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175.302 Abnormal Psychology > Glossary 4 > Flashcards

Glossary 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

An amphetamine derivative whose abuse skyrocketed in the 1990s

A

methamphetamine.

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2
Q

Recent adaptation of cognitive therapy/restructuring that focuses on relapse prevention after successful treatment for recurrent episodes of major depression; aims to “decenter” the person’s perspective in order to break the cycle between sadness and thinking patterns

A

mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT).

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3
Q

A lengthy personality inventory that identifies individuals with states such as anxiety, depression, masculinity-femininity, and paranoia, through their true-false replies to groups of statements

A

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI).

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4
Q

An 1843 British court decision stating that an insanity defense can be established by proving that the defendant did not know what he or she was doing or did not realise that it was wrong

A

M’Naghten rule.

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5
Q

Learning by observing and imitating the behaviour of others or teaching by demonstrating and providing opportunities for imitation

A

modelling.

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6
Q

Studies that seek to determine the components of a trait that are heritable by identifying relevant genes and their functions

A

molecular genetics.

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7
Q

A group of antidepressant drugs that prevent the enzyme monoamine oxidase from deactivating catecholamines and indolamines.

A

monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOLs)

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8
Q

Genetically identical twins who have developed from a single fertilised egg Compare dizygotic twins

A

monozygotic (MZ) twins.

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9
Q

Disorders, such as depressive disorders or mania, in which there are disabling disturbance in emotion.

A

mood disorders.

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10
Q

A therapeutic regimen, introduced by Philippe Pinel during the French Revolution, whereby mentally ill patients were released from their restraints and were treated with compassion and dignity rather than with contempt and denigration

A

moral treatment.

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11
Q

An addictive narcotic alkaloid extracted from opium, used primarily as an analgesic and as a sedative.

A

morphine.

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12
Q

A learning disorder characterised by marked impairment in the development of motor coordination that is not accounted for by a physical disorder such as cerebral palsy.

A

motor disorder.

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13
Q

Mowrer’s theory of avoidance learning according to which (1) fear is attached to a neutral stimulus by pairing it with a noxious unconditioned stimulus, and (2) a person learns to escape the fear elicited by the conditioned stimulus, thereby avoiding the unconditioned stimulus

A

Mowrer’s two-factor model.

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14
Q

Classification having several dimensions, all of which are employed in categorising: DSM-IV-TR is an example.

A

multiaxial classification system.

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15
Q

Treatment for serious juvenile offenders that involves delivering intensive and comprehensive therapy services in the community, targeting the adolescent, the family, the school, and, in some cases, the peer group, in ecologically valid settings and using varied techniques

A

multisystemic treatment (MST).

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16
Q

Personality disorder defined by extreme selfishness and self-centeredness; a grandiose view of one’s uniqueness, achievements and talents; an insatiable craving for admiration and approval from others; willingness to exploit others to achieve goals; and expectation of much more from others than one is willing to give in return.

A

narcissistic personality disorder.

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17
Q

The strengthening of a tendency to exhibit desired behavior by rewarding responses in that situation with the removal of an aversive stimulus.

A

negative reinforcement.

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18
Q

Behavioural deficits in schizophrenia, which include flat affect, anhedonia, asociality, alogia, and avolition. Compare positive symptoms

A

negative symptoms.

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19
Q

In Beck’s theory of depression, a persons negative views of the self, the world, and the future, in a reciprocal causal relationship with pessimistic assumptions (schemas) and cognitive biases such as selective abstraction

A

negative triad.

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20
Q

A wave of depolarization that propagates along the neuron and causes the release of neurotransmitter; action potential

A

nerve impulse.

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21
Q

Abnormal protein filaments present in the cell bodies of brain cells in patients with Alzheimer’s disease

A

neurofibrillary tangles.

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22
Q

A physician who specialises in medical diseases that affect the nervous system, such as muscular dystrophy, cerebral palsy, or Alzheimers disease.

A

neurologist.

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23
Q

A single nerve cell

A

neuron.

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24
Q

Psychological tests, such as the Luria-Nebraska, that can detect impairment in different parts of the brain.

A

neuropsychological tests.

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25
Q

A psychologist who studies how brain dysfunction affects cognition, emotion, and behaviour.

A

neuropsychologist.

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26
Q

A broad theoretical view that holds that mental disorders are caused in part by some aberrant process directed by the brain

A

neuroscience paradigm.

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27
Q

The tendency to react to events with greater-than-average negative affect; a strong predictor of onset of anxiety disorders and depression.

A

neuroticism.

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28
Q

Chemical substances important in transferring a nerve impulse from one neuron to another, for example, serotonin and norepinephrine

A

neurotransmitters.

