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PSYC 351B > Neuroanatomy > Flashcards

Neuroanatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Cranial Nerve 1

A
  • Olfactory

- smell

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2
Q

Cranial Nerve 2

A
  • Optic

- Vision

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3
Q

Cranial nerve 3

A
  • Oculomotor

- eye movement

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4
Q

Cranial nerve 4

A
  • Trochlear

- eye movement

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5
Q

Cranial nerve 5

A
  • Trigeminal

- masticatory movements and facial sensation

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6
Q

Cranial nerve 6

A
  • Abducens

- eye movement

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7
Q

Cranial nerve 7

A
  • Facial

- Facial movement and sensation

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8
Q

Cranial nerve 8

A
  • Auditory vestibular

- hearing and balance

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9
Q

Cranial nerve 9

A
  • Glossopharyngeal

- tongue and pharynx movement and sensation

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10
Q

Cranial nerve 10

A
  • Vagus

- heart, blood vessels, viscera, movement of larynx and pharynx

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11
Q

Cranial nerve 11

A
  • spinal accessory

- neck muscles

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12
Q

Cranial nerve 12

A
  • Hypoglossal

- tongue muscles

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13
Q

Basic functions of the brain

A
  • creating a sensory reality
  • integrating information
  • producing behaviour
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14
Q

Brain anatomical orientations

A
  • superior/dorsal ^ vs inferior/ventral
  • anterior/rostral vs posterior/caudal
  • at brainstem rotates 90 degrees (dorsal is now towards back of head)
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15
Q

The layers of the coverings of the brain

A
  • scalp
  • skull
  • dura mater
  • arachnoid mater
  • pia mater
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16
Q

White matter

A
  • areas of the nervous system rich in fat-sheathed neural axons
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17
Q

Gray matter

A
  • areas of the nervous system predominately composed of cell bodies and blood vessels
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18
Q

Lobes

A
  • frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal
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19
Q

Planes of view

A
  • horizontal
  • sagittal
  • coronal
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20
Q

Brodmann area 17

A
  • primary visual
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21
Q

Brodmann area 18, 19 20, 21, 37

A
  • secondary vision
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22
Q

Brodmann area 41

A
  • primary audition
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23
Q

Brodmann area 22, 42

A
  • secondary audition
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24
Q

Brodmann area 1, 2, 3

A
  • primary body sensation
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25
Q

Brodmann area 5, 7

A
  • secondary body sensation
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26
Q

Brodmann area 7, 22, 37, 39, 40

A
  • tertiary sensation
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27
Q

Brodmanm area 4

A
  • primary motor
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28
Q

Brodmann area 6

A
  • secondary motor
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29
Q

Brodmann area 8

A
  • eye movement (motor)
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30
Q

Brodmann area 44

A
  • speech (motor)
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31
Q

Brodmann area 9, 10, 11, 45, 46, 47

A
  • tertiary motor
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32
Q

Anterior circulation

A
  • bilaterally paired internal carotid arteries
  • aorta brachiocephalic artery -> common carotid artery -> internal carotid artery (-> brain through carotid foramen) or external carotid artery
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33
Q

Posterior circulation

A
  • bilaterally paired vertebral arteries

- aorta brachiocephalic artery -> subclavian arteries -> vertebral arteries -> basilar artery (brain)

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34
Q

Regions supplied by ACA (anterior cerebral artery)

A
  • frontal lobe

- anterior parietal lobe

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35
Q

Arteries branching from ACA

A
  • callosomarginal artery

- pericallosal artery

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36
Q

Regions supplied by the PCA (posterior cerebral artery)

A
  • inferior and medial temporal lobe

- occipital lobe

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37
Q

Regions supplied by the MCA (middle cerebral artery)

A
  • lateral frontal lobe (by MCA superior division cortical branches)
  • lateral temporal lobe and parts of the parietal lobe (by MCA inferior division cortical branches)
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38
Q

Which arteries close the circle of willis?

A
  • anterior communicating artery (AComm)

- posterior communicating artery (PComm)

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39
Q

What areas does the anterior choroidal artery feed?

A
  • GP, putamen, internal capsule thalamus
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40
Q

What arteries are derived from the internal carotid artery?

A
  • anterior choroidal artery, middle cerebral artery stem (M1), lenticulostriate arteries
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41
Q

What areas does the recurrent artery of Heubner feed?

A
  • caudate putamen, GP internal capsule
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42
Q

What are the main venous drainages of the hemispheres?

A
  • superficial veins: superior sagittal sinus, cavernous sinus
  • internal jugular vein
  • deep veins: great vein of Galen
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43
Q

Where are the two lateral ventricles? What do they contain?

