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PSYC 351B > Attention and Memory > Flashcards

Attention and Memory Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three aspects in Mirsky’s model of attention?

A
  • focus
  • sustain
  • shift
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2
Q

What is ‘focus’ in Mirsky’s model of attention?

A
  • ability to select target information from an array for enhanced processing
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3
Q

What is ‘sustain’ in Mirsky’s model of attention?

A
  • capacity to maintain focus and alertness over time
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4
Q

What is ‘shift’ in Mirsky’s model of attention?

A
  • ability to change attentive focus in a flexible and adaptive manner
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5
Q

What did Peterson and Posner (2012) find?

A
  • attention system is anatomically separate from sensory systems
  • attention is not a single process but is networks of distributed anatomical areas
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6
Q

What are the 3 distinct networks that each represent a different set of attentional processes by Peterson and Posner (2012)?

A
  • altering network
  • orienting network
  • dual executive networks
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7
Q

What is the alerting system?

A
  • reticular activating system functions to maintain alertness
  • key: adrenergic projection from locus coeruleus in brainstem
  • suppresses other cerebral processing
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8
Q

What structures and modulator are associated with the orient function of Posner’s model?

A
  • superior parietal
  • temporal parietal junction
  • frontal eye fields
  • superior colliculus
  • acetylcholine
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9
Q

What structures and modulator are associated with the alert function of the Posner’s model?

A
  • locus coeruleus
  • right frontal
  • parietal cortex
  • norepinephrine
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10
Q

What are the structures and modulator associated with the executive attention function of Posner’s model?

A
  • anterior cingulate
  • lateral ventral
  • prefrontal
  • basal ganglia
  • dopamine
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11
Q

What is self-control correlated with?

A
  • enhanced activation in lateral prefrontal and cingulate regions of attentional networks
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12
Q

What is self-regulation in young children based on?

A
  • orientation to sensory events

- not developed until 3 to 4 years of age

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13
Q

What are the different models of memory?

A
  • sensory based: memory for auditory, gustative, etc.
  • content based: memory for faces, objects, etc.
  • time based: past, present, future
  • storage capacity based: sensory, short-term, long-term
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14
Q

What is short-term memory?

A
  • temporary storage of information that is being processed in any range of cognitive tasks
  • relay station
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15
Q

How is short-term memory used as a relay station?

A
  • send chunks of data to long-term memory
  • use chunks of data right away and forget them
  • use chunks of data and save them for future use
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16
Q

What is working memory used for?

A
  • executive control
  • retaining of information
  • 7 +/- 2
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17
Q

What are methods of retaining information?

A
  • maintenance rehearsal (repetition)
  • elaborative rehearsal
  • chunking
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18
Q

What are the types of long-term memory?

A
  • explicit memory
  • implicit memory
  • emotional memory
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19
Q

What is explicit memory?

A
  • declarative knowledge
  • semantic memory (facts, general knowledge)
  • episodic memory (own experience)
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20
Q

What is implicit memory?

A
  • nondeclarative knowledge
  • conditioning
  • procedural knowledge
  • priming
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21
Q

What is semantic memory?

A
  • all nonautobiographical knowledge

- does not depend on medial-temporal lobe – ventral-prefrontal-lobe memory system

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22
Q

What did Petri and Mishkin find?

A
  • temporal-frontal-lobe neural basis for explicit memory
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23
Q

What are four main sections of hippocampal anatomy?

A
  • dentate gyrus
  • amnon’s horn
  • Perforant pathway
  • Fimbria-fornix
24
Q

What are the key features of the dentate gyrus?

A
  • cells are stellate granule cells
  • “sensory” cells
  • processing sensory
25
Q

What are the key features of Amnon’s Horn?

A
  • contains pyramidal cells divided into 4 groups (CA1, CA2, CA3, CA4)
  • “motor” cells
  • processing motor
26
Q

What is the perforant pathway?

A
  • connection between the hippocamus and the posterior temporal cortex neocortex
27
Q

What is the fimbria-fornix?

A
  • connects the hippocampus to the thalamus, prefrontal cortex, basal ganglia, and the hypothalamus
28
Q

What happens in the hippocampus as you get older?

A
  • becomes looser and fills with more cerebrospinal fluid
29
Q

Where does encoding take place?

A
  • left prefrontal cortex
  • left ventrolateral areas
  • acquisition
  • encoding and retrieval of semantic information
30
Q

Where does retrieval take place?

