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PSYC 351B > Neuroanatomy > Flashcards

Neuroanatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Cranial Nerve 1

A
  • Olfactory

- smell

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2
Q

Cranial Nerve 2

A
  • Optic

- Vision

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3
Q

Cranial nerve 3

A
  • Oculomotor

- eye movement

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4
Q

Cranial nerve 4

A
  • Trochlear

- eye movement

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5
Q

Cranial nerve 5

A
  • Trigeminal

- masticatory movements and facial sensation

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6
Q

Cranial nerve 6

A
  • Abducens

- eye movement

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7
Q

Cranial nerve 7

A
  • Facial

- Facial movement and sensation

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8
Q

Cranial nerve 8

A
  • Auditory vestibular

- hearing and balance

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9
Q

Cranial nerve 9

A
  • Glossopharyngeal

- tongue and pharynx movement and sensation

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10
Q

Cranial nerve 10

A
  • Vagus

- heart, blood vessels, viscera, movement of larynx and pharynx

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11
Q

Cranial nerve 11

A
  • spinal accessory

- neck muscles

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12
Q

Cranial nerve 12

A
  • Hypoglossal

- tongue muscles

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13
Q

Basic functions of the brain

A
  • creating a sensory reality
  • integrating information
  • producing behaviour
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14
Q

Brain anatomical orientations

A
  • superior/dorsal ^ vs inferior/ventral
  • anterior/rostral vs posterior/caudal
  • at brainstem rotates 90 degrees (dorsal is now towards back of head)
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15
Q

The layers of the coverings of the brain

A
  • scalp
  • skull
  • dura mater
  • arachnoid mater
  • pia mater
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16
Q

White matter

A
  • areas of the nervous system rich in fat-sheathed neural axons
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17
Q

Gray matter

A
  • areas of the nervous system predominately composed of cell bodies and blood vessels
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18
Q

Lobes

A
  • frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal
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19
Q

Planes of view

A
  • horizontal
  • sagittal
  • coronal
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20
Q

Brodmann area 17

A
  • primary visual
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21
Q

Brodmann area 18, 19 20, 21, 37

A
  • secondary vision
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22
Q

Brodmann area 41

A
  • primary audition
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23
Q

Brodmann area 22, 42

A
  • secondary audition
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24
Q