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29
Q

The principal alkaloid of tobacco (an addicting agent)

A

nicotine.

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30
Q

A gas that, when inhaled, produces euphoria and sometimes giddiness

A

nitrous oxide.

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31
Q

Factors distinct among family members, such as relationships with friends or specific experiences unique to a person. Compare shared environment.

A

nonshared environment.

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32
Q

Behaviours that are meant to cause immediate bodily harm but are not intended to cause death.

A

nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI).

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33
Q

A catecholamine neurotransmitter of the central nervous system, disturbances in the tracts of which apparently figure in depression and mania. It is also a sympathetic nervous system neurotransmitter, a hormone released in addition to epinephrine and similar in action, and a strong vasoconstrictor

A

norepinephrine.

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34
Q

Insanity plea that specifies an individual is not to be held legally responsible for the crime because the person had a mental illness at the time of the crime. Different states and federal law have different standards for defining mental illness and what must be demonstrated by the defense. In most cases, the defense must show that because of the mental illness, the accused person could not conform his or her behaviour to the law and did not know right from wrong when the crime was committed. Compare guilty but mentally ill.

A

not guilty by reason of insanity (NGRI).

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35
Q

Currently defined as exhibiting a body mass index (BMI) of greater than 30.

A

obese.

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36
Q

Variant of psychoanalytic theory that focuses on the way children internalise (introject) images of the people who are important to them (e.g., their parents), such that these internalised images (object representations) become part of the ego and influence how the person reacts to the world.

A

object relations theory.

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37
Q

An intrusive and recurring thought that seems irrational and uncontrollable to the person experiencing it. Compare compulsion

A

obsession.

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38
Q

An anxiety disorder in which the mind is flooded with persistent and uncontrollable thoughts or the individual is compelled to repeat certain acts again and again, causing significant distress and interference with everyday functioning.

A

obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).

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39
Q

Personality disorder defined by inordinate difficulty making decisions, hyperconcern with details and efficiency, and poor relations with others due to demands that things be done just so, as well as the person’s unduly conventional serious, formal, and stingy emotions.

A

obsessive-compulsive personality disorder.

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40
Q

The posterior portion of each cerebral hemisphere, situated behind the parietal lobe and above the temporal lobes; responsible for reception and analysis of visual information and for some visual memory.

A

occipital lobe.

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41
Q

The acquisition or elimination of a response as a function of the environmental contingencies of reinforcement and punishment. Compare classical conditioning

A

operant conditioning.

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42
Q

A group of addictive sedatives that in moderate doses relieve pain and induce sleep.

A

opiates.

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43
Q

One of the opiates, the dried, milky juice obtained from the immature fruit of the opium poppy; an addictive narcotic that produces euphoria and drowsiness while reducing pain

A

opium.

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44
Q

An externalising disorder of children marked by high levels of disobedience to authority but lacking the extremes of conduct disorder

A

oppositional defiant disorder.

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45
Q

In psychoanalytic theory, the first psychosexual stage, which extends into the second year; during it the mouth is the principal erogenous zone

A

oral stage.

46
Q

The portion of the frontal lobe located just above the eyes; one of three closely related brain regions that are unusually active in individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder.

A

orbitofrontal cortex.

47
Q

The third stage of the sexual response cycle, characterized by a peak of sexual pleasure, generally including ejaculation in men and contraction of the outer vaginal walls in women.

A

orgasm phase.

48
Q

Research on the efficacy of psychotherapy.

A

outcome research.

49
Q

A form of civil commitment consistent with the principle of least restrictive alternative, whereby the person is not hospitalised but rather is allowed to remain free in the community under legal/medical constraints that ensure, for example, that prescribed medication is taken and other measures are observed.

A

outpatient commitment.

50
Q

An opiate combined with other drugs to produce prescription pain medications, including the commonly abused drug OxyContin. See also hydrocodone.

A

oxycodone.

51
Q

A somatoform disorder in which the person complains of severe and prolonged pain that is not fully explainable by organic pathology and is thus assumed to be caused or intensified by psychological factors.

A

pain disorder.

52
Q

A sudden attack of intense apprehension, terror, and impending doom, accompanied by symptoms such as labored breathing, nausea, chest pain, feelings of choking and smothering, heart palpitations, dizziness, sweating, and trembling.

A

panic attack.

53
Q

A cognitive behaviour treatment, based on the tendency of individuals with panic disorder to overreact to bodily stimuli, in which sensations are induced physically and coped with under safe conditions.

A

panic control therapy (PCT).

54
Q

An anxiety disorder in which the individual has sudden, inexplicable, and frequent panic attacks, in DSM-IV-TR, diagnosed as with or without agoraphobia. See also panic attack.

A

panic disorder.

