Obstruction Flashcards
What in dipsticks detects just 1 RBC?
Orthotolidine
What can cause false positives for blood on a dipstick?
Myoglobin, becaterial peroxidases, bleach
What can cause false negatives for blood on a dipstick?
Vitamin C
List the differential diagnoses for haematuria
- Cancer (RCC, TCC, bladder, prostate)
- Stones
- Infection
- BPH
What can cause black urine?
Old blood, malaria, haemolysis, metronidazole
What can cause orange urine?
Rifampicin, sulfasalazine, the B vitamins, vitamin C
What can cause red urine?
Beetroot, rhubarb
What can cause dark urine?
Obstructive jaundice (gallstones) (would also have pale stools)
What could cause green/blue urine?
Medications, pseudomonas infection
What can cause cloudy urine?
Infection, fistula
What should be suspected if there is flatus in urine?
Fistula between bowel and bladder
In what cases would haematuria require urology admission?
Significant visible haematuria, clot retention, loin pain, symptoms of anaemia, co-morbidities, signs of active bleeding, significant anticoagulation
Which one is painful, acute or chronic urinary retention?
Acute urinary retention - chronic is not painful
What is hydronephrosis?
Hydronephrosis is the swelling of a kidney due to a build-up of urine.
What are the mechanisms behind urinary retention?
- Bladder oulet obstruction
- Low bladder contractile power
- Interrupted sensory or motor innervation of bladder/sphincter
What are some acute causes of urinary retention in men?
BPH, prostate cancer, urethral stricture, prostatic infection
What are some acute causes of urinary retention in women?
Prolapses, masses, post botox, Fowlers syndrome
What are some causes of urinary retention in both sexes?
Clots, drugs (like anticholingergics), pain, major abdo surgery
Give some neurological causes of retention
Spinal cord compression, injury, detrusor areflexia
True or False:
A unilateral obstructive stone globally impairs renal function
True
What are the risk factors for renal calculi?
Middle age, male, caucasian or indian, sedentary, genes, diet
What is the main component of kidney stones?
Calcium oxalate
