Anorexia

Question 1

The term ____ refers to loss of appetite, and ____ indicates that the loss is due to emotional reasons. The term is something of a misnomer because most people with anorexia nervosa actually do not lose their appetite or interest in food. On the contrary, while starving themselves, most people with the disorder become preoccupied with food; they may read cookbooks constantly and prepare gourmet meals for their families

Answer 1

anorexia, nervosa

Question 2

____ features are required for the diagnosis of anorexia nervosa.

Answer 2

Three

Question 3

1. Restriction of behaviours that promote healthy ____ ____. This is usually taken to mean that the person weighs much less than is considered normal for that person’s age and height. Weight loss is typically achieved through dieting, although purging and excessive exercise can also be part of the picture.

Answer 3

body weight

Question 4

2. Intense fear of ____ ____ and being fat. This fear is not reduced by weight loss. There is no such thing as “too thin.

Answer 4

gaining weight

Question 5

3. ____ body image or sense of body shape. Even when emaciated, those with anorexia nervosa maintain that they are overweight and that certain parts of their bodies, particularly the abdomen, hips, and thighs, are too fat.

Answer 5

Distorted

Question 6

loss of menstrual period

Answer 6

amenorrhea

Question 7

The distorted body image that accompanies anorexia nervosa has been assessed in several ways, most frequently by a questionnaire such as the ____ ____ Inventory

Answer 7

Eating Disorders

Question 8

One interesting study found a slightly different pattern for men with eating disorders. Men with eating disorders ____ their own body size considerably, thus demonstrating a distortion in their own body images

Answer 8

overestimated

Question 9

DSM-5 distinguishes two types of anorexia nervosa. In the ____ type weight loss is achieved by severely limiting food intake; in the ____/____ type the person has also regularly engaged in binge eating and purging.

Answer 9

restricting, binge-eating/purging

Question 10

DSM-5 Criteria for _____ Restriction of food that leads to very low body weight; body weight is significantly below normal Intense fear of weight gain Body image disturbance

Answer 10

Anorexia Nervosa

Question 11

Anorexia nervosa typically begins in the early to middle ____ years often after an episode of dieting and the occurrence of a life stress. Lifetime prevalence of anorexia is less than 1 percent, and it is at least 10 times more frequent in women than in men.

Answer 11

teenage

Question 12

When anorexia nervosa does occur in ___, symptomatology and other characteristics, such as reports of family conflict, are generally similar to those reported by women with the disorder

Answer 12

men

Question 13

____ with anorexia nervosa are frequently diagnosed with depression obsessive-compulsive disorder, phobias, panic disorder, substance use disorders, and various personality disorders

Answer 13

Women

Question 14

____ with anorexia nervosa are also likely to have a diagnosis of a mood disorder, schizophrenia, or substance use disorder.

Answer 14

Men

Question 15

____ rates are quite high for people with anorexia, with as many as 5 percent completing suicide and 20 percent attempting suicide.

Answer 15

Suicide

Question 16

Physical Consequences of Anorexia Nervosa: Self-starvation and use of laxatives produce numerous undesirable ____ consequences in people with anorexia nervosa.

Answer 16

biological

Question 17

____ often falls, heart rate slows, kidney and gastrointestinal problems develop, bone mass declines, the skin dries out, nails become brittle, hormone levels change, and mild anemia may occur.

Answer 17

Blood pressure

Question 18

Prognosis: Between 50 and 70 percent of people with anorexia eventually ____. However, recovery often takes 6 or 7 years, and relapses are common before a stable pattern of eating and weight maintenance is achieved

Answer 18

recover

Question 19

Anorexia nervosa is a _______ illness; death rates are 10 times higher among people with the disorder than among the general population. Mortality rates among women with anorexia range from 3 to 5 percent. Death most often results from physical complications of the illness-for example, congestive heart failure and from suicide

Answer 19

life-threatening

Question 20

Genetic Factors: Both anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa run in families. First-degree ____ of young women with anorexia nervosa are more than ten times more likely than average to have the disorder themselves

Answer 20

relatives

Question 21

Twin studies of eating disorders also suggest a ____ influence.