A
  • one inside each cerebral hemisphere

- choroid plexus: vascular structure that produces CSF

44
Q

Where is the third ventricle?

A
  • located within the diencephalon

- surrounded by the thalamus and hypothalamus

45
Q

Where is the fourth ventricle?

A
  • located in the hindbrain

- surrounded by the pons and medulla and cerebellum

46
Q

How is the CSF circulated?

A
  • lateral ventricles (choroid ventricles)
  • through foramen of monro
  • to third ventricle
  • through sylvian aqueduct
  • to fourth ventricle
  • through foramen of Luschka and Magendie
  • to subarachnoid space
  • through arachnoid granulations
  • to blood stream
47
Q

How is the cerebral spinal fluid circulated? (2)

A
  • CSF produced by choroid plexus
  • CSF flows through ventricles to subarachnoid space via median and lateral apertures (some flows through canal of spinal cord)
  • CSF flows through subarachnoid space
  • CSF is absorbed into dural sinuses via arachnoid villi
48
Q

What are the principle structures of the forebrain?

A
  • cerebral cortex
  • basal ganglia
  • limbic system
49
Q

What are the key features of the cerebrum?

A
  • most complex mental processes (sensation, perception, thinking, and planning)
  • largest brain structure
  • most recently evolved brain structure
50
Q

What are the surface features of the cerebrum?

A
  • gyrus: a wrinkle
  • sulcus: a shallow crack
  • fissure: a deep crack
51
Q

The two halves of the cortex are called? And they are joined by?

A
  • hemispheres

- corpus callosum

52
Q

What are the main features of the layers of the cortex?

A
  • 6 layers
  • different layers have different cell types
  • density of cells varies with layer
  • organized in columns
53
Q

Which layers are involved in integrative functions?

A
  • I, II, III
54
Q

Which layers are involved in input of sensory information?

55
Q

Which layers are involved in output to other parts of the brain?

56
Q

Which layers are larger in the motor cortex?

57
Q

Which layers are larger in the sensory cortex?

58
Q

What are the main areas of the occipital lobe?

A
  • primary visual cortex

- visual association cortex (higher processing of visual information)

59
Q

What two streams stem from the occipital lobe?

A
  • How/dorsal stream: motion

- What/ventral stream: colour, shape, size

60
Q

What contributes to both them dorsal and ventral streams?

A
  • information from the secondary somatosensory cortex
  • contributes to dorsal stream by specifying the movement used for grasping a target
  • contributes to ventral stream by providing information about object size and shape
61
Q

What are the main areas/functions of the parietal lobe?

A
  • somatosensory cortex (tactile and position information processing)
  • language comprehension
  • spatial orientation and perception
62
Q

Where does primary somatosensory cortex receive information from?

A
  • from the body
63
Q

Where does the secondary somatosensory cortex receive sensory information from?

A
  • the primary somatosensory cortex
64
Q

What are the main areas/functions of the temporal lobe?

A
  • primary auditory cortex
  • wernicke’s area (language comprehension)
  • higher visual processing
  • learning and memory
65
Q

What are main areas/functions of the frontal lobe?

A
  • primary motor cortex (voluntary movements)
  • premotor cortex (initiation of movement)
  • Broca’s area (written and spoken language)
  • prefrontal cortex (personality and insight/foresight)
66
Q

What are the functions of the motor areas?

A
  • prefrontal cortex plans movements
  • premotor cortex organizes movement sequences
  • motor cortex produces specific movements
67
Q

What are main areas of the prefrontal cortex?

A
  • dorsolateral prefrontal
  • inferior/ventral prefrontal
  • ventromedial and orbitolateral prefrontal
68
Q

What are the functions of the dorsolateral prefrontal?

A
  • mediates internal cues for initiating actions
  • working memory
  • damage causes perseveration
69
Q

What is the function of the inferior/ventral prefrontal?

A
  • influences autonomic functioning
70
Q

What are the functions of the ventromedial and orbitolateral prefrontal?

A
  • reward-based learning

- emotional responses such as apathy

71
Q

What are the functions of the association cortex?

A
  • responsible for cognition
  • everything but primary sensory or primary motor cortices
  • unique information processing
72
Q

What kind of unique information processing does the association cortex do?

A
  • highly processed information
  • detailed knowledge about the external and internal world
  • inputs from the thalamic regions that received inputs from other cortical regions
73
Q

What are the three major divisions of the association cortex?

A
  • parietal association cortex
  • temporal association cortex
  • frontal association
74
Q

What is the function of the parietal association cortex?

