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PSYC 351B > Occipital, Parietal, and Temporal Lobes > Flashcards

Occipital, Parietal, and Temporal Lobes Flashcards

1
Q

What defines the separation of the occipital cortex from the temporal or parietal cortex on the lateral surface?

A
  • there is no clear division
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2
Q

What is the medial surface of the occipital lobes?

A
  • occipital- parietal surface

- calcarine sulcus: contains much of primary visual cortex (V1) and separates upper and lower visual fields

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3
Q

What does the ventral surface of the occipital lobes contain?

A
  • lingual gyrus (V2)

- fusiform gyrus (V4)

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4
Q

From what view can you see the calcarine sulcus?

A
  • mid-saggital
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5
Q

Where does the primary visual cortex (V1) get input from?

A
  • lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN)
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6
Q

Where does the primary visual cortex (V1) send its output to?

A
  • all other occipital levels
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7
Q

Where does secondary visual cortex (V2) send its output?

A
  • all other occipital levels
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8
Q

What are the three distinct parallel pathways after V2?

A
  • output to the parietal lobe - dorsal stream
  • output to the inferior temporal lobe (ventral stream)
  • multimodal output to the superior temporal sulcus (STS)
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9
Q

What is the dorsal stream?

A
  • visual guidance of movements for grasping

- some neurons may take part in converting visual info into coordinates for action

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10
Q

What are the parts of the ventral stream and what are they responsible for?

A
  • IT Inferior temporal cortex: object perception

- STS superior temporal sulcus: visuospatial functions

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11
Q

What is V1 responsible for and what happens if it is lesioned?

A
  • sending output to all other visual areas (V2, V5, V3A)
  • critical damage
  • cortically blind
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12
Q

What is V2 responsible?

A
  • sending output to all other visual areas (V3, V4, parietal visual areas)
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13
Q

What is V3 responsible for and what happens if it is lesioned?

A
  • dynamic form (ventral) and form (V3A, dorsal)
  • edges blur together
  • in combination with larger lesion of V4 would result in form deficit
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14
Q

What is V4 responsible for and what would happen if it was lesioned?

A
  • colour form
  • would only see in black and white (loss of color cognition)
  • cannot imagine or recall color
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15
Q

What is V5 responsible for and what would happen if it was lesioned?

A
  • motion
  • akinetopsia
  • erases the ability to perceive objects in motion (can only see objects at rest)
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16
Q

What is opsin and retinal?

A
  • opsin is a protein and can process one of the main colours

- retinal is a lipid

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17
Q

What are the three known alterations in the trichromatic coding?

A
  • protanopia
  • deuteranopia
  • tritanopia
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18
Q

What is protanopia?

A
  • visual acuity is normal
  • “red” cones may be filled with “green” opsin
  • confusion between red and green
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19
Q

What is deuteranopia?

A
  • “green” cones may be filled with “red” opsin
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20
Q

What is tritanopia?

A
  • difficulty with hues of short wavelengths
  • see world in greens and reds
  • retina lacking of “blue” cones
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21
Q

What is agnosia?

A
  • failure of recognition
  • not explained by sensory defects
  • not attributable to other pathologies or cognitive deterioration
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22
Q

What is the disconnection model?

A
  • visual perception connection to verbal processes is damaged
  • results in agnosia
  • unlikely because with agnosia usually certain categories of words are affected
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23
Q

What is the Stage Model (Lissauer, 1890) (model of recognition)?

A
  • apperception: repeated sensory input forms a percept (red apple, green apple, apple juice, apple scent)
  • association: relating stored information to the percept
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24
Q

What is the computational model (Marr, 1982) (model of recognition)?

A
  • we have stored representations
  • primal sketch: recognizing drawing of pumpkin
  • viewer-centered: recognizing back of empress
  • object-centered: recognizing back of obama’s head
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25
Q

What is the cognitive neuropsychology model (model of recognition)?

A
  • see object
  • initial representation
  • viewer-centered representation and object-centered representation
  • object recognition units
  • semantic system (what is the object used for)
  • name retrieval (lexicon)
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26
Q

What are the two types of object agnosia?