Answer 21

genetic

Question 22

On the other hand, research has shown that nonshared/ unique ____ factors, like different interactions with parents or different peer groups, also contribute to the development of eating disorders.

Answer 22

environmental

Question 23

Neurobiological Factors: The ____ is a key brain center for regulating hunger and eating. Research on animals with lesions to the lateral hypothalamus indicates that they lose weight and have no appetite

Answer 23

hypothalamus

Question 24

________ are substances produced by the body that reduce pain sensations enhance mood, and suppress appetite. Opioids are released during starvation and have been hypothesised to play a role in both anorexia and bulimia.

Answer 24

Endogenous opioids

Question 25

Starvation among people with anorexia may increase the levels of endogenous opioids, resulting in a positively reinforcing ____ state.

Answer 25

euphoric

Question 26

Finally, some research has focused on ____ related to eating and satiety (feeling full). Animal research has shown that serotonin promotes satiety. Therefore, it could be that the binges of people with bulimia result from a serotonin deficit that causes them not to feel satiated as they eat.

Answer 26

neurotransmitters

Question 27

Animal research has also shown that food restriction interferes with ____ synthesis in the brain. Thus, among people with anorexia, the severe food intake restrictions could interfere with the serotonin system.

Answer 27

serotonin

Question 28

More recently, researchers have examined the role of the neurotransmitter ____ in eating behaviour. Brain imaging studies in humans have shown how dopamine is linked to the motivation to obtain food and other pleasurable or rewarding things.

Answer 28

dopamine

Question 29

____ ____ theories of anorexia nervosa emphasise fear of fatness and body-image disturbance as the motivating factors that powerfully reinforce weight loss.

Answer 29

Cognitive behavioural

Question 30

Behaviours that achieve or maintain thinness are negatively ____ by the reduction of anxiety about becoming fat. Furthermore, dieting and weight loss may be positively ____ by the sense of mastery or self-control they create.

Answer 30

reinforced

Question 31

Another important factor in producing a strong drive for thinness and a disturbed body image is ____ from peers and parents about overweight

Answer 31

criticism

Question 32

Sociocultural factors, including society’s preoccupation with thinness, may play a role in eating disorders. This preoccupation is linked to dieting efforts, and ____ precedes the development of eating disorders among many people.

Answer 32

dieting

Question 33

In addition, the preoccupation with thinness, as well as media portrayals of thin models predicts an increase in body ____, which also precedes the development of eating disorders.

Answer 33

dissatisfaction

Question 34

____ associated with being overweight also contributes.

Answer 34

Stigma

Question 35

Women are more likely to have eating disorders than men, and the ways in which women’s bodies are ____ may lead some women to see their bodies as others do (self-objectify), which in turn may increase body dissatisfaction and eating pathology.

Answer 35

objectified

Question 36

Anorexia appears to occur in many ____; bulimia appears to be more common in industrialised and Westernised societies.

Answer 36

cultures

Question 37

Eating disorders are slightly more common among ____ ____ than women of colour. Eating disorders used to be more common among women of higher socioeconomic status, but this is less true today.

Answer 37

white women

Question 38

Research on personality characteristics finds that ____ may play a role. Other personality characteristics that predicted disordered eating across 3 years include body dissatisfaction, the extent to which people can distinguish different biological states of their bodies, and a propensity to experience negative emotions.

Answer 38

perfectionism

Question 39

Troubled family ____ are fairly common among people with eating disorders, but this could be a result of the eating disorder, not necessarily a cause of it.

Answer 39

relationships

Question 40

High rates of ____ and ____ abuse are found among people with eating disorders, but these are not risk factors specific to the development of eating disorders.

Answer 40

sexual and physical

Question 41

_____ medications have shown some benefit in the treat ment of bulimia, but not anorexia.

Answer 41

Antidepressant

Question 42

Psychological treatment of anorexia must first focus on weight gain. ____ ____ is common for anorexia, but studies are needed to demonstrate whether this is effective.

Answer 42

Family therapy