Obsessive Compulsive

Question 1

_____ and related disorders are defined by repetitive thoughts and behaviors that are so extreme that they interfere with everyday life.

Answer 1

obsessive compulsive

Question 2

_____ disorders include posttraumatic stress disorder and acute stress disorder, two conditions that are triggered by exposure to severely traumatic events.

Answer 2

trauma-related

Question 3

_____ is characterised by obsessions or compulsions. Few of us have thoughts or urges that are persistent and intrusive enough to qualify us for a diagnosis of OCD

Answer 3

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

Question 4

____ are intrusive and recurring thoughts, images, or impulses that are persistent and uncontrollable (i.e., the person cannot stop the thoughts) and that often appear irrational to the person experiencing them.

Answer 4

obsessions

Question 5

Obsessions have such force and frequency that they interfere with ____. The most frequent foci for obsessions include fears of contamination, sexual or aggressive impulses, body problems, religion, and symmetry or order. People with obsessions may also be prone to extreme doubts, procrastination and indecision.

Answer 5

normal activities

Question 6

____ are repetitive, clearly excessive behaviours or mental acts that the person feels driven to perform to reduce the anxiety caused by obsessive thoughts or to prevent some calamity from occurring.

Answer 6

Compulsions

Question 7

Even though rationally understanding that there is no need for this behaviour, the person feels as though something ____ will happen if the act is not performed.

Answer 7

dire

Question 8

Commonly reported ____ include the following: Pursuing cleanliness and orderliness, sometimes through elaborate rituals. Performing repetitive, magically protective acts, such as counting or touching a body part. Repetitive checking to ensure that certain acts are carried out.

Answer 8

compulsions

Question 9

OCD tends to begin either before age __ or else in late adolescence/early adulthood.

Answer 9

10

Question 10

about _ percent meet diagnostic criteria in a given year and about 2 percent meet diagnostic criteria during their lifetime.

Answer 10

1

Question 11

OCD is slightly more common among ____ than men, with a gender ratio of about 1.5 The pattern of symptoms appears to be similar across cultures.

Answer 11

women

Question 12

More than three-quarters of people with OCD meet criteria for ____ anxiety disorders during their lifetime. Two-thirds meet criteria for major depression during their lifetime. Substance use is also common. About one-third of people with OCD experience at least some symptoms of hoarding

Answer 12

comorbid

Question 13

DSM-5 Criteria for _____ Obsessions or compulsions Obsessions are defined by: Recurrent, intrusive, persistent, unwanted thoughts, urges, or images. The person tries to ignore, suppress, or neutralise the thoughts, urges, or images. Compulsions are defined by: Repetitive behaviours or thoughts that the person feels compelled to perform to prevent distress or a dreaded event. The person feels driven to perform the repetitive behaviours or thoughts in response to obsessions or according to rigid rules. The obsessions or compulsions are time consuming (e.g., at least 1 hour per day) or cause clinically significant distress or impairment

Answer 13

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

Question 14

These disorders share overlap in etiology. Current models suggest that this overlap might be due to ____ and ____ risk factors. For example, people with BDD and hoarding disorder often have a family history of OCD.

Answer 14

genetic and neurobiological

Question 15

OCD and BDD seem to involve some of the same brain regions. Brain-imaging studies indicate that three closely related areas of the brain are unusually active in people with OCD, the ____ cortex (an area of the medial prefrontal cortex located just above the eyes), the ____ nucleus (part of the basal ganglia), and the anterior ____.

Answer 15

orbitofrontal, caudate, cingulate

Question 16

Etiology of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder There is a moderate genetic contribution OCD, of ____ ranging from 30 to 50 percent

Answer 16

heritability

Question 17

____ is defined as this subjective feeling of knowing. Just like you have a signal that you have eaten enough food, yedasentience is an intuitive signal that you have thought enough, cleaned enough, or in other ways done what you should to prevent chaos and danger.

Answer 17

Yedasentience

Question 18

One theory suggests that people with OCD suffer from a deficit in yedasentience. Because they fail to gain the internal sense of ____, they have a hard time stopping their thoughts and behaviours.

Answer 18

completion

Question 19

Behavioural models emphasise operant conditioning of compulsions. That is compulsions are ____ because they reduce anxiety.

Answer 19

reinforced

Question 20

In considering compulsions, a key question is why a single instance of checking the stove the door doesn’t suffice. One theory is that they mistrust their ____.

Answer 20

memory

Question 21

A different model focuses on obsessions. This model suggests that people with OCD may try harder to ____ their obsessions than other people and, in doing so, may actually make the situation worse.

Answer 21

suppress

Question 22

Trying to suppress a thought may have the paradoxical effect of inducing ____ with it.

Answer 22

preoccupation

Question 23

Each of these disorders responds to ____ reuptake inhibitors. The major psychological approach is exposure and response prevention, although this treatment is tailored for the specific conditions.

Answer 23

serotonin

Question 24

Medications. Antidepressants are the most commonly used medications for obsessive-compulsive and related disorders. Although these were initially developed to treat depression, it is well established that they are effective in the treatment of OCD and BDD. The most commonly prescribed antidepressant for OCD is ____. Between 50 and 75 percent of people with BDD respond to treatment with antidepressants. “Selective” serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are a newer class of antidepressants that have fewer side effects.

Answer 24

clomipramine

Question 25

Psychological Treatment. The most widely used psychological treatment for the obsessive-compulsive and related disorders is _____ and _____ prevention (ERP)

Answer 25

exposure and response prevention

Question 26

OCD sufferers often hold an almost magical belief that their compulsive behavior will prevent awful things from happening. In the response prevention component of ERP people ____ themselves to situations that elicit the compulsive act and then refrain from performing the compulsive ritual.

Answer 26

expose

Question 27

The reasoning behind this approach goes like this: 1. Not performing the ritual exposes the person to the full force of the ____ provoked by the stimulus 2. The exposure results in the extinction of the conditioned response (the ____)

Answer 27

anxiety

Question 28

ERP appears to be more ____ than clomipramine for the treatment of OCD

Answer 28

effective

Question 29

Typically ERP involves refraining from performing rituals during sessions lasting upwards of 90 minutes, with 15 to 20 sessions within a 3-week period, and with instructions to practice between sessions as well. Given the intensity of treatment, it is not surprising that about 25 percent of clients ____ ERP treatment

Answer 29

refuse