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NUT2 Semester 1 > Herbal Medicine (lecture 4) > Flashcards

Herbal Medicine (lecture 4) Flashcards

1
Q

How do you prepare herbal infusions?

A
  1. Adult dose: 2 tsp of dried or fresh herb in a cup (or 2 teabags)
  2. Add boiling water and cover
  3. Infuse for 10-15 mins
  4. 2-3 cups daily
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2
Q

What is a decoction and which herbs are best prepared this way?

A

The herbs are boiled in a pan of water for 15 minutes to extract water soluble phytonutrients.

Best for woody herbs - barks and roots e.g. cinnamon or burdock

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3
Q

What are the benefits of herbal syrups

A

They are good for coughs and throat remedies.

An easy way for children to take herbal remedies

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4
Q

Give 3 benefits of a herbal infusion

A
  1. Infusions extract water-soluble phytochemicals
  2. They are hydrating
  3. They are good for compliance as many clients already drink herbal teas
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5
Q

Give 3 benefits of tinctures

Give 2 disadvantages of tinctures

A
  1. They are concentrated / stronger than other options
  2. They are fast-acting
  3. Good complicance as clients need to take less and they are easy to take.
  4. They have a long shelf life (up to 5 years)
  5. The alcohol halts microbial growth

Disadvantages:

  1. alcoholics, children and those with religious reasons can’t take them
  2. Those with inflammatory conditions (gastritis
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6
Q

What is the strongest strength of tincture and what is this called?

A

1:1 (1 part extracted herb to 1 part water/alcohol

Fluid extracts.

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7
Q

What is the minimum strength of alcohol for preservation?

What % of alcohol is requested for
a) essential oils and pigments
b) resins

A

25% minimum for preservation

a) 45% for essential oils

b) 90% for resins

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8
Q

What is a normal adult dosage for a tincture?

A

5ml (100 drops) 3 x per day before food

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9
Q

When might glycerites be an appropriate form of remedy?

A
  • good for clients who cannot consume alcohol in tinctures or sugar in syrups
  • Children enjoy the sweet taste and they have a gentle action
  • syrupy texture makes them good for throat, mouth, chest remedies
  • Gentle laxitive
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10
Q

Give 2 disadvantages of glycerites

A
  • short shelf life (3 months)
  • fewer phytochemicals extracted (complared to water/alcohol based remedies so may need higher dosage
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11
Q

Why are powders described as a ‘food form’ of herbal medicine.

What is the normal adult dose?

A

Because the whole herb is disgested and the small particle size aids assimilation

1 tsp 2 x daily

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12
Q

Give 4 disadvantages of standardised extracts

A
  1. Often made using unnatural solvents
  2. can be spiked with pure phytochemicals
  3. Don’t have a natural balance of phytochemicals
  4. Can resemble pharmaceuticals and more likely to cause side effects
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13
Q

Calendula:

2 uses

3 properties

A

Uses:
1. dry skin
2. wounds

Properties:
1. Antimicrobial
2. anti-inflammatory
3. tissue-healing

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14
Q

Comfry:

3 uses

2 actions

A

Uses:
1. Sprains
2. Strains
3. Arthritis

Actions:
1. Decreases inflammation
2. Increases cell proliferation/promotes healing

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15
Q

What are the properties of: ointments, creams and lotions and what are their different uses?

A

Oitments: Infused oils with beaswax/cocoa butter. Thick and greasy - used for dry, cracked skin

Creams: Infused oils mixed with water (using an emulsifyer). Moiturising texture - used for skin complaints and wounds

Lotions: Contain more water than creams, thin texture and cooling - used for hot, red, inflamed skin conditions

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16
Q

A herb that us used for skin inflammation, bruises, bites, stings.

How best used for the above?

A

Plantain leaf

In a poultice.

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17
Q

A cloth soaked in herbal infusion/decoction and applied to the skin is… give an e.g. of use

A

A compress

Calendula flower compress for skin conditions

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18
Q

Give 5 considerations when advising on dosage

A
  1. As an NT, always follow recommended doses on the product label
  2. Client age
  3. Body weight
  4. Degree of sensitivity
  5. acute condition/chronic condition?
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19
Q

Below what age should chjildren not be given herbal medicine?

At what age can a teenager usually be given an adult dose?

