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SOC 100 > OC 19 > Flashcards

OC 19 Flashcards

1
Q

Class, Status and Social-Inequality

Social S____________n
-hierarchical arrangement of individuals based on wealth,
power and prestige
-structural patterns of economic inequality in society
-impacts our health, educational attainment and where we live

A

Class, Status and Social-Inequality

Social Stratification
-hierarchical arrangement of individuals based on wealth,
power and prestige
-structural patterns of economic inequality in society
-impacts our health, educational attainment and where we live

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2
Q

Class, Status and Social-Inequality

Socio-E_________c Status:

  • also called “class”
  • refers to one’s position in the economic hierarchy
  • upper, middle, lower designations
A

Class, Status and Social-Inequality

Socio-Economic Status:

  • also called “class”
  • refers to one’s position in the economic hierarchy
  • upper, middle, lower designations
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3
Q

Class, Status and Social-Inequality

Social Status:
-refers to one’s social position in terms of privilege and e_____m
(beyond economic station)
-may be achieved or ascribed

A

Class, Status and Social-Inequality

Social Status:
-refers to one’s social position in terms of privilege and esteem
(beyond economic station)
-may be achieved or ascribed

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4
Q

Achieved & Ascribed
Socio-Economic Status

A______d

  • social mobility overall limited
    e. g., our social class is generally that of our parents
  • that which is required to improve social status (e.g.,
    education) is unavailable to those of limited means
  • Canada’s inheritance structure serves to maintain status quo
A

Achieved & Ascribed
Socio-Economic Status

Ascribed

  • social mobility overall limited
    e. g., our social class is generally that of our parents
  • that which is required to improve social status (e.g.,
    education) is unavailable to those of limited means
  • Canada’s inheritance structure serves to maintain status quo
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5
Q

Achieved & Ascribed
Socio-Economic Status

A___________ status
-compared to many other countries, Canada has an open
stratification system
-based on achievement of “The [Canadian] dream”
-demonstrates that ‘anyone can make it through hard
work’ (meritocracy)

A

Achieved & Ascribed
Socio-Economic Status

Achieved status
-compared to many other countries, Canada has an open
stratification system
-based on achievement of “The [Canadian] dream”
-demonstrates that ‘anyone can make it through hard
work’ (meritocracy)

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6
Q

Intersectionality

•Class intersects with other arenas of stratification:
gender, age, immigrant status, disability and
race/ethnicity

•Aboriginal peoples, visible minorities, women, recent
immigrants, those with disabilities, lone mothers and
unattached individuals all experience disproportionate
levels of poverty in Canada
‘“layers of disadvantage”

A

Intersectionality

•Class intersects with other arenas of stratification:
gender, age, immigrant status, disability and
race/ethnicity

•Aboriginal peoples, visible minorities, women, recent
immigrants, those with disabilities, lone mothers and
unattached individuals all experience disproportionate
levels of poverty in Canada
‘“layers of disadvantage”

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7
Q

Classism

I__________l Classism
•classism on a personal or individual level
•behaviour or attitudes
•conscious & intentional; unconscious & unintentional

A

Classism

Individual Classism
•classism on a personal or individual level
•behaviour or attitudes
•conscious & intentional; unconscious & unintentional

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8
Q

Classism

Institutional Classism
•conscious or unconscious classism manifested in societal
institutions

A

Classism

Institutional Classism
•conscious or unconscious classism manifested in societal
institutions

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9
Q

Classism

Cultural Classism
•classism manifest through our cultural n___s and practices

A

Classism

Cultural Classism
•classism manifest through our cultural norms and practices

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10
Q

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

Self-  actualization 
Esteem 
Love/belonging 
Safety 
Physiological
A

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

Self-  actualization 
Esteem 
Love/belonging 
Safety 
Physiological
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11
Q

Measures of-Poverty

  • Absolute Poverty:
  • lack of basic n__________s
A

Measures of-Poverty

  • Absolute Poverty:
  • lack of basic necessities
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12
Q

Measures of-Poverty

  • Relative Poverty:
  • inadequacy compared to average living s______s
A

Measures of-Poverty

  • Relative Poverty:
  • inadequacy compared to average living s______s
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13
Q

Measures of-Poverty

Low Income Indices:
a) Incidence: % living below the p______y line
b) G_p Ratio: difference between a family’s actual
income and the poverty line