55
Q

A set of basic assumptions that outlines the universe of scientific inquiry, specifying both the concepts regarded as legitimate and the methods to be used in collecting and interpreting data

A

paradigm.

56
Q

The general term for delusions of persecution, of grandiosity, or both; found in several pathological conditions, delusional disorders, paranoid schizophrenia, and paranoid personality disorder but can also be produced by large doses of certain drugs, such as cocaine or alcohol

A

paranoia.

57
Q

A personality disorder defined by expectation of mistreatment at the hands of others, suspicion, secretiveness, jealousy, argumentativeness, unwillingness to accept blame, and cold and unemotional affect

A

paranoid personality disorder.

58
Q

Sexual attraction to unusual objects or unusual sexual activities that leads to social difficulties or distress.

A

paraphilic disorder.

59
Q

The division of the autonomic nervous system that is involved with maintenance; controls many of the internal organs and is active primarily when the organism is not aroused. Compare sympathetic nervous system.

A

parasympathetic nervous system.

60
Q

Behavioural program in which parents are taught to modify their responses to their children so that prosocial rather than antisocial behavior is consistently rewarded

A

parent management training (PMT)

61
Q

The middle division of each cerebral hemisphere, situated behind the central sulcus and above the lateral sulcus; the receiving center for sensations of the skin and of bodily positions

A

parietal lobe.

62
Q

Phencyclidine, also known by street names such as angel dust, PeaCE Pill, and zombie; this very powerful and hazardous drug causes profound disorientation, agitated and often violent behaviour, and even seizures coma, and death.

A

PCP

63
Q

A paraphilia defined by a marked preference for obtaining sexual gratification through contact with people defined legally as underage

A

pedophilia.

64
Q

A device for detecting blood flow and thus for recording changes in the size of the penis

A

penile plethysmograph.

65
Q

A DSM-5 disorder defined by depressive symptoms that last for at least two years

A

persistent depressive disorder (dysthymia).

66
Q

Onset during pregnancy or within 4 weeks postpartum, characterising a subtype of episodes of major depressive disorder or mania.

A

peripartum onset.

67
Q

A group of disorders involving long-standing, inflexible, and maladaptive personality traits that impair social and occupational functioning.

A

personality disorder.

68
Q

A self-report questionnaire comprised of statements assessing habitual behavioural and affective tendencies

A

personality inventory.

69
Q

Five personality dimensions included in the appendix of DSM-5 to help supplement diagnoses of personality disorders: negative affectivity, detachment, antagonism, disinhibition, and psychoticism.

A

personality trait domains.

70
Q

Twenty-five specific personality dimensions included in the appendix to provide greater detail on the personality trait domains

A

personality trait facets.

71
Q

Computer-generated picture of the living brain, created by analysis of emissions from radioactive isotopes injected into the bloodstream.

A

PET scan.

72
Q

In psychoanalytic theory, the third psycho- sexual stage, extending from ages 3 to 5 or 6, during which maximal gratification is obtained from genital stimulation.

A

phallic stage.

73
Q

The totality of physical characteristics and behavioural traits of an individual or a particular trait exhibited by an individual; the product of interactions between genetics and the environment over the course of development. Compare genotype

A

phenotype.

74
Q

A genetic deficiency in a liver enzyme, phenylalanine hydroxylase, that causes severe intellectual developmental disorder unless phenylalanine can be largely restricted from the diet

A

phenylketonuria (PKU).

75
Q

An anxiety disorder in which there is intense fear and avoidance of specific objects and situations, recognized as irrational by the individual

A

phobia.

76
Q

DSM-IV-TR communication disorder in childhood in which some words sound like baby talk because the person is not able to make certain speech sounds. Renamed speech sounds disorder in DSM-5

A

phonological disorder.

77
Q

Any inactive therapy or chemical agent, or any attribute or component of such a therapy or chemical, that affects a persons behaviour for reasons related to his or her expectation of change

A

placebo.

78
Q

The action of a drug or psychological treatment that is not attributable to any specific operations of the agent. For example, a tranquilliser can reduce anxiety both because of its special biochemical action and because the recipient expects relief. See also placebo

A

placebo effect.

79
Q

Small, round areas composed of remnants of lost neurons and beta-amyloid, a waxy protein deposit; present in the brains of patients with Alzheimer’s disease.

A

plaques.

80
Q

In psychoanalytic theory, the demanding manner by which the id operates, seeking immediate gratification of its needs

A

pleasure principle.

81
Q

The misuse of more than one drug at a time, such as drinking heavily and taking cocaine.

A

polydrug abuse.

82
Q

As applied to psychopathology or any other trait, caused by multiple genes contributing their effects typically during multiple stages of development.

A

polygenic.

83
Q

Any specific difference in DNA sequence that exists within a population

A

polymorphism.

