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NUT2 Semester 1 > Obesity and Eating Disorders > Flashcards

Obesity and Eating Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

Underweight BMI

A

< 18.5

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2
Q

Healthy weight BMI

A

18.5 - 24.9

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3
Q

Overweight BMI

A

25.0 - 29.9

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4
Q

Obesity BMI

Severe Obesity BMI

A

Obesity: 30.0 - 39.9

Severe obesity: >40

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5
Q

Calorie deficit required for an adult to lose weight

A

500 - 700 kcal daily

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6
Q

7 drivers of obesity

A
  1. Sedentary lifestyle
  2. Sleep disruption
    3 Chronobiology
  3. Processed foods
  4. High Cortisol exposure (long-term)
  5. Microbiome
  6. Genetics
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7
Q

Explain how exercise supports reduction of obesity

A
  • exercise increases AMPK and increases GLUT 4 activation - increases glucose uptake and mitochondrial activity/ enhances ATP production
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8
Q

Why is poor sleep a driver of obesity

A
  1. reduces glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity
  2. Disrupts balance of ghrelin and leptin (increases ghelin and causes leptin resistance) - promtes hungy and unhealthy food choices
  3. activates inflammation
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9
Q

5 health issues/imbalances that shift work is associated with

A
  1. obesity
  2. dysregulation of TGs and Cholesterol
  3. adiposity
  4. T2DM
  5. CVD
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10
Q

6 dopamine stimulators

A
  1. fat
  2. sugar/starch
  3. salt
  4. free glutamate
  5. alcohol
  6. caffeine
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11
Q

Term used for how the food industry combine fat, salt and sugar to maximise dopamine release

A

Bliss point

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12
Q

6 factors that influence the HPA axis

A
  1. High GI diet
  2. chronic stress
  3. chronic pain
  4. alcohol
  5. chronic sleep deprivation
  6. Night eating syndrome
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13
Q

2 ways stress influences eating behaviours

A
  1. consumption of more food
  2. Preference for energy dense ‘comfort foods’
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14
Q

How can a traditional gut flora support a healthy weight

A

traditional gut flora produces carbohydrate-active enzymes that digest complex polysaccharides.

SCFAs are produced

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15
Q

Why is a low plant fibre diet bad for the gut

A

Western diet encourages mucous-eating bacteria - contributes to a damaged mucosal layer leading to endotoxemia

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16
Q

Why is endotoxemia a driver of obesity>

A

metabolic endotoxemia causes disrupted insulin signalling and low grade inflammation

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17
Q

lack of which bacteria is linked to obesity

A

Akkermansia

18
Q

Genetic SNP associated with obesity

A

FTO

19
Q

Genetic SNP associated with inflammation (gut permeability and microbial translocation

A

VDR SNP

20
Q

Genetic SNP relating to adoponectin deficiency

A

ADIPOQ

21
Q

Genetic SNO associated with increased sugar consumption.

What disease is this SNP a predictor of?

A

SLC2A2

T2DM

22
Q

3 types of adipose tissues (key features)

A
  1. White adipose tissue (long-term energy storage)
  2. Brown adipose tissue (high in early life - better fuel burning capacity that WAT)
  3. Beige-white adipose tissue (similar to BAT)
23
Q

4 things produced by adipocytes

A
  1. lipids
  2. steroids
  3. inflammatory cytokines
  4. peptide hormones
24
Q

E.g. of a peptide hormone produced by adipose tissue

A

leptin

25
Q

2 changes to adipocytes that cause obesity (which has worse health outcomes?)

A
  1. hyperplasia (increased numbers)
  2. hypertrophy (increased size) - worse health outcomes
26
Q

4 health concerns associated with hypertrophy

A
  1. Dyslipidaemia
  2. IR
  3. T2DM
  4. NAFLD
27
Q

3 adipocyte hormones involved in satiety/hunger

A
  1. Ghrelin
  2. Leptin
  3. Adiponectin
28
Q

2 other hormones involved in satiety

A
  1. GLP-1
  2. CCK
29
Q

1 neuropeptide involved in satiety

A

Neuropeptide-Y

AGRP

30
Q

1 neurotransmitter involved in satiety

A

serotonin

31
Q

other hormones involved in appetite regulation

A

thyroid hormones

oxytocin

cortisol

insulin and glucagon

32
Q

Action of adiponectin

A

Increased glucose uptake

Increases beta-oxidation of fats

Increases insulin sensitivity

Anti=inflammatory

33
Q

7 ways to increase adiponectin naturally

A
  1. Blueberries
  2. Turmeric
  3. Omega-3
  4. 40-50g fibre
  5. Green Tea
  6. Cold water therapy
  7. HIIT
34
Q

causes and risk factors of insulin resistance (6)

A
  1. High oxidative stress
  2. reduced physical activity
  3. Chronic stress
  4. Mitochondrial dysfunction
  5. Poor methylation
  6. Dysbiosis
35
Q

Those with eating disorders have shown to display increased symptoms of depression and anxiety as a result of acute depletion of what?

A

Tryptophan

36
Q

What percentage do artificially sweetened drinks have on the increased risk of obesity?

A

47%

37
Q

What nutrient has shown to help reduce irritability, agitation, insomnia / sleep disorders and depression with those who have anorexia?

A

Magnesium

38
Q

What nutrient has shown to aid weight loss by increasing feelings of satiety, promotes sleep by enhancing melatonin production and has free radical scavenging activities?

A

5HTP

39
Q

Having a BMI over 25 would be classed as what?

A

Overweight

40
Q

Studies have suggested yoghurt with the certain strains of bacteria should be used in the refeeding procedures, as trials have shown an increase in immune function markers. Which strains are these?

A

L. bulgaricus and S. thermophilus

41
Q

A deficiency in which mineral often found in childhood / puberty can impact appetite regulation and has been identified as a risk factor in anorexia nervosa?

A

Zinc

NUT2 Semester 1 (11 decks)

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