A
  • right prefrontal cortex
  • recall
  • right dorsolateral areas
  • B parietal cortex
31
Q

What did Petri and Mishkin suggest for neural substrates of implicit memory?

A
  • suggested circuit for implicit memory that includes entire neocortex and basal ganglia
32
Q

What did Paul Reber find in regards to neural substrates of implicit memory?

A
  • implicit memory not supported by discrete neural circuit

- instead it reflects plastic changes that take place in the brain regions processing the information

33
Q

What is anterograde amnesia?

A
  • inability to acquire new memories

- could affect only one modality ex. sight or sound

34
Q

What is global anterograde amnesia?

A
  • impairment in the ability to form new memories across a variety of areas
35
Q

What is retrograde amnesia?

A
  • inability to access old memories

- may be incomplete: older memories accessible but more recent memories are not

36
Q

What is time-dependent retrograde amnesia?

A
  • commonly produced by traumatic brain injury

- severity of injury determines how far back in time the amnesia extends

37
Q

What are the three theories of amnesia?

A
  • system consolidation theory
  • multiple trace theory
  • reconsolidation theory
38
Q

What is the system consolidation theory of amnesia?

A
  • role of the hippocampus is to consolidate memories, make them permanent, hold them for a time, and then send them to be stored elsewhere
  • accounts for preservation of old memories
  • as more damage occurs, the more old memories will be lost
39
Q

What is the multiple-trace theory?

A
  • three types of memory (autobiographic, factual semantic, and general semantic) dependent on a different brain area
  • old memories are more resistant to amnesia because they change location in the brain as they are recalled
40
Q

What is the reconsolidation theory?

A
  • memories rarely consist of single trace or neural substrate
  • each time memory used it is reconsolidated
  • results in many different traces for the same event
41
Q

What condition did H.M. have and what symptom did it result in?

A
  • bilateral transection of the temporal lobes for epilepsy
  • anterograde amnesia
  • good memory for events before the surgery and above average IQ
42
Q

What does early hippocampal damage result in?

A
  • inability to remember: familiar surroundings, appointments or events and daily activities
  • (can remember: factual knowledge, reading, writing, and speaking)
43
Q

What does damage to the fimbria-fornix pathway result in?

A
  • retrograde and anterograde amnesia
44
Q

Damage to what lobe contributes to amnesia?

A
  • temporal lobe
45
Q

What results from severing connections between the posterior neocortex and the temporal lobe?

A
  • global amnesia?
46
Q

What four conclusions are demonstrated by hippocampal patients?

A
  • anterograde deficites are more severe than retrograde
  • episodic memories are more affected than semantic memories
  • autobiographic memory is especially severely affected
  • time “travel” is diminished (ex. event happened a year ago but they think its been 10)
47
Q

What is transient global amnesia?

A
  • loss of old memories and inability to form new ones
  • can be a one time event
  • from a traumatic event
  • doesn’t last forever
48
Q

How does Herpes Simplex Encephalitis affect memory?

A
  • medial-temporal lobe damage leads to anterograde amnesia

- damage to insula contributes to retrograde amnesia

49
Q

What is Alzheimer’s disease?

A
  • begins with cellular change in the medial temporal cortex and anterograde amnesia
  • later, damage to the temporal association and frontal cortical areas is related to retrograde amnesia
50
Q

What is Korsakoff’s syndrome characterized by?

A
  • anterograde and retrograde amnesia
  • confabulation
  • meager content in conversation
  • lack of insight
  • apathy
51
Q

What is Korsakoff’s syndrome caused by?

A
  • thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency resulting from prolonged alcohol intake
  • damage may be in medial thalamus, mammillary bodies of hypothalamus and frontal lobe atrophy
52
Q

What are the psyhogenic amnesias?

A
  • infantile amnesia: early years forgotten
  • sleep amnesia: don’t remember anything after going to bed
  • dissociative states (multiple personality)
53
Q

How is Asperger’s syndrome related to memory?

A
  • form of autism in which individuals have high intellectual function and excellent memory abilities
54
Q

How is savant related to memory?

A
  • person who has an intellectual disability but also has a special ability in math, memory or music
55
Q

What is HSAM?

A
  • highly superior autobiographical memory
  • incredible memory ability
  • can completely recall events in life including weather

PSYC 351B (14 decks)

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