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ESA3 - Urinary System > Intro and Anatomy > Flashcards

Intro and Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

True or False:

They kidneys are covered in peritoneum

A

False

They are retroperitoneal

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2
Q

Where are the kidneys located?

A

Posterior abdomen

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3
Q

What spinal levels do the kidneys typically extend from/to?

A

From T12-L3

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4
Q

Why is the right kidney often situated lower?

A

Due to presence of the liver

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5
Q

How many vertebrae long is each kidney (typically)?

A

3 vertebrae

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6
Q

Which part of the kidney is connected to the ureter?

A

Renal pelvis

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7
Q

The kidneys are encased in layers of fascia and fat. How are these arranged from deep to superficial?

A
  • Renal capsule (tough fibrous capsule)
  • Perirenal fat
  • Renal fascia
  • Pararenal fat (located on posterolateral aspect of kidney)
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8
Q

What are the functions of the kidney?

A

1) Control concentration of substances in ECF
2) Excretion of waste products
3) Synthesis of renin, erythropoietin, prostaglandins
4) Metabolism: active form of vitamin D, catabolism of inslin, PTH calcitonin

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9
Q

How much water does an average 70 kg male contain?

A

42 L

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10
Q

How much of the total water contained in a 70kg male is ICF?

A

28 L

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11
Q

How much of the total water contained in a 70kg male is ECF?

A

14 L

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12
Q

How much of the ECF (14L) contained in a 70kg male is interstitial fluid?

A

11 L

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13
Q

How much of the ECF (14L) contained in a 70kg male is plasma?

A

3 L

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14
Q

What two main areas can the internal renal parenchyma be divided into?

A

Medulla and cortex

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15
Q

The cortex extends into the medulla, dividing it into triangular shapes. What are these known as?

A

Renal pyramids

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16
Q

What is a renal lobe?

A

Portion of a kidney consisting of a renal pyramid and the cortex above it

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17
Q

What is the apex of each renal pyramid which projects into a calyx called?

A

Papilla

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18
Q

Where does urine formed in the kidney pass through to get to the bladder?

A 
Through renal papilla
Into minor calyx
Two or three minor calyces converge to form major calyx
From major calyx into renal pelvis
Into ureter
Into bladder
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19
Q

What passes through the renal hilum?

A

Renal artery, renal vein, ureter

20
Q

What artery supplies the kidney and what is this a branch of?

A

Renal artery - branch of abdominal aorta

21
Q

Why is the right renal artery longer?

A

Due to the anatomical position of the abdominal aorta which is slightly to the left of the midline

22
Q

What does the right renal artery cross posteriorly?

A

Vena cava

23
Q

What does the renal artery enter the kidney via?

A

Renal hilum

24
Q

When each renal artery enters the kidney, what does it divide into?

A

Segmental arteries

25
Q

What does each segmental artery divide into?

A

Interlobar arteries - situiated either side of every renal pyramid

26
Q

What do the interlobar arteries divide into?

A

Arcuate arteries

27
Q

What arteries arise at 90 degrees to the arcuate arteries?

A

Interlobular arteries

28
Q

After the interlobular arteries pass through the cortex, what do they divide into?

A

Afferent arterioles

29
Q

What do the afferent arterioles form?

A

A capillary network - the glomerulus

30
Q

What are the long, straight arteries that supply the inner third of the cortex and medulla called?

A

Vasa recta

31
Q

What are peritubular capillaries?

A

Formed by the efferent arterioles - supply nephron tubules with oxyen and nutrients

32
Q

Why is the left renal vein longer?

A

Vena cava lies slightly to the right

33
Q

Where does lymph from the kidney drain?

A

Lateral aortic nodes

34
Q

Where does filtering occur?

A

Glomerulus

35
Q

What are the parts of the nephron?

A

Glomerulus, proximal convoluted tubule, loop of henle, distal convoluted tubule, collecting duct

36
Q

Is the proximal convoluted tubule in the medulla or cortex?

A

Cortex

37
Q

Is the loop of henle in the medulla or cortex?

A

Dips into and out of medulla

38
Q

Is the distal convoluted tubule in the cortex or medulla?

A

Cortex

39
Q

Where does the collecting duct travel?

A

Passes through medulla to renal pelvis

40
Q

Where is the main site of sodium and water reabsorption?

A

PCT (60-70%)

41
Q

Where is the main site of potassium reabsorption?

A

PCT (80-90%)

42
Q

Where is the main site of bicarbonate reabsorption?

A

PCT (90%)

43
Q

Where are glucose and amino acids normally all reabsorbed?

A

PCT

44
Q

What is the major function of the loop of henle?

A

Create a gradient of increasing osmolarity in the medulla by counter-current multiplication which allows formation of concentrated urine if water has to be conserved

45
Q

Is the fluid leaving the loop of henle hypotonic, hypertonic or isotonic?

A

Hypotonic

46
Q

Where does the active secretion of hydrogen ions occur?

A

DCT

47
Q

What is the collecting duct responsive to?

A

ADH

ESA3 - Urinary System (16 decks)

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