A
  • apperceptive agnosia

- associative agnosia

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27
Q

What is apperceptive agnosia?

A
  • failure in object recognition but basic visual functions (acuity, color, motion) preserved
  • unable to match or copy (can’t put pairs of objects together or copy a drawing)
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28
Q

What is a common symptom of apperceptive agnosia?

A
  • simultagnosia: unable to perceive more than one object at a time
  • perceive picnic as one object: blanket or bread
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29
Q

What does apperceptive agnosia result from?

A
  • gross bilateral damage to the lateral parts of the occipital lobes
  • (commonly from carbon monoxide poisoning)
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30
Q

What is associative agnosia?

A
  • inability to recognize an object despite its apparent perception
  • can copy a drawing but not identify it
  • loss of knowledge of the semantic meaning of objects
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31
Q

What does associative agnosia result from?

A
  • lesions higher in the processing hierarchy (anterior temporal lobe)
32
Q

What is hypothesis 1?

A
  • that the semantic system is modality-specific
  • meaning that there is a semantic system for visual, semantic system for auditory, etc.
  • ex. can look at bell and not identify it, but can identify it when they hear it
33
Q

What is hypothesis 2?

A
  • that the semantic system is anatomically specific
34
Q

What is cerebral achromatopsia and what is it caused by?

A
  • cortical colourblindness

- lesion in inferior surface of temporo-occipital region in the lingual and fusiform gyri

35
Q

What is colour agnosia and what is it caused by?

A
  • cannot name colours

- unknown

36
Q

What is cerebral akinetopsia and what is it caused by?

A
  • unable to see objects that move

- lesion to posterior middle temporal gyrus

37
Q

What is prosopagnosia?

A
  • inability to recognize previously familiar faces

- inability to learn new faces

38
Q

What is prosopagnosia caused by?

A
  • bilateral or R messial occipitotemporal region

- visual-limbic disconnection syndrome

39
Q

What are the subdivisions of the parietal cortex?

A
  • postcentral gyrus (1 2 3)
  • superior parietal lobule ( 5 7)
  • parietal operculum (43)
  • inferior parietal lobule: supramarginal gyrus (40) and angular gyrus (39)
40
Q

What are the functional zones of the parietal lobes?

A
  • anterior zone (1 2 3 43): somatosensory cortex

- posterior zone (remaining): posterior parietal cortex

41
Q

What are von Economo’s maps?

A
  • posterior parietal areas in both human and monkey
  • parietal area E (PE)
  • parietal area F (PF)
  • parietal area G (PG): polymodal and asymmetrical (larger in right hemi of humans)
42
Q

What are the visual processing areas of the parietal lobes?

A
  • intraparietal sulcus: controls saccadic eye movements

- parietal reach regions: visually guided grasping movements

43
Q

What are the connections of the parietal cortex?

A
  • posterior parietal and the prefrontal cortex
  • posterior parietal cortex and the dorsolateral prefrontal region
  • prefrontal cortex and posterior parietal regions project to paralimbic and temporal cortices, hippocampus and subcortical regions
44
Q

What do the connections of the parietal cortex play a role in?

A
  • controlling spatially guided behaviour
45
Q

What is the theory of parietal lobe function?

A
  • anterior zones: process somatic sensations and perceptions
  • posterior zones: integrate information from vision with somatosensory info for movement and spatial function
  • significant role in mental imagery
46
Q

What are three other symptoms related to parietal lobe damage that do not fit with the visuomotor view?

A
  • acalculia: difficulties with arithmetic (inability of mental imaging)
  • difficulties with certain aspects of language: quasi spatial (wife’s son vs son’s wife)
  • difficulties with movement sequences: cannot copy movement
47
Q

What does lesions to the postcentral gyrus produce?

A
  • abnormally high sensory thresholds
  • impaired position sense
  • deficits in sterognosis or tactile perception
  • afferent paresis: clumsy finger movements because lack of feedback about finger position
48
Q

What are three somatoperceptual disorders?