Brodmann area 1, 2, 3

A
  • primary body sensation
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25
Brodmann area 5, 7
- secondary body sensation
26
Brodmann area 7, 22, 37, 39, 40
- tertiary sensation
27
Brodmanm area 4
- primary motor
28
Brodmann area 6
- secondary motor
29
Brodmann area 8
- eye movement (motor)
30
Brodmann area 44
- speech (motor)
31
Brodmann area 9, 10, 11, 45, 46, 47
- tertiary motor
32
Anterior circulation
- bilaterally paired internal carotid arteries - aorta brachiocephalic artery -> common carotid artery -> internal carotid artery (-> brain through carotid foramen) or external carotid artery
33
Posterior circulation
- bilaterally paired vertebral arteries | - aorta brachiocephalic artery -> subclavian arteries -> vertebral arteries -> basilar artery (brain)
34
Regions supplied by ACA (anterior cerebral artery)
- frontal lobe | - anterior parietal lobe
35
Arteries branching from ACA
- callosomarginal artery | - pericallosal artery
36
Regions supplied by the PCA (posterior cerebral artery)
- inferior and medial temporal lobe | - occipital lobe
37
Regions supplied by the MCA (middle cerebral artery)
- lateral frontal lobe (by MCA superior division cortical branches) - lateral temporal lobe and parts of the parietal lobe (by MCA inferior division cortical branches)
38
Which arteries close the circle of willis?
- anterior communicating artery (AComm) | - posterior communicating artery (PComm)
39
What areas does the anterior choroidal artery feed?
- GP, putamen, internal capsule thalamus
40
What arteries are derived from the internal carotid artery?
- anterior choroidal artery, middle cerebral artery stem (M1), lenticulostriate arteries
41
What areas does the recurrent artery of Heubner feed?
- caudate putamen, GP internal capsule
42
What are the main venous drainages of the hemispheres?
- superficial veins: superior sagittal sinus, cavernous sinus - internal jugular vein - deep veins: great vein of Galen
43
Where are the two lateral ventricles? What do they contain?
- one inside each cerebral hemisphere | - choroid plexus: vascular structure that produces CSF
44
Where is the third ventricle?
- located within the diencephalon | - surrounded by the thalamus and hypothalamus
45
Where is the fourth ventricle?
- located in the hindbrain | - surrounded by the pons and medulla and cerebellum
46
How is the CSF circulated?
- lateral ventricles (choroid ventricles) - through foramen of monro - to third ventricle - through sylvian aqueduct - to fourth ventricle - through foramen of Luschka and Magendie - to subarachnoid space - through arachnoid granulations - to blood stream
47
How is the cerebral spinal fluid circulated? (2)
- CSF produced by choroid plexus - CSF flows through ventricles to subarachnoid space via median and lateral apertures (some flows through canal of spinal cord) - CSF flows through subarachnoid space - CSF is absorbed into dural sinuses via arachnoid villi
48
What are the principle structures of the forebrain?
- cerebral cortex - basal ganglia - limbic system
49
What are the key features of the cerebrum?
- most complex mental processes (sensation, perception, thinking, and planning) - largest brain structure - most recently evolved brain structure
50
What are the surface features of the cerebrum?
- gyrus: a wrinkle - sulcus: a shallow crack - fissure: a deep crack
51
The two halves of the cortex are called? And they are joined by?
- hemispheres | - corpus callosum
52
What are the main features of the layers of the cortex?
- 6 layers - different layers have different cell types - density of cells varies with layer - organized in columns
53
Which layers are involved in integrative functions?
- I, II, III
54
Which layers are involved in input of sensory information?
- IV
55
Which layers are involved in output to other parts of the brain?
- V, VI
56
Which layers are larger in the motor cortex?
- V and VI
57
Which layers are larger in the sensory cortex?
- IV
58
What are the main areas of the occipital lobe?
- primary visual cortex | - visual association cortex (higher processing of visual information)
59
What two streams stem from the occipital lobe?
- How/dorsal stream: motion | - What/ventral stream: colour, shape, size
60
What contributes to both them dorsal and ventral streams?
- information from the secondary somatosensory cortex - contributes to dorsal stream by specifying the movement used for grasping a target - contributes to ventral stream by providing information about object size and shape
61
What are the main areas/functions of the parietal lobe?
- somatosensory cortex (tactile and position information processing) - language comprehension - spatial orientation and perception
62
Where does primary somatosensory cortex receive information from?
- from the body
63
Where does the secondary somatosensory cortex receive sensory information from?
- the primary somatosensory cortex
64
What are the main areas/functions of the temporal lobe?
- primary auditory cortex - wernicke's area (language comprehension) - higher visual processing - learning and memory
65
What are main areas/functions of the frontal lobe?
- primary motor cortex (voluntary movements) - premotor cortex (initiation of movement) - Broca's area (written and spoken language) - prefrontal cortex (personality and insight/foresight)
66
What are the functions of the motor areas?
- prefrontal cortex plans movements - premotor cortex organizes movement sequences - motor cortex produces specific movements
67
What are main areas of the prefrontal cortex?