A

Measures of-Poverty

Low Income Indices:
a) Incidence: % living below the poverty line
b) Gap Ratio: difference between a family’s actual
income and the poverty line

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14
Q

Measures of-Poverty

Low Income Cut Off (LICO)
Defines low-income as spending _0% more than the a______e
Canadian (based on gross income) on food, shelter, clothing 9.6% of Canadians had income under the LICO in 2009

A

Measures of-Poverty

Low Income Cut Off
Defines low-income as spending 20% more than the average
Canadian (based on gross income) on food, shelter, clothing 9.6% of Canadians had income under the LICO in 2009

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15
Q

Measures of-Poverty

Market Based Measure
Estimates cost of basic goods, representing modest basic standard of living for reference family (1 m; 1 f; 2 children)
Expressed as % of families living below the MBM
MBM for Ontario in 2009 was 11%

A

Measures of-Poverty

Market Based Measure
Estimates cost of basic goods, representing modest basic standard of living for reference family (1 m; 1 f; 2 children)
Expressed as % of families living below the MBM
MBM for Ontario in 2009 was 11%

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16
Q

Low Income Measure
represents people making less than h__f the median income
LIM in Canada in 2009 was 16%

A

Low Income Measure
represents people making less than half the median income
LIM in Canada in 2009 was 16%

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17
Q

Poverty:

Over the past several years, poverty rates have
consistently hovered around +% of persons living in
families; 27% of unattached individuals
Women, unattached individuals, Aboriginal people,
persons with disabilities, immigrants, and members of
visible minorities are at high risk of poverty

A

Poverty:

Over the past several years, poverty rates have
consistently hovered around 9% of persons living in
families; 27% of unattached individuals
Women, unattached individuals, Aboriginal people,
persons with disabilities, immigrants, and members of
visible minorities are at high risk of poverty

18
Q

Aboriginal-People

‘Poverty is significantly higher among Aboriginal peoples

•Reasons include: 
unemployment 
geographic isolation 
lack of education 
lack of opportunity 
poor living and health conditions 
e.g., majority of First Nations communities in Alberta have had 
water advisories over the last decade
A

Aboriginal-People

‘Poverty is significantly higher among Aboriginal peoples

•Reasons include: 
unemployment 
geographic isolation 
lack of education 
lack of opportunity 
poor living and health conditions 
e.g., majority of First Nations communities in Alberta have had 
water advisories over the last decade
19
Q

Lone- ParenEEamilies

Lone-parent families represent 16% of total number of
Canadian families

Of these families, 80% were headed by m______s
21% of lone-mother-headed families live below poverty
line; 7% of lone-father-headed families live below poverty
line

A

Lone- ParenEEamilies

Lone-parent families represent 16% of total number of
Canadian families

Of these families, 80% were headed by mothers
21% of lone-mother-headed families live below poverty
line; 7% of lone-father-headed families live below poverty
line

20
Q

People With Disabilities

'13-7% of adult Canadians report being limited in their 
daily activities due to a disability 
•Most common disabilities 
Pain 
Flexibility 
Mobility 
Mental/Psychological
A

People With Disabilities

'13-7% of adult Canadians report being limited in their 
daily activities due to a disability 
•Most common disabilities 
Pain 
Flexibility 
Mobility 
Mental/Psychological
21
Q

People with Disability
Some persons have a disability so severe that they cannot work, but others cannot secure work for reasons not directly due to their condition:

I_________l Discrimination
e.g., non-criminal police contact reported in employment
police-check; municipal restrictions on group home locations

A

People with Disability
Some persons have a disability so severe that they cannot work, but others cannot secure work for reasons not directly due to their condition:

Institutional Discrimination
e.g., non-criminal police contact reported in employment
police-check; municipal restrictions on group home locations

22
Q

People with Disability
Some persons have a disability so severe that they cannot work, but others cannot secure work for reasons not directly due to their condition:

E___________l Discrimination
e.g., inaccessible buildings, transportation

A

People with Disability
Some persons have a disability so severe that they cannot work, but others cannot secure work for reasons not directly due to their condition:

Environmental Discrimination
e.g., inaccessible buildings, transportation

23
Q

People with Disability
Some persons have a disability so severe that they cannot work, but others cannot secure work for reasons not directly due to their condition:

A_________l Discrimination
based on prejudicial attitudes- discriminatory hiring practices

A

People with Disability
Some persons have a disability so severe that they cannot work, but others cannot secure work for reasons not directly due to their condition:

