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English Language > Gender > Flashcards

Gender Flashcards

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Proverbs and Idioms flashcards
1
Q

DOMINANCE vs DIFFERENCE

Define the dominance model

A

Men are naturally more dominant

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2
Q

DOMINANCE vs DIFFERENCE

Define the difference module

A

Men and women are different, and therefore use different language

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3
Q

OTTO JESPERSON 1922

What did Jesperson say about the frequency of women’s language?

A

Women talk alot

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4
Q

OTTO JESPERSON 1922

What type of sentences do women use?

A

Half finished sentences

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5
Q

OTTO JESPERSON 1992

Are women more emotional or grammatical with their language?

A

Emotional

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6
Q

OTTO JESPERSON 1922

What do women frequently use?

A

Adjectives and hyperboles

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7
Q

OTTO JESPERSON 1922

Do women have a smaller vocabulary than men, and if so what does this lead to?

A

Yes, meaning they are better at speaking it fluently

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8
Q

OTTO JESPERSON 1922

Who does Jesperson say are responsible for adding new words to the English Language?

A

Men

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9
Q

O’BARR and ATKINSON

What do these linguists say about language differences?

A

They are power specific rather than gender specific

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10
Q

O’BARR and ATKINSON

What did these linguists study?

A

A variety of courtroom cases

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11
Q

O’BARR and ATKINSON

How long did they study courtroom cases for?

A

30 months

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12
Q

O’BARR and ATKINSON

What were these linguists examining?

A

Lakoff’s deficit model

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13
Q

O’BARR and ATKINSON

What did they discover?

A

Lakoff’s proposed differences were not necessarily being a woman but of being powerless

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14
Q

O’BARR and ATKINSON

What was the proof they found?

A
  • 1st man and woman both spoke with a high frequency of ‘woman’s language’
  • Doctors and Police offices who testified using ‘men’s language’, even if they were female, higher position in society
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15
Q

ZIMMERMAN and WEST

What did these linguists find about mixed sex conversations?

A

Men are more likely to interrupt than women

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16
Q

GEOFFREY BEATTIE

What did Beattie find about interruptions?

A

Women and men interrupted with more or less equal frequency

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17
Q

GEOFFREY BEATTIE

Why was Beattie critical of Zimmerman and West’s investigation?

A

Sample size

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18
Q

PAMELA FISHMAN

What does Fishman argue about conversations between men and women?

A

They fail due to how men respond

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19
Q

PAMELA FISHMAN

What does Fishman question?

A

Lakoff’s view that tag questions demonstrate female hesitancy

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20
Q

PAMELA FISHMAN

What does Fishman claim?

A

In mixed sex interactions men speak twice as much as women

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21
Q

JENNIFER COATES 1986

What does Coates theorise?

A

Girls and boys develop largely different styles of speaking due to interactions in same sex groups

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22
Q

LANGUAGE AND GENDER

Define sex

A

Biological differences between men and women

23
Q

LANGUAGE AND GENDER

Define gender

A

Behaviour and roles that are a result of societal expectations

24
Q

LANGUAGE AND GENDER

What is the socialisation process?

A

Individuals have their behaviour conditioned and shaped

25
Q

LANGUAGE AND GENDER

What is the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis?

A

Language shapes the way we think, and therefore what we think about

26
Q

LANGUAGE AND GENDER

Define anthropomorphism

A

Projecting human behaviour onto the animal world

27
Q

LANGUAGE AND GENDER

What is lexical marking?

A

Adding the suffix, -ess, to distinguish between gender

28
Q

PAUL BAKER

What did Paul Baker investigate?

A

The extent of marked language in a range of gendered texts

29
Q

PAUL BAKER

What did Paul Baker find?

A

‘Girl’ is more likely to be used in a derogatory way

30
Q

IS ENGLISH A SEXIST LANGUAGE?

What is lexical priming and who investigated it?

A

Hoey 2005, where words are ready made for certain meanings due to habitual use, such as ‘ok guys’ opposed to ‘ok everyone’

31
Q

ROBIN LAKOFF: THE DEFICIT MODEL

What did Lakoff conclude?

A

Women were disadvantaged by adopting language which made them sound more passive and unconfident

32
Q

ROBIN LAKOFF: THE DEFICIT MODEL

Give examples of ‘women’s speech’ in the deficit model

A

Intensifiers, polite forms, tag questions, emphatic language, hypercorrect grammar, lack of humour

33
Q

ROBIN LAKOFF: THE DEFICIT MODEL

Give examples of ‘men’s speech’ in the deficit model

A

Frequent imperatives, interrupt more, swear more, tell more jokes, simplified vocabulary, use more non-standard forms

34
Q

ROBIN LAKOFF: THE DEFICIT MODEL

What does Lakoff’s deficit model suggest?

A

The male way of speaking is normal and women diverge away from the norm

35
Q

ROBIN LAKOFF: THE DEFICIT MODEL

Give two explanations for why women and men speak differently

A

Social class, and societal expectations of women

36
Q 
ROBIN LAKOFF: THE DEFICIT MODEL
Why does social class encourage men and women to speak differently?
A

More important to women than men, the speech qualities they use such as hypercorrect grammar is indicative of class.

37
Q

ROBIN LAKOFF: THE DEFICIT MODEL

Why do societal expectations of women cause them to talk differently?

A

Women expected to behave better than men, ‘boys will be boys’

38
Q

DEBORAH TANNEN

What did Tannen find?

A

Men understand men, and women understand women

39
Q

DEBORAH TANNEN

What do women focus on?

A

Overlapping

40
Q

DEBORAH TANNEN

What do men focus on?

A

Interrupting

41
Q

DEBORAH TANNEN

What does Tannen claim about why women overlap and men interrupt?

A

Women want to agree or encourage, men want to control and asset status

42
Q

DEBORAH TANNEN

What leads to a breakdown in communication?

A

Men and women could say the same thing but mean completely different ideas

43
Q

DEBORAH TANNEN

Define status vs support

A

Men use language to show power, women to agree

44
Q

DEBORAH TANNEN

Define independence vs intimacy

A

Men use language to show they don’t rely on others, women connect

45
Q

DEBORAH TANNEN

Define advice vs understanding

A

Men offer solutions but women offer empathy

46
Q

DEBORAH TANNEN

Define information vs feelings

A

Men tend to use more factual language, women stem from emotions

47
Q

DEBORAH TANNEN

Define orders vs proposals

A

Men command using imperatives, women tend to be more suggestive

48
Q

DEBORAH TANNEN

Define conflict vs compromise

A

Men use language to argue, women to negotiate

49
Q

BEHAVIOUR OVER AN ENTIRE DAY

Who ran this study and when?

A

Mehl et al, 2008

50
Q

BEHAVIOUR OVER AN ENTIRE DAY

What did the study research?

A
  • The average amount of words spoken by men and women each day
  • Aimed to discover which sex was the most talkative
51
Q

BEHAVIOUR OVER AN ENTIRE DAY

What were the findings?

A

The average for both men and women was around 16,000

52
Q

BEHAVIOUR OVER AN ENTIRE DAY

How did the study tackle Lakoff/Tannen?

A

Equality in speech between men and women, but conducted over30 years later

53
Q

BEHAVIOUR OVER AN ENTIRE DAY

Define three issues with research methods

A

Small demographic (30 students), extreme talkers may not have signed up for the experiment, pps aware they were being recorded

54
Q

JANE HOLMES

What did Jane Holmes say about tag questions?

A

A sign of politeness rather than uncertainty \

English Language (9 decks)

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