A
  • paying attention to external and internal environment
75
Q

What is the function of the temporal association cortex?

A
  • identification of stimuli
76
Q

What is the function of the frontal association cortex?

A
  • planning responses
77
Q

What functions is the limbic system involved with?

A
  • memory, motivation and emotion
78
Q

What anatomical structures are related to the limbic system?

A
  • hippocampus
  • hypothalamus
  • amygdala
  • septum
  • cingulate cortex
  • fornix
79
Q

Limbic system: Hippocampus

A
  • lies inside temporal lobes
  • involved in learning and memory
  • important for consolidation (but not retrieval or storage)
80
Q

Limbic system: Amygdala

A
  • lies inside front of temporal lobes
  • controls reactions to biologically significant stimuli - emotional system (food, foes, mates)
  • removal has decreased aggression
81
Q

What are the three interconnected nuclei of the basal ganglia?

A
  • caudate nucleus
  • putamen
  • globus pallidus
82
Q

What is the basal ganglia’s function?

A
  • movement control
83
Q

What diseases are caused by abnormalities in basal ganglia function?

A
  • Parkinson’s and Huntington’s disease
84
Q

What are the functional divisions of the brainstem?

A
  • diencephalon
  • midbrain
  • hindbrain
85
Q

What are the principle structures of the diencephalon?

A
  • thalamus
  • hypothalamus
  • epithalamus (pineal gland)
  • subthalamus
86
Q

What are the principle structures of the midbrain?

A
  • tectum

- tegmentum

87
Q

What are the principle structures of the hindbrain?

A
  • cerebellum
  • pons
  • medulla oblongata
  • reticular formation
88
Q

What is the thalamus composed of?

A
  • 15 subnuclei
89
Q

What is the function of the thalamus?

A
  • all sensory information (except olfactory) relays here
  • “gateway to cortex”
  • sensory processing
  • moor processing
  • integrative functions
  • motivation
  • memory
90
Q

What are the functions of the hypothalamus?

A
  • feeding: digestion and detection of nutrients
  • fight: release of hormones
  • flight: blood pressure and circulation
  • fornication: behvioural and hormonal responses
91
Q

Which areas are involved in the endocrine system and how?

A
  • hypothalamus: controls pituitary gland
  • pituitary: controls secretion of hormones from other sites in the body
  • hormones: communication, slow and long-lasting messages, coordinates with neurotransmitters
92
Q

What is the main function of the midbrain?

A
  • coordinates sensory information

- “relay stations”

93
Q

What are the substructures of the midbrain?

A
  • tectum (superior colliculus and inferior colliculus)
  • tegmentum
  • substantia nigra
94
Q

What functions involve the tectum?

A
  • sensory processing (visual and auditory)

- produces orienting movements

95
Q

What functions involve the tegmentum?

A
  • eye and limb movements

- perception of pain

96
Q

What functions involve the substantia nigra?

A
  • voluntary movement
97
Q

What is the main function of the hindbrain?

A
  • “life support”

- breathing, heart rate

98
Q

What are the key features/functions of the medulla?

A
  • attaches to spinal cord

- unconscious functions (breathing, muscle tone, circulation)

99
Q

What are the key features/functions of the pons?

A
  • connects brainstem and cerebellum

- some sleep functions

100
Q

What is the general function of the cerebellum?

A
  • smoothing and coordinating movement

- learning complex moves so they become automatic takes place here (walking, throwing ball)

101
Q

What are the key features/functions of the reticular formation?

A
  • netlike mixture of neurons and nerve fibers
  • “reticular activating system”
  • stimulates the forebrain (regulation of sleep-wake behaviour and behavioural arousal)
102
Q

What are the 3 lobes of the cerebellum?

A
  • vestibulocerebellum (flocculonodular lobe)
  • spinocerebellum
  • neocerebellum
103
Q

What are the functions of the vestibulocerebellum?

A
  • receives a substantial amount of its input from the vestibular nerve
  • important regulator of the vestibular system
  • regulates balance and eye movements
104
Q

What are the functions of the spinocerebellum?

A
  • regulates body and limb movements
  • important in regulating muscle tone and in adapting the body to changing circumstances
  • includes vermal and paravermal zones of the anterior lobe and part of the posterior lobe
105
Q

What are the functions of the neocerebellum?

A
  • comprises most of the lateral hemispheres of the cerebellum
  • receives the vast majority of its input from the pontine nuclei which receives input from the majority of the cerebral cortex via corticopontine fibers
  • involved in planning movement and evaluating sensory information for action

PSYC 351B (14 decks)

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