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Occupation Flashcards

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1
Q

LANGUAGE & OCCUPATION

What is restricted occupational lexis?

A

Occupations, such as medicine and law, using highly specialist lexis heavily influenced by other languages

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2
Q

LANGUAGE & OCCUPATION

Give three French examples of ROL

A

Voire dare - true say
Fee simple - fee
Prima facie - based on first impressions

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3
Q

LANGUAGE & OCCUPATION

Give two Latin examples of ROL

A

Novation - to make new

Tort - a wrongful act

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4
Q

LANGUAGE & OCCUPATION

What is legalese?

A

A pejorative term associated with a traditional style of legal writing

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5
Q

LANGUAGE & OCCUPATION

What is legalese a part of?

A

A specialist discourse of lawyer communication which lay people cannot easily comprehend

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6
Q

LANGUAGE & OCCUPATION

What did Melinkoff say about the language of the law?

A

The law is a profession of words: whether government, legislation, or class room activities, the words of the law are the law

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7
Q

LANGUAGE & OCCUPATION

Why must legalese be clear and unambigous?

A

To leave no room for loopholes

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8
Q

LANGUAGE & OCCUPATION

What has the preoccupation with preciseness (legalese) led to?

A

The character of law being thought of as wordy with an overly complicated syntax and high register

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9
Q

LANGUAGE & OCCUPATION

What does the preoccupation with clarity (legalese) often mean?

A

The law is very hard to understand for the general public, requiring those with legal training to interpret it and putting lawyers therefore into very powerful positions

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10
Q

LANGUAGE & OCCUPATION

What do some people argue about legalese?

A

In a democracy the law should be accessible to everyone

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11
Q

LANGUAGE & OCCUPATION

What changes have been made to the language of the law?

A

Writ - claim form
Affidavil - statement of truth
In camera - in private
Subpoena - witness summons

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12
Q

POWER

Define jargon

A

Specialist lexis

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13
Q

POWER

Give one positive of jargon

A

Quick and efficient communication

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14
Q

POWER

Give 5 negatives of jargon

A
  • Creates power and superiority
  • Excludes lay people
  • Exploitation
  • Do buzz words really mean anything?
  • Euphemisms require inference
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15
Q

POWER

Describe an unequal encounter

A

Where one speaker can exert influence, linguistically, over another speaker

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16
Q

POWER

Define power asymmetry

A

A marked difference between the power status of individuals in discourse

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17
Q

POWER

Define constraints

A

Powerful speakers block or control the contributions of less powerful participants

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18
Q

POWER

Define formulation

A

When a powerful speaker enforces an answer for their suited purpose

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19
Q

POWER: the history

When did the official language switch to French?

A

After the 1066 Norman invasion

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20
Q

POWER: history

Why was speaking Latin a sign of status?

A

It played a huge role within the church and education

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21
Q

DREW & HERITAGE 1992 INSTITUTIONAL TALK

Define goal orientation

A

When participants in a workforce focus on specific tasks/goals

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22
Q

DREW & HERITAGE 1992 INSTITUTIONAL TALK

Define turn taking roles of restricition

A

In some professional contexts there are specialist turn taking rules in operation, for example within doctors surgeries

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23
Q

DREW & HERITAGE 1992 INSTITUTIONAL TALK

Define allowable contributions

A

When there are restrictions of what kinds of contributions are allowable

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24
Q

DREW & HERITAGE 1992 INSTITUTIONAL TALK

Define structure

A

Workplace/professional interactions can be structured in specific ways

25
Q

DREW & HERITAGE 1992 INSTITUTIONAL TALK

Define asymmetry

A

Workplace and professional interactions often have one speaker who has more expertise and knowledge, therefore more power

26
Q

KOESTER 2004 PHATIC TALK

What did Koester look at?

A

How employees support each other in their tasks

27
Q

KOESTER 2004 PHATIC TALK

What did Koester find about phatic talk?