Attitudinal Discrimination
based on prejudicial attitudes- discriminatory hiring practices

24
Q

New Immigrants
Many immigrants are skilled and hold university degree but

experience higher rates of poverty due to:
•foreign education/work experience less valued
•racism
•language difficulties
•cultural differences
•poor social capital (networks)

A

New Immigrants
Many immigrants are skilled and hold university degree but

experience higher rates of poverty due to:
•foreign education/work experience less valued
•racism
•language difficulties
•cultural differences
•poor social capital (networks)

25
Q

The Wealthy, Elites,and Super Rich

C. Wright Mi__s played a key role in establishing elites as a topic worthy of social research and analysis
In his book The Power Elite (1956), Mills proposed that
elites in US society were so powerful and so coordinated
that they jeopardized democratic processes

A

The Wealthy, Elites,and Super Rich

C. Wright Mills played a key role in establishing elites as a topic wo rthy of social research and analysis
In his book The Power Elite (1956), Mills proposed that
elites in US society were so powerful and so coordinated
that they jeopardized democratic processes

26
Q

The Wealthy, Elites,and Super Rich

In Canada, the first systematic, empirical sociological
analysis of class and status was considered in John P____r’s book The Vertical Mosaic (1956)
This book provided an eye-opening analysis of the
concentration of corporate power in the hands of a féw— mostly Anglophone Canadian males

A

The Wealthy, Elites,and Super Rich

In Canada, the first systematic, empirical sociological
analysis of class and status was considered in John Porter’s book The Vertical Mosaic (1956)
This book provided an eye-opening analysis of the
concentration of corporate power in the hands of a féw— mostly Anglophone Canadian males

27
Q

Functionalist Theory
The Davis-M___e thesis:

inequalities exist in all societies and, as such, they must be necessary In order to function properly, a society must somehow distribute its members into various social positions and persuade them to perform the duties of those positions

According to Davis and Moore, the positions that are rewarded with the highest economic gains and highest rank are those that have the greatest importance for society, and those that require the greatest training or talent

A

Functionalist Theory
The Davis-Moore thesis:

inequalities exist in all societies and, as such, they must be necessary In order to function properly, a society must somehow distribute its members into various social positions and persuade them to perform the duties of those positions

According to Davis and Moore, the positions that are rewarded with the highest economic gains and highest rank are those that have the greatest importance for society, and those that require the greatest training or talent

28
Q

Functionalist Theory

Theory criticized:
-does not take into account that some people are unable to afford the costs of e_________n
-ignores the fact that some social groups earn less
regardless of talent and t________g
-ignores the fact that the disparity between the rich and the poor can be extreme

A

Functionalist Theory

Theory criticized:
-does not take into account that some people are unable to afford the costs of education
-ignores the fact that some social groups earn less
regardless of talent and training
-ignores the fact that the disparity between the rich and the poor can be extreme

29
Q

Interactionist Theory

The Theory of the L_________e Class (1899)
highlighted the symbolic embodiment of social
inequality through the practice of conspicuous
c___________n wealth and social position are communicated through
status symbols

A

Interactionist Theory

The Theory of the Leisure Class (1899)
highlighted the symbolic embodiment of social
inequality through the practice of conspicuous
consumption wealth and social position are communicated through
status symbols

30
Q

Feminist Perspective

•Feminization of Poverty: women are at greater risk of poverty gender segregation in the workforce
gendered division of domestic labour

A

Feminist Perspective

•Feminization of Poverty: women are at greater risk of poverty gender segregation in the workforce
gendered division of domestic labour

31
Q

Feminist Perspective

‘Critique stratification research:
assuming women’s social position derives from her husband excluding women from research samples owing to their secondary status in relation to the labour market neglect study of gender inequalities

A

Feminist Perspective

‘Critique stratification research:
assuming women’s social position derives from her husband excluding women from research samples owing to their secondary status in relation to the labour market neglect study of gender inequalities

32
Q

Conflict Theory

Marx:
social structure is distorted through private property,
e_________n of surplus wealth, division of labour and
alienated labour
-Marx contended that the drive for private property was primarily responsible for creating the two-class system
-capitalists are able to keep wages low because capitalism ensures s__________s labour

A

Conflict Theory

Marx:
social structure is distorted through private property,
expropriation of surplus wealth, division of labour and
alienated labour
-Marx contended that the drive for private property was primarily
responsible for creating the two-class system
-capitalists are able to keep wages low because capitalism ensures
superfluous labour