A
  • astereognosis
  • simultaneous stimulation
  • numb touch (blind touch)
49
Q

What is atereognosis?

A
  • disorder of tactile perception

- inability to recognize nature of an object by touch

50
Q

What is simultaneous stimulation?

A
  • two stimuli applied simultaneously to opposite sides of the body
  • a failure to report stimulus on one side (extinction)
  • associated with damage to ares PE and PF
51
Q

What is numb touch (blind touch)?

A
  • cannot feel stimuli and cannot feel touch, but can report location
  • large lesions in areas PE and PF and some of PG
52
Q

What is asomatognosia?

A
  • loss of sense of one’s own body
53
Q

What are some types of asomatognosia?

A
  • anosognosia
  • anosodiaphoria
  • asymbolia for pain
  • autopagnosia
54
Q

What is anosognosia?

A
  • unawareness or denial of illness
55
Q

What is anosodiaphoria?

A
  • indifference to illness
56
Q

What is asymbolia for pain?

A
  • absence of normal reactions to pain such as withdrawal
57
Q

What is autopagnosia?

A
  • usually results from left parietal cortex lesions

- finger agnosia

58
Q

What is Balint’s syndrome?

A
  • bilateral damage to posterior parietal lobe
  • could not fixate on a visual stimulus
  • simultagnosia
  • optic ataxia: problems with reaching under visual guidance
59
Q

What is the cause of contralateral neglect?

A
  • lesion in right inferior parietal lesions
  • damage to right intraparietal sulcus and the right angular gyrus
  • occasionally after lesions to frontal lobe and cingulate cortex
60
Q

What is contralateral neglect?

A
  • neglect for visual, auditory and somesthetic stimulation on one side of the body
  • constructional apraxia
  • unaware of condition
  • impairment in drawing and cutting
  • topographic disability: cannot draw maps
61
Q

What is theory 1 of contralateral neglect?

A
  • neglect caused by defective sensation or perception
  • lesion in area that receives input from all sensory regions
  • specifically in right hemi because of role of integrating spatial information
62
Q

What is theory 2 of contralateral neglect?

A
  • neglect caused by defective attention or orientation
63
Q

What is neglect paralexia?

A
  • will only read one side of two sided words

- ex cowboy and desktop

64
Q

What is neglect paragraphia?

A
  • will ignore half the page when typing or writing
65
Q

What is personal neglect?

A
  • shaving half the face, dressing half the body, combing hair on one side
66
Q

What is apraxia?

A
  • cognitive motor disorder that entails the loss or impairment of the ability to program motor systems to perform purposeful skilled movements
  • can brush teeth at home but not demonstrate it when asked to
67
Q

What are the steps in motor control of action under a verbal instruction?

A
  • auditory systems process instruction (Wernickes)
  • prefrontal cortex activates goal-directed motor action
  • posterior sensory regions specify movement goals in association with sensory info
  • instructions are generated by PFC and sent to premotor and SMA for movement organization and programming and then to primary motor cortex for execution
68
Q

What is buccofacial/oral apraxia?

A
  • difficulties performing learned voluntary movements with the muscles of the face, lips, tongue, cheeks, and larynx on command
69
Q

What is buccofacial/oral apraxia caused by?

A
  • associated with frontotemporal lesions
  • frontal and central opercula
  • anterior part of insula
70
Q

What is limb-kinetic apraxia?

A
  • impaired fine/precise movements with contralateral limb
  • most evident in rapid distal finger movement (tapping)
  • mostly contralateral R hand but sometimes ipsilateral
71
Q

What is ideomotor apraxia?

A
  • perseveratie errors
  • sequencing errors
  • spatial errors
  • timing errors
72
Q

What is ideational apraxia?

A
  • inability to carry out a series of acts and ideational plan
73
Q

What is conceptual apraxia?

A
  • content errors are commonly observed (using tool like another tool)
74
Q

What is constructional apraxia?

A
  • unable to draw or build with lego
75
Q

What is dressing apraxia?

A
  • unable to dress properly (head in arm hole, pants backwards)

PSYC 351B (14 decks)

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