stage 2 age 5 for girls, and age 7 for boys. the word became more popular.
Stage 3 many different syntactic positions e.g prepositional phrases
Odato noted how girls tended to move onto this stage before boys.
use of “like” in the ways it used is due to an “element of copying from the older generations”.
