History of Neuropsychology Flashcards
Cardiac (Empedocles) hypothesis
- our behavior caused from heart
Brain (alcmaeon) hypothesis
- our behaviour caused by brain
Aristotle’s theory of behaviour
- cardiac
- anticipated tabula rasa (bank slate)
- theory of the psyche or mentalism (mind is not physical)
- mind and bosy as two independent yet inseparable entities with no attributable parts
Herophilus (ca. 270 BC)
- first human dissector
- ventricles as the “seat of the soul”
Eristratus (ca. 260 BC)
- air (breath in)
- vital spirit (body)
- animal spirit (mind/brain)
- action
Galen (ca. 129-199 AD)
- mind and body association (not independent like Aristotle’s thoughts)
- theory of personality (sanguine: extrovert, phlegmatic: introvert, choleric: volatile, melancholic: docile)
Rene Descartes (1596-1650)
- dualism: mind and body separated but interactive
- animals mindless or machinelike because they cannot speak or reason
- believes that the soul resides in the pineal gland because it was not duplicated and located in the center of the brain
Neuroelectricity
- Isaac Newton: aethereal animal spirits
- Stephen Gray: changes in electricity when talking, acting
- Luigi Galvani
- Alessandro Volta: incorporated in brain
- Alexander von Humboldt: some intrinsic and extrinsic
- Luigi Rolando: discovered central sulcus and thought cerebellum was a voltaic pile
Materialism
- Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace
- Darwin’s idea of a common descent: the nervous system
Phrenology People
- Franz Joseph Gall
- Johann Casper Spurzheim
- study of mind through bumps and grooves of scalp
Phrenology and localization of function
- dissections of cortico-spinal tract demonstrated contralaterality and importance of cortical functions
- corpus callosum
- study of relation between the skull’s surface features and a person’s faculties
- cranioscopy localized 27 faculties
Who coined the term phrenology?
- Benjamin Rush and Thomas Forster
- popularized by Spurzheim
Pierre Flourens
- Antilocalization
Jean Baptiste Bouilllaud
against localization because dogs with damage could still function
Anthropoly Society: Ernest Auburtin vs. Pieere Gratiolet
- …
Paul Broca
- patient could only say tin tin but could understand language
- fastest published paper
- Broca’s area (44)
Pierre Marie
- called out Broca because brain had more damaged areas
Carl Wernicke
- Wernicke’s area (21, 22)
- patients can produce fluent language but don’t understand language
- interconnectivity
Joseph Dejerine
- Alexia
- without reading
Hugo Liepmann
- apraxia
- without movement (cannot follow instructions to do movement)
Norma Geschwind
- arcuate, connects areas
- if this damaged then areas cannot communicate
John Hughlings-Jackson
- hierarchical organization model
- CNS organized as a functional hierarchy with three levels (spinal cord, brain stem, forebrain)
What is the binding problem?
- continuous binding interaction between conscious and unconscious perception in the production of outcome actions
What is Luria’s hierarchical model of cortical function?
- Unit 1: reticular activating system (tone and arousal)
- Unit 2: Sensory unit (reception, analysis and storage of information) (Primary, secondary, tertiary)
- Unit 3: Motor unit (programming, regulating and verifying conscious activity) (Tertiary, secondary, primary)
What are the primary, secondary and tertiary areas in unit 2?
- primary sensory
- unimodal association
- polymodal association
What are the tertiary, secondary and primary areas in unit 3?
- prefrontal
- premotor
- primary motor
What does biopsychosocial mean?
- bio: brain structural/functional status
- psycho: cognitive change, emotional status
- social: quality of life, potential for social integration
