Language Flashcards
What are the 8 areas of the perisylvian language arc?
- auditory senses
- cranial nerve VIII
- Pons
- Primary auditory cortex (Heschl’s gyrus/41)
- Secondary auditory cortex (Wernickes)
- arcuate fasiculus
- Broca’s area (44/45)
- Motor areas (face area, speech motor area)
What happens if you damage the auditory aparatus?
- ear or both ears
- unable to hear/deaf
What happens if you damage the auditory nerve?
- hearing loss/deaf
What happens if you damage the Heschl’s gyrus?
- hearing loss/deaf categorized as cortical deafness
What happens if you damage Wernicke’s area?
- receptive language problems
What happens if you damage Broca’s area?
- language production problems
What happens if you damage the arcuate fasciculus?
- understandable language, repetition difficulties (phonemic paraphasias)
What are the four core language skills?
- categorization
- labeling categories
- sequencing behaviour
- mimicry
What is categorization important for?
- designates certain qualities to specific concepts
- makes it easier to perceive information and retrieve it later when needed
What is labeling categorization important for?
- attaches words to different concepts
- categorization system can stimulate word forms about that concept
- words can also cause the brain to evoke concepts
What is sequencing behaviour important for?
- left hemi helps order vocal movements used in speech
- can also sequence face, body and arm/hand movements used to produce nonverbal language
What is mimicry important for?
- fosters language development
- infants prefer to listen to speech
- can make sounds used in all languages
- mirror neurons in the frontal cortex help children mimic sounds they hear
What are the components of sound-based language?
- phonemes
- morphemes
- syntax
- lexicon
- semantics
- prosody
- discourse
What are phonemes?
- smallest sound units
What are morphemes?
- smallest meaningful units of a word
What is syntax?
- admissible combo of words in phrases and sentences (grammar)
What is semantics?
- meanings that correspond to lexical items
What is prosody?
- vocal intonation
What is discourse?
- linking sentences to constitute a narrative
What are the steps in the Wernicke-Geschwind?
- comprehension is extracted from sounds in Wernicke’s area
- passed over the arcuate fasiculus pathway
- to Broca’s area to be articulated as speech
What is the dual language pathway?
- dorsal language pathways (phonemes)
- ventral language pathways (semantics)
What can transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) do in speech?
- interfere with speech
- prime neurons to enhance reaction times
- evaluate connections
- be used to map speech regions in the brain
- aid in cortical contributions to language
- examine neural changes after damage
What components are more ventral and more dorsal in broca’s area?
- semantic processing is more ventral
- phonological processing is more dorsal
What is the left hemispheres role in language?
- parts/details
- learned information
- explicit language
- grammar/syntax
What is the right hemispheres role in language?
- global/hollistic
- novel information
- implicit language (tone/melody)
- complex understanding
What brodmann areas are nouns located?
- 21 20 37
What subcortical areas are associated with language?
- basal ganglia
- thalamus (left): pulvinar and ventrolateral
- cerebellum
What is aphasia and dyphasia?
- partial or total loss of the ability to articulate ideas or comprehend spoken or written language resulting from damage to brain
- language not developed properly
What is agraphia?
- unable to communicate in writing
What is alexia?
- unable to read
What is anomia?
- unable to recall names
What is apraxia?
- difficulties with producing language
What is agrammatism?
- without grammar knowledge
What are the Traditional types of aphasia?
- Fluent aphasias
- Nonfluent aphasias
- Global aphasia
What is fluent aphasia?
- there is fluent speech but difficulties in auditory verbal comprehension or in the repetition of words, phrases or sentences spoken by others
What is nonfluent aphasia?
- when there is difficulty in articulating but relatively good auditory verbal comprehension
What is global aphasia?
- when there are difficulties with understanding and producing speech
What are the fluent aphasias?
- wernicke’s
- conduction
- transcortical/sensory
- anomic
What are the nonfluent aphasias?
- broca’s
- transcortical/motor
What are the clinical manifestations of Wernicke’s aphasia?
- major disturbance in auditory comprehension
- fluent speech with disturbances of sounds and structures of words (word salad)
- disturbances in writing
What is the hypothetical deficit of Wernickes?
- disturbances of the permanent representations of the sound structures of words
What is the clinical manifestation of Broca’s aphasia?
- major disturbance in speech production with sparse halting speech
- words often misarticulated
What is the hypothetical deficit of Broca’s aphasia?
- disturbances in the speech planning and production mechanisms
What are the clinical manifestations of conduction aphasia?
- disturbance of repetition and spontaneous speech
- most cases are able to speak easily, name objects and understand speech
What is the hypthetical deficit of conduction aphasia?
- disconnection between the sound patterns of words and the speech production mechanism
How is the fluency, repetition comprehension and reading/writing in Broca’s aphasia?
- fluency: confluent, agrammatical
- repetition: impaired
- comprehension: normal
- reading/writing: agrammatical/misspellings
How is the fluency, repetition, comprehension, reading/writing in wernicke’s aphasia?
- Fluency: normal, word salad
- repetition: abnormal
- comprehension: poor
- reading/writing: inaccuracies
How is fluency, repetition, comprehension, and reading/writing in conduction aphasia?
- fluency: normal, phonemic errors
- repetition: abnormal
- comprehension: intact
- reading/writing: abnormal
What is the exception in aphasia for left-handed patients?
- more variability of distribution of language areas between the two hemispheres
What are the three issues with aphasia conceptualizations?
- heterogeneity of symptoms within same syndrome
- lesion sites are not well correlated with symptoms
- label lacks specificity
What is the psycholinguist approach to aphasias?
- attempts to determine the location of language processors
- deficit is defined in terms of language processing components
- areas of the brain outside of the traditional areas are involved in language
What do brain-imaging studies demonstrate about language?
- most areas of the brain take part in language
What are most studied patients aphasia’s caused by?
- strokes to the middle cerebral artery
What happens immediately after the stroke/damage and after time passed to patients with aphasia?
- worse immediately, but improve as time passes
What happens in multilingual aphasia patients?
- one or both languages can be affected
What is acquired dyslexia and developmental dyslexia?
- acquired: reading impairment after brain damage
- developmental: failure to learn to read during development
What is the model-building approach?
- objective approach to studying reading
- views reading as composed of skills or subsystems
- correlate impairment with locus of damage
What is attentional dyslexia?
- difficulties naming letters when more than one is present
- difficulties reading when more than one word is present
What is neglect dylexia?
- misreading of the first or second half of a word
What is letter-by–letter reading (dyslexia)?
- read only by spelling words out to themselves
What is deep dyslexia?
- semantic errors are key symptoms
- easier to read concrete rather than abstract words
- completely unable to read nonsense words
- impaired at writing and short term verbal memory
What is phonological dyslexia?
- inability to read non words aloud
- otherwise reading is nearly flawless
What is surface dyslexia?
- read by sounding words out
- have trouble with irregular words (must be memorized)
- spelling impaired but phonetically correct