- dorsolateral prefrontal - inferior/ventral prefrontal - ventromedial and orbitolateral prefrontal
68
What are the functions of the dorsolateral prefrontal?
- mediates internal cues for initiating actions - working memory - damage causes perseveration
69
What is the function of the inferior/ventral prefrontal?
- influences autonomic functioning
70
What are the functions of the ventromedial and orbitolateral prefrontal?
- reward-based learning | - emotional responses such as apathy
71
What are the functions of the association cortex?
- responsible for cognition - everything but primary sensory or primary motor cortices - unique information processing
72
What kind of unique information processing does the association cortex do?
- highly processed information - detailed knowledge about the external and internal world - inputs from the thalamic regions that received inputs from other cortical regions
73
What are the three major divisions of the association cortex?
- parietal association cortex - temporal association cortex - frontal association
74
What is the function of the parietal association cortex?
- paying attention to external and internal environment
75
What is the function of the temporal association cortex?
- identification of stimuli
76
What is the function of the frontal association cortex?
- planning responses
77
What functions is the limbic system involved with?
- memory, motivation and emotion
78
What anatomical structures are related to the limbic system?
- hippocampus - hypothalamus - amygdala - septum - cingulate cortex - fornix
79
Limbic system: Hippocampus
- lies inside temporal lobes - involved in learning and memory - important for consolidation (but not retrieval or storage)
80
Limbic system: Amygdala
- lies inside front of temporal lobes - controls reactions to biologically significant stimuli - emotional system (food, foes, mates) - removal has decreased aggression
81
What are the three interconnected nuclei of the basal ganglia?
- caudate nucleus - putamen - globus pallidus
82
What is the basal ganglia's function?
- movement control
83
What diseases are caused by abnormalities in basal ganglia function?
- Parkinson's and Huntington's disease
84
What are the functional divisions of the brainstem?
- diencephalon - midbrain - hindbrain
85
What are the principle structures of the diencephalon?
- thalamus - hypothalamus - epithalamus (pineal gland) - subthalamus
86
What are the principle structures of the midbrain?
- tectum | - tegmentum
87
What are the principle structures of the hindbrain?
- cerebellum - pons - medulla oblongata - reticular formation
88
What is the thalamus composed of?
- 15 subnuclei
89
What is the function of the thalamus?
- all sensory information (except olfactory) relays here - "gateway to cortex" - sensory processing - moor processing - integrative functions - motivation - memory
90
What are the functions of the hypothalamus?
- feeding: digestion and detection of nutrients - fight: release of hormones - flight: blood pressure and circulation - fornication: behvioural and hormonal responses
91
Which areas are involved in the endocrine system and how?
- hypothalamus: controls pituitary gland - pituitary: controls secretion of hormones from other sites in the body - hormones: communication, slow and long-lasting messages, coordinates with neurotransmitters
92
What is the main function of the midbrain?
- coordinates sensory information | - "relay stations"
93
What are the substructures of the midbrain?
- tectum (superior colliculus and inferior colliculus) - tegmentum - substantia nigra
94
What functions involve the tectum?
- sensory processing (visual and auditory) | - produces orienting movements
95
What functions involve the tegmentum?
- eye and limb movements | - perception of pain
96
What functions involve the substantia nigra?
- voluntary movement
97
What is the main function of the hindbrain?
- "life support" | - breathing, heart rate
98
What are the key features/functions of the medulla?
- attaches to spinal cord | - unconscious functions (breathing, muscle tone, circulation)
99
What are the key features/functions of the pons?
- connects brainstem and cerebellum | - some sleep functions
100
What is the general function of the cerebellum?
- smoothing and coordinating movement | - learning complex moves so they become automatic takes place here (walking, throwing ball)
101
What are the key features/functions of the reticular formation?
- netlike mixture of neurons and nerve fibers - "reticular activating system" - stimulates the forebrain (regulation of sleep-wake behaviour and behavioural arousal)
102
What are the 3 lobes of the cerebellum?
- vestibulocerebellum (flocculonodular lobe) - spinocerebellum - neocerebellum
103
What are the functions of the vestibulocerebellum?
- receives a substantial amount of its input from the vestibular nerve - important regulator of the vestibular system - regulates balance and eye movements
104
What are the functions of the spinocerebellum?
- regulates body and limb movements - important in regulating muscle tone and in adapting the body to changing circumstances - includes vermal and paravermal zones of the anterior lobe and part of the posterior lobe
105
What are the functions of the neocerebellum?
- comprises most of the lateral hemispheres of the cerebellum - receives the vast majority of its input from the pontine nuclei which receives input from the majority of the cerebral cortex via corticopontine fibers - involved in planning movement and evaluating sensory information for action

PSYC 351B (14 decks)

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