84
Q

The strengthening of a tendency to exhibit desired behaviour by rewarding responses in that situation with a desired reward.

A

positive reinforcement.

85
Q

Behavioural excesses in schizophrenia, such as hallucinations and delusions. Compare negative symptoms

A

positive symptoms.

86
Q

Etiological model of dissociative identity disorder that assumes the condition begins in childhood as a result of severe physical or sexual abuse. Compare sociocognitive model (of DID)

A

posttraumatic model (of DID).

87
Q

An anxiety disorder in which a particularly stressful event, such as military combat, rape, or a natural disaster, brings in its aftermath intrusive reexperiencing of the trauma, a numbing of responsiveness to the outside world, estrangement from others, and a tendency to be easily startled, as well as nightmares, recurrent dreams, and otherwise disturbed sleep

A

posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD).

88
Q

An inclination or diathesis to respond in a certain way, either inborn or acquired; in abnormal psychology, a factor that lowers the ability to withstand stress and inclines the individual toward pathology.

A

predisposition.

89
Q

The region of the frontal lobe of the brain that helps maintain an image of threats and rewards faced, as well as maintain focus and plan relevant to those threats and rewards.

A

prefrontal cortex.

90
Q

Inability of the male to inhibit his orgasm long enough for mutually satisfying sexual relations.

A

premature (early) ejaculation.

91
Q

A DSM-5 disorder defined by mood and physical symptoms that consistently emerge in the week before menses and clear within a week after menses.

A

premenstrual dysphoric disorder.

92
Q

In classical conditioning theory a biological predisposition to associate particular stimuli readily with the unconditioned stimulus.

A

prepared learning.

93
Q

In epidemiological studies of a disorder, the percentage of a population that has the disorder at a given time. Compare incidence.

A

prevalence.

94
Q

The communication between parties in a confidential relationship that is protected by statute, which a spouse, doctor, lawyer, pastor, psychologist, or psychiatrist thus cannot be forced to disclose, except under unusual circumstances.

A

privileged communication.

95
Q

The sample of people who in a genetic investigation bears the diagnosis or trait in which the investigator is interested.

A

probands.

96
Q

A prediction of the likely course and outcome of an illness. Compare diagnosis.

A

prognosis.

97
Q

The notion that standard but highly unstructured stimuli, as found in the Rorschach assessments series of inkblots, are necessary to bypass defenses in order to reveal unconscious motives and conflicts

A

projective hypothesis.

98
Q

A psychological assessment device, such as the Rorschach series of inkblots, employing a set of standard but vague stimuli, on the assumption that unstructured material will allow unconscious motivations and fears to be uncovered.

A

projective test.

99
Q

A speech problem in which the child refers to himself or herself as “he “she,” or “you” and uses “I” or “me” in referring to others; often found in the speech of children with autistic disorder.

A

pronoun reversal.

100
Q

In neural development, the selective loss of synaptic connections, especially in the fine-tuning of brain regions devoted to sensory processing

A

pruning.

101
Q

A psychedelic drug extracted from the mushroom Psilocybe mexicana.

A

psilocybin.

102
Q

In psychoanalytic theory, the totality the id, ego, and superego, including both conscious and unconscious components.

A

psyche.

103
Q

A nurse, typically with a bachelor’s degree, who receives specialised training in mental illness. A nurse practitioner may prescribe psychiatric medications.

A

psychiatric nurse.

104
Q

A physician (M.D.) who has taken specialised postdoctoral training, called a residency, in the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of mental disorders

A

psychiatrist.

105
Q

Prescribed chemical compounds - for example, Prozac - having a psychological effect that alters mood or thought process.

A

psychoactive medications.

106
Q

Primarily the therapy procedures pioneered by Freud, entailing free association, dream analysis, and working through the transference neurosis. More recently the term has come to encompass the numerous variations on basic Freudian therapy.

A

psychoanalysis.

107
Q

Theory originating with Freud that psychopathology results from unconscious conflicts in the individual.

A

psychoanalytic theory

108
Q

Especially with bipolar disorder and schizophrenia, the component of treatment that helps people learn about symptoms, expected time course, triggers for symptoms, and treatment strategies.

A

psychoeducational approaches.

109
Q

Standardised procedures designed to measure performance on a particular task or to assess personality.

A

psychological tests.

110
Q

A symptom characterised by pacing, restlessness, and inability to sit still.

A

psychomotor agitation.

111
Q

A symptom commonly observed in major depressive disorder in which the person moves his or her limbs and body slowly

A

psychomotor retardation.

112
Q

A synthetic addictive heroin substitute for treating those addicted to heroin that eliminates its effects and the cravings

A

methadone.

175.302 Abnormal Psychology (14 decks)

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