Occupation Flashcards
LANGUAGE & OCCUPATION
What is restricted occupational lexis?
Occupations, such as medicine and law, using highly specialist lexis heavily influenced by other languages
LANGUAGE & OCCUPATION
Give three French examples of ROL
Voire dare - true say
Fee simple - fee
Prima facie - based on first impressions
LANGUAGE & OCCUPATION
Give two Latin examples of ROL
Novation - to make new
Tort - a wrongful act
LANGUAGE & OCCUPATION
What is legalese?
A pejorative term associated with a traditional style of legal writing
LANGUAGE & OCCUPATION
What is legalese a part of?
A specialist discourse of lawyer communication which lay people cannot easily comprehend
LANGUAGE & OCCUPATION
What did Melinkoff say about the language of the law?
The law is a profession of words: whether government, legislation, or class room activities, the words of the law are the law
LANGUAGE & OCCUPATION
Why must legalese be clear and unambigous?
To leave no room for loopholes
LANGUAGE & OCCUPATION
What has the preoccupation with preciseness (legalese) led to?
The character of law being thought of as wordy with an overly complicated syntax and high register
LANGUAGE & OCCUPATION
What does the preoccupation with clarity (legalese) often mean?
The law is very hard to understand for the general public, requiring those with legal training to interpret it and putting lawyers therefore into very powerful positions
LANGUAGE & OCCUPATION
What do some people argue about legalese?
In a democracy the law should be accessible to everyone
LANGUAGE & OCCUPATION
What changes have been made to the language of the law?
Writ - claim form
Affidavil - statement of truth
In camera - in private
Subpoena - witness summons
POWER
Define jargon
Specialist lexis
POWER
Give one positive of jargon
Quick and efficient communication
POWER
Give 5 negatives of jargon
- Creates power and superiority
- Excludes lay people
- Exploitation
- Do buzz words really mean anything?
- Euphemisms require inference
POWER
Describe an unequal encounter
Where one speaker can exert influence, linguistically, over another speaker
POWER
Define power asymmetry
A marked difference between the power status of individuals in discourse
POWER
Define constraints
Powerful speakers block or control the contributions of less powerful participants
POWER
Define formulation
When a powerful speaker enforces an answer for their suited purpose
POWER: the history
When did the official language switch to French?
After the 1066 Norman invasion
POWER: history
Why was speaking Latin a sign of status?
It played a huge role within the church and education
DREW & HERITAGE 1992 INSTITUTIONAL TALK
Define goal orientation
When participants in a workforce focus on specific tasks/goals
DREW & HERITAGE 1992 INSTITUTIONAL TALK
Define turn taking roles of restricition
In some professional contexts there are specialist turn taking rules in operation, for example within doctors surgeries
DREW & HERITAGE 1992 INSTITUTIONAL TALK
Define allowable contributions
When there are restrictions of what kinds of contributions are allowable
DREW & HERITAGE 1992 INSTITUTIONAL TALK
Define structure
Workplace/professional interactions can be structured in specific ways
DREW & HERITAGE 1992 INSTITUTIONAL TALK
Define asymmetry
Workplace and professional interactions often have one speaker who has more expertise and knowledge, therefore more power
KOESTER 2004 PHATIC TALK
What did Koester look at?
How employees support each other in their tasks
KOESTER 2004 PHATIC TALK
What did Koester find about phatic talk?
It is important for getting jobs done, and increases productivity
JOHN SWALES: DISCOURSE COMMUNITIES
Characteristic #1
A discourse community has a broadly agreed set of common public goals
JOHN SWALES: DISCOURSE COMMUNITIES
Characteristic #2
A discourse community has mechanisms of intercommunication amongst it’s members
JOHN SWALES: DISCOURSE COMMUNITIES
Characteristic #3
A discourse community uses it’s participatory mechanisms to provide information and feedback
JOHN SWALES: DISCOURSE COMMUNITIES
Characteristic #4
A discourse community utilizes and hence possesses one or more genres in the communicative furtherance of its aims
JOHN SWALES: DISCOURSE COMMUNITIES
Characteristic #5
In addition to owning genres, a discourse community has acquired specific lexis
JOHN SWALES: DISCOURSE COMMUNITIES
Characteristic #6
A discourse community has a threshold level of members with a suitable degree of relevant content and discoursal expertise
EUPHEMISMS AT WORK
Describe global English
In colonies, speaking English represented power and status
EUPHEMISMS AT WORK
Taboo function
Swapping taboo for euphemism to avoid the specific taboo but keep the taboo intention
EUPHEMISMS AT WORK
Polite function
Avoiding social awkwardness by modifying taboo with another noun or imagery
EUPHEMISMS AT WORK
Covering up function
Using euphemism to remain vague with semantics: politics
EUPHEMISMS AT WORK
Including function
Using euphemism to be more persuasive and hyperbolic
EUPHEMISMS AT WORK
Tactical function
The use of euphemism to reduce impact if original lexis is too blunt
EUPHEMISMS AT WORK
Humour function
A comedic manner of euphemism to lighten situations
FACE THEORY
Who and when investigated face theory?
Gossman 1955
FACE THEORY
What did Gossman theorize?
As humans we have an image which we want to portray ourselves as which is linked to our emotional sense of self… this is called our face
FACE THEORY
What is the face maintained by?
The audience not the listener
FACE THEORY
What does our face vary on?
The audience
POLITENESS STRATEGIES
Who and when theorized about politeness strategies?
Brown and Levinson 1987
POLITENESS STRATEGIES
What did Brown and Levinson say?
We employ politeness in interactions as a means of showing awareness of someone’s face
POLITENESS STRATEGIES
Define a positive face
A desire to be liked and well respected
POLITENESS STRATEGIES
Define a negative face
The need to have freedom and thought and not be imposed upon through interactions
POLITENESS STRATEGIES
In social interactions what do we assume?
We will have our face wants met
POLITENESS STRATEGIES
Define a face threatening act
When a speaker threatens someone’s self image
NELSON: BUSINESS LANGUAGE
What did Nelson find?
There is a semantic field for business
KIM AND ELDER
What did Kim and Elder investigate?
2009 Korean pilots
KIM AND ELDER
What did Kim and Elder conclude?
Difficulties weren’t caused by poor language skills of the Koreans but because Americans weren’t using the agreed upon terms.
WAERING: THREE TYPES OF POWER
What were the three types of power Waering investigated?
Political, personal and social
WAERING: THREE TYPES OF POWER
Define political power
Power held by those with the backing of the law
WAERING: THREE TYPES OF POWER
Define personal power
Power held by individuals due to their roles in social groups
WAERING: THREE TYPES OF POWER
Define social group power
Power held as the result of being a dominant member of a social group
ACRONYMS
Give an example of three different teaching acronyms
APP, OFSTED, EBD
