History of Neuropsychology

Question 1

Cardiac (Empedocles) hypothesis

Answer 1

• our behavior caused from heart

Question 2

Brain (alcmaeon) hypothesis

Answer 2

• our behaviour caused by brain

Question 3

Aristotle’s theory of behaviour

Answer 3

• cardiac
• anticipated tabula rasa (bank slate)
• theory of the psyche or mentalism (mind is not physical)
• mind and bosy as two independent yet inseparable entities with no attributable parts

Question 4

Herophilus (ca. 270 BC)

Answer 4

• first human dissector

- ventricles as the “seat of the soul”

Question 5

Eristratus (ca. 260 BC)

Answer 5

• air (breath in)
• vital spirit (body)
• animal spirit (mind/brain)
• action

Question 6

Galen (ca. 129-199 AD)

Answer 6

• mind and body association (not independent like Aristotle’s thoughts)
• theory of personality (sanguine: extrovert, phlegmatic: introvert, choleric: volatile, melancholic: docile)

Question 7

Rene Descartes (1596-1650)

Answer 7

• dualism: mind and body separated but interactive
• animals mindless or machinelike because they cannot speak or reason
• believes that the soul resides in the pineal gland because it was not duplicated and located in the center of the brain

Question 8

Neuroelectricity

Answer 8

• Isaac Newton: aethereal animal spirits
• Stephen Gray: changes in electricity when talking, acting
• Luigi Galvani
• Alessandro Volta: incorporated in brain
• Alexander von Humboldt: some intrinsic and extrinsic
• Luigi Rolando: discovered central sulcus and thought cerebellum was a voltaic pile

Question 9

Materialism

Answer 9

• Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace

- Darwin’s idea of a common descent: the nervous system

Question 10

Phrenology People

Answer 10

• Franz Joseph Gall
• Johann Casper Spurzheim
• study of mind through bumps and grooves of scalp

Question 11

Phrenology and localization of function

Answer 11

• dissections of cortico-spinal tract demonstrated contralaterality and importance of cortical functions
• corpus callosum
• study of relation between the skull’s surface features and a person’s faculties
• cranioscopy localized 27 faculties

Question 12

Who coined the term phrenology?

Answer 12

• Benjamin Rush and Thomas Forster

- popularized by Spurzheim

Question 13

Pierre Flourens

Answer 13

• Antilocalization

Question 14

Jean Baptiste Bouilllaud

Answer 14

against localization because dogs with damage could still function

Question 15

Anthropoly Society: Ernest Auburtin vs. Pieere Gratiolet

Answer 15

• …

Question 16

Paul Broca

Answer 16

• patient could only say tin tin but could understand language
• fastest published paper
• Broca’s area (44)

Question 17

Pierre Marie

Answer 17

• called out Broca because brain had more damaged areas

Question 18

Carl Wernicke

Answer 18

• Wernicke’s area (21, 22)
• patients can produce fluent language but don’t understand language
• interconnectivity

Question 19

Joseph Dejerine

Answer 19

• Alexia

- without reading

Question 20

Hugo Liepmann

Answer 20

• apraxia

- without movement (cannot follow instructions to do movement)

Question 21

Norma Geschwind

Answer 21

• arcuate, connects areas

- if this damaged then areas cannot communicate

Question 22

John Hughlings-Jackson

Answer 22

• hierarchical organization model

- CNS organized as a functional hierarchy with three levels (spinal cord, brain stem, forebrain)

Question 23

What is the binding problem?

Answer 23

• continuous binding interaction between conscious and unconscious perception in the production of outcome actions

Question 24

What is Luria’s hierarchical model of cortical function?

Answer 24

• Unit 1: reticular activating system (tone and arousal)
• Unit 2: Sensory unit (reception, analysis and storage of information) (Primary, secondary, tertiary)
• Unit 3: Motor unit (programming, regulating and verifying conscious activity) (Tertiary, secondary, primary)

Question 25

What are the primary, secondary and tertiary areas in unit 2?

Answer 25

• primary sensory
• unimodal association
• polymodal association

Question 26

What are the tertiary, secondary and primary areas in unit 3?

Answer 26

• prefrontal
• premotor
• primary motor

Question 27

What does biopsychosocial mean?

Answer 27

• bio: brain structural/functional status
• psycho: cognitive change, emotional status
• social: quality of life, potential for social integration