A

It is important for getting jobs done, and increases productivity

28
Q

JOHN SWALES: DISCOURSE COMMUNITIES

Characteristic #1

A

A discourse community has a broadly agreed set of common public goals

29
Q

JOHN SWALES: DISCOURSE COMMUNITIES

Characteristic #2

A

A discourse community has mechanisms of intercommunication amongst it’s members

30
Q

JOHN SWALES: DISCOURSE COMMUNITIES

Characteristic #3

A

A discourse community uses it’s participatory mechanisms to provide information and feedback

31
Q

JOHN SWALES: DISCOURSE COMMUNITIES

Characteristic #4

A

A discourse community utilizes and hence possesses one or more genres in the communicative furtherance of its aims

32
Q

JOHN SWALES: DISCOURSE COMMUNITIES

Characteristic #5

A

In addition to owning genres, a discourse community has acquired specific lexis

33
Q

JOHN SWALES: DISCOURSE COMMUNITIES

Characteristic #6

A

A discourse community has a threshold level of members with a suitable degree of relevant content and discoursal expertise

34
Q

EUPHEMISMS AT WORK

Describe global English

A

In colonies, speaking English represented power and status

35
Q

EUPHEMISMS AT WORK

Taboo function

A

Swapping taboo for euphemism to avoid the specific taboo but keep the taboo intention

36
Q

EUPHEMISMS AT WORK

Polite function

A

Avoiding social awkwardness by modifying taboo with another noun or imagery

37
Q

EUPHEMISMS AT WORK

Covering up function

A

Using euphemism to remain vague with semantics: politics

38
Q

EUPHEMISMS AT WORK

Including function

A

Using euphemism to be more persuasive and hyperbolic

39
Q

EUPHEMISMS AT WORK

Tactical function

A

The use of euphemism to reduce impact if original lexis is too blunt

40
Q

EUPHEMISMS AT WORK

Humour function

A

A comedic manner of euphemism to lighten situations

41
Q

FACE THEORY

Who and when investigated face theory?

A

Gossman 1955

42
Q

FACE THEORY

What did Gossman theorize?

A

As humans we have an image which we want to portray ourselves as which is linked to our emotional sense of self… this is called our face

43
Q

FACE THEORY

What is the face maintained by?

A

The audience not the listener

44
Q

FACE THEORY

What does our face vary on?

A

The audience

45
Q

POLITENESS STRATEGIES

Who and when theorized about politeness strategies?

A

Brown and Levinson 1987

46
Q

POLITENESS STRATEGIES

What did Brown and Levinson say?

A

We employ politeness in interactions as a means of showing awareness of someone’s face

47
Q

POLITENESS STRATEGIES

Define a positive face

A

A desire to be liked and well respected

48
Q

POLITENESS STRATEGIES

Define a negative face

A

The need to have freedom and thought and not be imposed upon through interactions

49
Q

POLITENESS STRATEGIES

In social interactions what do we assume?

A

We will have our face wants met

50
Q

POLITENESS STRATEGIES

Define a face threatening act

A

When a speaker threatens someone’s self image

51
Q

NELSON: BUSINESS LANGUAGE

What did Nelson find?

A

There is a semantic field for business

52
Q

KIM AND ELDER

What did Kim and Elder investigate?

A

2009 Korean pilots

53
Q

KIM AND ELDER

What did Kim and Elder conclude?

A

Difficulties weren’t caused by poor language skills of the Koreans but because Americans weren’t using the agreed upon terms.

54
Q

WAERING: THREE TYPES OF POWER

What were the three types of power Waering investigated?

A

Political, personal and social

55
Q

WAERING: THREE TYPES OF POWER

Define political power

A

Power held by those with the backing of the law

56
Q

WAERING: THREE TYPES OF POWER

Define personal power

A

Power held by individuals due to their roles in social groups

57
Q

WAERING: THREE TYPES OF POWER

Define social group power

A

Power held as the result of being a dominant member of a social group

58
Q

ACRONYMS

Give an example of three different teaching acronyms

A

APP, OFSTED, EBD

English Language (9 decks)

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