A

Under 2

14 years (less mature 14 year old - 3/4 dose)

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20
Q

List 5 herbal actions for the digestinve system with 1 herb e.g. for each

A
  1. Bitter (dandelion)
  2. Aromatic digestive (Cardamom)
  3. Carminative (fennel)
  4. Demulcent (slippery elm)
  5. Antiemetic (ginger)
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21
Q

Aloe Vera
- key constituents
- actions
- uses
- safety

A
  • Polysaccharides
  • local anti-inflammatory (COX-inhibitor) / speeds healing via collagen synthesis
  • wounds, burns, GI inflammation
  • Safe
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22
Q

Cardamom
- key constituents
- actions
- uses
- safety

A
  • volitile oil / flavonoids
  • Carminative; LOX-inhibiting
  • weak digetion; flatulence; bloating; hypertension
  • Avoid high dose in pregnancy and GORD
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23
Q

Chamomile
- key constituents
- actions
- uses
- safety

A
  • Volitile oil; flavonoids
  • Anti-inflammatory; caminative; antispasmodic; antioxidant; mild sedative (COX and NF-Kb inhibitor); anxiolytic
  • Gastritis; peptic ulcers; IBS/IBD; teething; stress, insomnia; anxiety
  • Asteraceae plant family allergy
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24
Q

Fennel
- key constituents
- actions
- uses
- safety

A
  • volitile oil; flavonoids
  • Antispasmodic; caminative, expectorant; galactagogue
  • indigestion; flatulence; bloating; colic; IBS, support lactation; bronchitis
  • GORD (relaxes LOS) and avoid high dose in pregnancy
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25
Q

Ginger
- key constituents
- actions
- uses
- safety

A
  • Volitile oil (rhizome used)
  • Antiemetic; caminative; aromatic digestive; anti-inflammatory (LOX, COC, TNF-a; cirulatory stimulant; prokinetic
  • weak digestion; nausea/morning sickness; poor circulation; dysmenorrhoea; OA/RA.
  • Caution: peptic ulcers; additive effect with anti-coagulants
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26
Q

Liquorice
- key constituents
- actions
- uses
- safety

A
  • Glycyrrhetinic acid; glycyrrhizin
  • Anti-inflammatory; cortisol mimic; mucoprotective, demulcent; hepatoprotective; anti-viral
  • Adrenal fatigue; GORD, gastritis, ulcers; coughs, sore throat; PCOS (inhibits testosterone production)

Avoid: hypertension, oedema

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27
Q

E.g. of a mildly oestrogenic herb, it’s action and uses

A

Liquorice:

isoflavone content - takes up the oestrogen binding site and inhibits the CYP 1B1 pathway which produces the 4-OH metabolite.

Useful for oestrogen dominance and for breat cancer

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28
Q

Oregano
- key constituents
- actions
- uses
- safety

A
  • Esssential oils
  • Antispasmodic; antifungal; antibacterial; anti-parasitic; antioxidant
  • GI infections incl. candidiasis, Ew.coli; flatulence and bloating
  • Avoid high doses in pregnancy/breastfeeding. Avoid long-term use - too powerful
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29
Q

Peppermint
- key constituents
- actions
- uses
- safety

A
  • Volitile oils
  • Antispasmodic; caminative; antimicrobial; antiemetic
  • nausea; colic; flatulence; IBS; topical analgesic - headaches
  • avoid in GORD (relaxes LOS)
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30
Q

Slippery elm
- key constituents
- actions
- uses
- safety

A
  • Polysaccharides (mucin)
  • Demulcent
  • gastritis; peptic ulcer; GORD; IBD; coughs; prebiotic
  • Take 2 hours away from medicines - may decrease absorption. Ensure plenty water
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31
Q

3 key herbal actions for the liver with 1 e.g. for each

A
  1. Hepatoprotective (milk thistle)
  2. Choleretic (dandelion root)
  3. Cholagogue (artichoke)
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32
Q

Globe Artechoke (cynara)
- key constituents
- actions
- uses
- safety

A
  • Bitter
  • Hepatoprotective, choleretic and cholagogue
  • Poor bile production/flow; liver disease, sliggish digestion, high cholesterol/TGs
  • Avoid in pregnancy. Additive with statins
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33
Q

Dandelion root
- key constituents
- actions
- uses
- safety

A
  • Lactones
  • bitter tonic, choleretic, cholegogue, mild laxitive; mild diuretic
  • Dyspepsia; contipation; appetite loss, flatulence, gall stones; cholecystitis
  • Avoid: bile duct obstruction / asteraceae allergy
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34
Q

