Bloods Flashcards
AST> ALT
Acute cause of hepatic disease.
Associated with Alcohol consumption.
Solitary raised bilirubin with jaundice?
Pre-hepatic causes of jaundice e.g. Gilbert’s syndrome or Haemolysis
Raised ALP> X3 and/ or GGT?
Extra-hepatic disease/ cholestasis
Solitary raised ALP?
Bony mets
Vit D deficiency
Raised ALT
Moderately raised ALP
Hepatitis
Cirrhosis
Albumin deficiency
- Decreased protein
- normal protein
- increased protein
- Decreased protein: LIVER
- Normal protein: infection
- High protein: Myeloma/ autoimmune conditions
PT/ INR
prolonged PT with no anticoagulation would be a sign of liver disease.
Primary biliary cholangitis TESTS
IgM raised
Anti-smooth antibody raised
Hyponatremia + Hypovolemic
- Urine Na+ high
- Urine Na+ normal
High:
- Addisons
- Diuretics
- Renal impairment
Low: Loss from elsewhere
- Burns
- Diarrhoea
- Vomiting
Hyponatremia + euvolemic
- High urine NA
- Low urine NA
High :
- SIADH
- Hypothyroid
- Addrenal insufficiency
Low: water overload
Hyponatremia + overload
- High Na
Retention of water out of proportion with retention of sodium
- HF
- Hypoalbunemia
Hypernatremia
- Euvolemic
- Hypovolemic
Euvolemic
- Iatrogenic e.g. fluids/ drugs
Hypovolemic
- Small amounts of concentrated urine: Dehydration
-IF Not: Diabetes insipidus or osmotic diuretics
What might cause hyperkalemia?
- Reduced renal excretion
- Drugs e.g. potassium sparing diuretics/ ACE-i
- Increased intake e.g. fluids
- Increased tissue breakdown?
What might cause hypokalaemia
- Vomiting/ diarrhoea
- Hyperaldosternosism/ Cushings
- Diuretics - not potassium sparing
Causes of microcytic anaemia
- Thalassemia
- Anaemia of chronic disease
- Iron deficiency
- Lead poisoning
- Sideroblastic anaemia
Causes of normocytic anaemia
- Haemolytic anaemia
- Acute blood loss
- Renal failure aka reduced erythropoietin
Causes of megaloblastic anaemia
- B12: Pernicious anaemia / atrophic gastritis
- Folate deficiency: Pregnancy/ diet/ Malabsorption/ Phenytoin/ Methotrexate
- Drug- induced
Urea vs Creatine
Creatinine is produced in the liver.
Raise in Creatinine is SPECIFIC for Kidney injury
CSF for meningitis (bacteria)
Cloudy
Low glucose
High protein
High WCC with neutrophils
CSF for viral meningitis
Clear
High/normal glucose
Low protein
High with lymphocytes