33
Q

Conflict Theory-

Marx argued that class conflict between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat would become inevitable as inequality became more pronounced

A

Conflict Theory-

Marx argued that class conflict between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat would become inevitable as inequality became more pronounced

34
Q

Conflict Theory-

Eventually, this polarization would lead to the proletariat developing a class c__________s

is an awareness of workers’
shared interests and their ability to act on those interests This, according to Marx, would lead to a socialist r__________n, the eradication of capitalist economies, and a new mode of production

A

Conflict Theory-

Eventually, this polarization would lead to the proletariat developing a class consciousness

Class consciousness is an awareness of workers’
shared interests and their ability to act on those interests This, according to Marx, would lead to a socialist revolution, the eradication of capitalist economies, and a new mode of production

35
Q

Conflict Theory-
W____r:

Argued that class and economic inequalities were not the only measure of social stratification

Class: ownership of p_________y
Status: prestige; honour
Power: ability to exert power and control over others despite their o________s

A

Conflict Theory-
Weber:

Argued that class and economic inequalities were not the only measure of social stratification
Class: ownership of property
Status: prestige; honour
Power: ability to exert power and control over others despite their objections

36
Q

Poverty & Social-Polices

•A long tradition to “help” the poor
Initially driven by Christian and Jewish religious ethics
Early charities in Canada provided food, clothing, shelter

A

Poverty & Social-Polices

•A long tradition to “help” the poor
Initially driven by Christian and Jewish religious ethics
Early charities in Canada provided food, clothing, shelter

37
Q

Poverty & Social-Polices

•Unemployment rates during the Great Depression of the 1930s hit 30 per cent, social activists and politicians sought to establish legislation to address poverty

A

Poverty & Social-Polices

•Unemployment rates during the Great Depression of the 1930s hit 30 per cent, social activists and politicians sought to establish legislation to address poverty

38
Q

Neoliberaralism

Keynesian Economics 
"Welfare State" 
1940-1970 
•Individual Freedoms 
•State activity in the economy 
•Social Programs 
•Taxation 
•Labour 
•Business Friendliness 
•Political Party Associations 
Neoliberalism 
1970-
A

Neoliberaralism

Keynesian Economics 
"Welfare State" 
1940-1970 
•Individual Freedoms 
•State activity in the economy 
•Social Programs 
•Taxation 
•Labour 
•Business Friendliness 
•Political Party Associations 
Neoliberalism 
1970-
39
Q

Neoliberal Discourse
Neoliberalism: current political philosophy;
emphasizes privatization, deregulation, reduction
of welfare state through reduction in programs
and lowering of taxes
Examples of neoliberal discourse:
•’from poverty to perversity’
•tragedy of the c______s
•individual responsibility
•criticism of the “nanny state”

A

Neoliberal Discourse
Neoliberalism: current political philosophy;
emphasizes privatization, deregulation, reduction
of welfare state through reduction in programs
and lowering of taxes
Examples of neoliberal discourse:
•’from poverty to perversity’
•tragedy of the commons
•individual responsibility
•criticism of the “nanny state”

40
Q

Understanding Poverty
“Blame the Victim”

•based on belief that ‘anyone can make it’ if they work
hard-enough
•often leads to stereotyping and poor-bashing
•contributes to c_______m
•Studies show that Canadians who’ve never been recipients of welfare believe that they never will be-this reduces our empathy towards the poor

A

Understanding Poverty
“Blame the Victim”

•based on belief that ‘anyone can make it’ if they work
hard-enough
•often leads to stereotyping and poor-bashing
•contributes to classism
•Studies show that Canadians who’ve never been recipients of welfare believe that they never will be-this reduces our empathy towards the poor

41
Q

Understanding Poverty
“Blame the System”

•Structural problems: 
deindustrialization 
costs of living 
barriers to opportunities 
limited access to affordable housing 
inability to obtain credit 
'Poor olic . 
welfare rates a
minimum wage 
living wage 
wealth distribution 
neoliberalism
A

Understanding Poverty
“Blame the System”

•Structural problems: 
deindustrialization 
costs of living 
barriers to opportunities 
limited access to affordable housing 
inability to obtain credit 
'Poor olic . 
welfare rates a
minimum wage 
living wage 
wealth distribution 
neoliberalism

SOC 100 (10 decks)

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