Emotion

Question 1

What is the James-Lange theory of emotion?

Answer 1

• body sensation lead to emotions

- bottom up

Question 2

What is the cannon-bard theory of emotion?

Answer 2

• bodily sensations result from emotions

- top-down

Question 3

What is Bem’s behaviouralist view of emotion?

Answer 3

• emotion is observed through behavioural output

- based on how a person is acting

Question 4

What is Damasio’s Somatic Marker Hypothesis?

Answer 4

• emotion and bodily reaction happen simultaneously

- bodily reaction (somatic marker) elicits a cascade of response (emotion)

Question 5

What is Scherer’s Components Process model of emotion?

Answer 5

• cognitive appraisal
• physical feeling/bodily cue
• subjective emotional experience

Question 6

What are the basic emotions?

Answer 6

• happiness
• surprise
• sadness
• fear
• anger
• disgust

Question 7

What is the difference between mood, affect and emotion?

Answer 7

• mood: could persist for a longer period of time

- affect: more immediate, laughing, tone of voice

Question 8

What a re subjective feelings?

Answer 8

• not necessarily mood or affect but a feeling

- body saliency: how much can you feel that feeling in your body?

Question 9

What areas of the brain make up the Papez Circuit?

Answer 9

• hippocampal formation (dentate gyrus, hippocampus, fornix)
• hypothalamus (mammillary bodies, mammillothalamic fasiculus)
• thalamus (anterior thalamic nucleus)
• cingulate gyrus (cingulum)
• entorhinal cortex

Question 10

What are the parts of the limbic system?

Answer 10

• nucleus accumbens
• amygdala
• corpus callosum
• pre and post central gyrus
• cingulate gyrus
• precuneus
• orbitalfrontal cortex

Question 11

What did Damasio, Everitt and Bishop find?

Answer 11

• bilateral damage of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex
• resulted in impaired decision making
• because get a gut instinct or internal cues from body about decision making

Question 12

What is the Kluver-Bucy syndrome caused by?

Answer 12

• bilateral removal of anterior temporal lobes

- bilateral removal of amygdala and inferior temporal cortex

Question 13

What are the symptoms of Kluver-Bucy syndrome?

Answer 13

• tameness and loss of fear
• risky behaviour
• hypermetamorphosis
• examination of objects by mouth
• visual agnosia

Question 14

What are frontal lobotomies and what are the symptoms?

Answer 14

• damage to frontal regions
• loss of emotional experience and expression
• poor social skills
• left-frontal: depression, flat affect

Question 15

What region is the insula involved in?

Answer 15

• limbic-sensory region

Question 16

What feelings are the posterior insula involved with?

Answer 16

• pain, touch, itch

Question 17

What feelings are the anterior insula involved with?

Answer 17

• broad, complex emotions and awareness

Question 18

What is active inference (Seth and Friston)?

Answer 18

• comparing expectations or predictions with prediction errors

Question 19

What is interoception?

Answer 19

• sense of the physiological condition of the body
• knowing when you feel cold, hungry, hot etc.
• homeostasis
• emotion regulation

Question 20

How can you measure emotion and what must be considered?

Answer 20

• subjectively: self-report
• objectively: psychophysiology
• does objective and subjective measures line up

Question 21

What did Saarimaki et al. find about measuring emotion?

Answer 21

• there are no distinct neural circuits for distinct emotional experiences

Question 22

What did Nummenmaa, Glerean, Hari and Hietanen find when measuring emotion?

Answer 22

• body sensation mapping
• multimodal induction of emotion
• similar maps across: people, type of stimuli and languages

Question 23

What is alexithymia?

Answer 23

• unawareness of one’s own emotional experience

- difficulty finding the words for how you feel

Question 24

When is awareness of emotion relevant?

Answer 24

• for day-to-day life
• psychotherapy
• research: subjective self-reports

Question 25

What is interoceptive dysfunction?

Answer 25

• being unable to regulate
• not paying attention to bodily cues
• ex. increase in heart rate when anxious but being unable to regulate this
• common in disorders: anxiety, depression, eating disorders

Question 26

What is adaptive emotion regulation?

Answer 26

• studying for an exam so that you feel less anxious

Question 27

What is maladaptive emotion regulation?

Answer 27

• watching tv to ignore that you feel anxious about your exam
• substance use

Question 28

What is the Extended Process Model of ER?

Answer 28

• Identification
• Selection
• Implementation: Are you able to implement this technique?
• Monitoring: Is this technique working?