Obs and Gynae Flashcards
Triple assessment of the breast- what does it involve?
Examination
US
Tissue sampling
- FNA if soft
- core biopsy if hard
What does peas d’orange skin look like?
What is it a sign of?
Skin looks pitted like an orange- dimpling of the skin.
Associated with inflammatory breast cancer
What does Paget’s disease look like?
Eczema like changes round the breast starting in the nipple- can spread to the areola
What might cause nipple inversion?
- mammary duct ectasia
- mastitis
- breast abscess
- breast cancer
What is a FIBROADENOMA
Circumscribed mobile nodule in reproductive age
- non painful
- can be excised but can also be left untreated
What is mammary duct ectasia?
Dilation of the mammary ducts.
Usually presents around menopause.
Tender lump around the areola +/- green nipple discharge.
If it ruptures can lead to inflammation/ mastitis
Which are the most common types of breast cancer?
Invasive Ductal
Then Lobular
What further tests might you consider in someone who has a spread of breast cancer?
Sentinel node biopsy
How long is each large square on a CTG?
1 minute
How many minutes do you want to count contractions over?
10 minutes so 10 large squares
What should Fetal HB be on a CTG
<160 >110
What are accelerations on a CTG?
Increase of more than 15hb for 0.15s in a fetal HB.
Should occur at same time of contractions
What is a deceleration?
A decrease in FHB of more than 15bpm for more than 0.15s. It is the result of the foetus trying to preserve myocardial oxygenation
Types of decelerations
Early: start when the uterine contractions start- normal
Variable: rapid fall in baseline with variable recovery. May or may not be related to uterine contractions
Late: start at the peak of the uterine contraction
Prolonged: last more than 2 minutes.
- 2-3 mins: non-reassuring
-> 3 mins: abnormal
What causes a variable deceleration?
Usually umbilical cord compression.
Can be corrected by adjusting the position of the mother