Obs and Gynae Flashcards

1
Q

Triple assessment of the breast- what does it involve?

A

Examination
US
Tissue sampling
- FNA if soft
- core biopsy if hard

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2
Q

What does peas d’orange skin look like?

What is it a sign of?

A

Skin looks pitted like an orange- dimpling of the skin.

Associated with inflammatory breast cancer

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3
Q

What does Paget’s disease look like?

A

Eczema like changes round the breast starting in the nipple- can spread to the areola

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4
Q

What might cause nipple inversion?

A
  • mammary duct ectasia
  • mastitis
  • breast abscess
  • breast cancer
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5
Q

What is a FIBROADENOMA

A

Circumscribed mobile nodule in reproductive age
- non painful
- can be excised but can also be left untreated

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6
Q

What is mammary duct ectasia?

A

Dilation of the mammary ducts.
Usually presents around menopause.
Tender lump around the areola +/- green nipple discharge.
If it ruptures can lead to inflammation/ mastitis

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7
Q

Which are the most common types of breast cancer?

A

Invasive Ductal
Then Lobular

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8
Q

What further tests might you consider in someone who has a spread of breast cancer?

A

Sentinel node biopsy

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9
Q

How long is each large square on a CTG?

A

1 minute

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10
Q

How many minutes do you want to count contractions over?

A

10 minutes so 10 large squares

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11
Q

What should Fetal HB be on a CTG

A

<160 >110

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12
Q

What are accelerations on a CTG?

A

Increase of more than 15hb for 0.15s in a fetal HB.
Should occur at same time of contractions

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13
Q

What is a deceleration?

A

A decrease in FHB of more than 15bpm for more than 0.15s. It is the result of the foetus trying to preserve myocardial oxygenation

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14
Q

Types of decelerations

A

Early: start when the uterine contractions start- normal

Variable: rapid fall in baseline with variable recovery. May or may not be related to uterine contractions

Late: start at the peak of the uterine contraction

Prolonged: last more than 2 minutes.
- 2-3 mins: non-reassuring
-> 3 mins: abnormal

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15
Q

What causes a variable deceleration?

A

Usually umbilical cord compression.

Can be corrected by adjusting the position of the mother

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16
Q

What causes a late deceleration?

A

Maternal hypotension
Pre-eclampsia
Uterine hyperstimulation

17
Q

Risk with COCP

A

small risk of blood clots
very small risk of heart attacks and strokes
increased risk of breast cancer and cervical cancer

18
Q

Risks with POP/ implant

A

Bleeding

19
Q

Risks with injection

A

Weight gain
Bleeding
Osteoporosis
Late return to fertility

20
Q

Mirena

A

Periods heaviet
Risk of expulsion
Risk of infection

21
Q

HRT complications

A

Breast cancer
Endometrial cancer
VTE - not with transdermal
Stroke

22
Q

What are some of the common LOCAL causes of menorrhagia

A

Uterine fibroids
Endometriosis
Cervical or endometrial polyps
Adenomyosis
Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
Endometritis
Endometrial hyperplasia or carcinoma

23
Q

What are some of the SYSTEMIC causes of menorrhagia?

A

Hypothyroidism
Bleeding disorders
IUD