Obesity and Eating Disorders

Question 1

Underweight BMI

Answer 1

< 18.5

Question 2

Healthy weight BMI

Answer 2

18.5 - 24.9

Question 3

Overweight BMI

Answer 3

25.0 - 29.9

Question 4

Obesity BMI

Severe Obesity BMI

Answer 4

Obesity: 30.0 - 39.9

Severe obesity: >40

Question 5

Calorie deficit required for an adult to lose weight

Answer 5

500 - 700 kcal daily

Question 6

7 drivers of obesity

Answer 6

1. Sedentary lifestyle
2. Sleep disruption
   3 Chronobiology
3. Processed foods
4. High Cortisol exposure (long-term)
5. Microbiome
6. Genetics

Question 7

Explain how exercise supports reduction of obesity

Answer 7

• exercise increases AMPK and increases GLUT 4 activation - increases glucose uptake and mitochondrial activity/ enhances ATP production

Question 8

Why is poor sleep a driver of obesity

Answer 8

1. reduces glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity
2. Disrupts balance of ghrelin and leptin (increases ghelin and causes leptin resistance) - promtes hungy and unhealthy food choices
3. activates inflammation

Question 9

5 health issues/imbalances that shift work is associated with

Answer 9

1. obesity
2. dysregulation of TGs and Cholesterol
3. adiposity
4. T2DM
5. CVD

Question 10

6 dopamine stimulators

Answer 10

1. fat
2. sugar/starch
3. salt
4. free glutamate
5. alcohol
6. caffeine

Question 11

Term used for how the food industry combine fat, salt and sugar to maximise dopamine release

Answer 11

Bliss point

Question 12

6 factors that influence the HPA axis

Answer 12

1. High GI diet
2. chronic stress
3. chronic pain
4. alcohol
5. chronic sleep deprivation
6. Night eating syndrome

Question 13

2 ways stress influences eating behaviours

Answer 13

1. consumption of more food
2. Preference for energy dense ‘comfort foods’

Question 14

How can a traditional gut flora support a healthy weight

Answer 14

traditional gut flora produces carbohydrate-active enzymes that digest complex polysaccharides.

SCFAs are produced

Question 15

Why is a low plant fibre diet bad for the gut

Answer 15

Western diet encourages mucous-eating bacteria - contributes to a damaged mucosal layer leading to endotoxemia

Question 16

Why is endotoxemia a driver of obesity>

Answer 16

metabolic endotoxemia causes disrupted insulin signalling and low grade inflammation

Question 17

lack of which bacteria is linked to obesity

Answer 17

Akkermansia

Question 18

Genetic SNP associated with obesity

Answer 18

FTO

Question 19

Genetic SNP associated with inflammation (gut permeability and microbial translocation

Answer 19

VDR SNP

Question 20

Genetic SNP relating to adoponectin deficiency

Answer 20

ADIPOQ

Question 21

Genetic SNO associated with increased sugar consumption.

What disease is this SNP a predictor of?

Answer 21

SLC2A2

T2DM

Question 22

3 types of adipose tissues (key features)

Answer 22

1. White adipose tissue (long-term energy storage)
2. Brown adipose tissue (high in early life - better fuel burning capacity that WAT)
3. Beige-white adipose tissue (similar to BAT)

Question 23

4 things produced by adipocytes

Answer 23

1. lipids
2. steroids
3. inflammatory cytokines
4. peptide hormones

Question 24

E.g. of a peptide hormone produced by adipose tissue

Answer 24

leptin

Question 25

2 changes to adipocytes that cause obesity (which has worse health outcomes?)

Answer 25

1. hyperplasia (increased numbers) 2. hypertrophy (increased size) - worse health outcomes

Question 26

4 health concerns associated with hypertrophy

Answer 26

1. Dyslipidaemia 2. IR 3. T2DM 4. NAFLD

Question 27

3 adipocyte hormones involved in satiety/hunger

Answer 27

1. Ghrelin 2. Leptin 3. Adiponectin

Question 28

2 other hormones involved in satiety

Answer 28

1. GLP-1 2. CCK

Question 29

1 neuropeptide involved in satiety

Answer 29

Neuropeptide-Y AGRP

Question 30

1 neurotransmitter involved in satiety

Answer 30

serotonin

Question 31

other hormones involved in appetite regulation

Answer 31

thyroid hormones oxytocin cortisol insulin and glucagon

Question 32

Action of adiponectin

Answer 32

Increased glucose uptake Increases beta-oxidation of fats Increases insulin sensitivity Anti=inflammatory

Question 33

7 ways to increase adiponectin naturally

Answer 33

1. Blueberries 2. Turmeric 3. Omega-3 4. 40-50g fibre 5. Green Tea 6. Cold water therapy 7. HIIT

Question 34

causes and risk factors of insulin resistance (6)

Answer 34

1. High oxidative stress 2. reduced physical activity 3. Chronic stress 4. Mitochondrial dysfunction 5. Poor methylation 6. Dysbiosis

Question 35

Those with eating disorders have shown to display increased symptoms of depression and anxiety as a result of acute depletion of what?

Answer 35

Tryptophan

Question 36

What percentage do artificially sweetened drinks have on the increased risk of obesity?

Answer 36

47%

Question 37

What nutrient has shown to help reduce irritability, agitation, insomnia / sleep disorders and depression with those who have anorexia?

Answer 37

Magnesium

Question 38

What nutrient has shown to aid weight loss by increasing feelings of satiety, promotes sleep by enhancing melatonin production and has free radical scavenging activities?

Answer 38

5HTP

Question 39

Having a BMI over 25 would be classed as what?

Answer 39

Overweight

Question 40

Studies have suggested yoghurt with the certain strains of bacteria should be used in the refeeding procedures, as trials have shown an increase in immune function markers. Which strains are these?

Answer 40

L. bulgaricus and S. thermophilus

Question 41

A deficiency in which mineral often found in childhood / puberty can impact appetite regulation and has been identified as a risk factor in anorexia nervosa?

Answer 41

Zinc