Milk thistle
- key constituents
- actions
- uses
- safety

A
  • silymarin
  • hepatoprotective (protects against toxins); antioxidant (protects against phase I metabolites and increases glutathione and SOD), choleretic
  • Cirrhosis; hepititis, fatty liver;
  • Asteraceae allergy
35
Q

5 herbal actions for the respiratory system and 1 e.g. for each

A
  1. Anticatarrhal (eye bright)
  2. Diaphoretic (cinnamon)
  3. Expectorant (liquorice)
  4. Antimicrobial (thyme)
    5 Antispasmodic (aniseed)
36
Q

What is the difference between an anticatarral and an expectorant herb?

A

An anticatarrhal reduces the formation of catarrh by drying it out whereas an expectorant facilitates the removal of catarrh (brings it up via productive coughing)

37
Q

Thyme
- key constituents
- actions
- uses
- safety

A
  • volatile oils e.g. thymol
  • Expectorant; antispasmodic; diaphoretic; antimicrobial; anti-inflammatory (x NFkB and IL1 and IL6)
  • colds; sore thoat; bronchitis; asthma; dysbiosis
  • considered safe as an infusion
38
Q

Cinnamon
- key constituents
- actions
- uses
- safety

A
  • volatile oil; tannins
  • diaphoretic (warming); anticeptic; carminative; blood sugar regulating
  • weak digestion; poor circulation; Raynaud’s; T2DM (increases insulin receptor sensitivity); H.pylori
  • additive with anti-diabetic drugs
39
Q

Sage
- key constituents
- actions
- uses
- safety

A
  • volatile oil
  • anti-spasmodic; anti-microbial; anti-cancer (anti-proliferative); reduces high temperature; antioxidant
  • gingivitis; respiratory infections e.g. tonsilitis; increases cognition; meno sweats (cold tea)
  • X pregnancy and lactation (also reduces milk production) and no long-term use.
40
Q

Garlic
- key constituents
- actions
- uses
- safety

A
  • Sulphur compounds - allicin
  • antibacterial, antifungal, anti-parasitic; immune boosting (increases NK cells and interferons); antioxidant; reduces cholesterol, increases NO (reduces BP); anti-platelet; anti-inflammatory (x LOX and COX and NFkb)
  • colds and flu; chronic bronchitis; bacterial/fungal inferstions; dysbiosis; atherosclerosis; hypertension
  • Caution: anticoagulent drugs, anterhypertensives and in pregnancy
41
Q

3 herbal actions for the immune system (e.g. of a herb for each)

A
  1. Immunomodulator (Astragalus)
  2. Immune-enhancing ( Echinacea)
  3. Anti-inflammatory (Turmeric)
42
Q

Astragalus
- key constituents
- actions
- uses
- safety

A
  • triterpinoid saponins
  • immune modulating/enhancing; adaptogen; cardio tonic; anti-cancer (anti-proliferative)
  • recurrent infections; preventative; leukopenia; post-viral syndrome; mild heart failure
  • Avoid in acute phases of infection (it’s adaptogenic)
43
Q

Echinacea
- key constituents
- actions
- uses
- safety

A
  • polysaccharides
  • Immune enhancing/modulating (bind to eCB receptors); anti-inflammatory (x LOX and COX)
  • accute infections - bacterial and viral; arthritis
  • caution with immunosuppressant drugs
44
Q

Turmeric
- key constituents
- actions
- uses
- safety

A
  • Curcumin
  • Anti-inflammatory
45
Q

5 key herbal actions for the nervous system/brain (e.g. of a herb for each)

A
  1. Nootropic (rosemary)
  2. Nervine (lavender)
  3. Thymoleptic (St John’s Wort)
  4. Sedative (Valerian)
  5. Anxiolytic (Passionflower)
46
Q

Gingko
- key constituents
- actions
- uses
- safety

A
  • flavonoids; diterpenes
  • antioxidant; neuroprotective; nootropic; circulatory stimulent
  • memory and concentration; Alzheimer’s; vascular dementia; erectile dysfunction
  • Caution with anti-clotting drugs and astop 1 week pre-surgery
47
Q

Lavender
- key constituents
- actions
- uses
- safety

A
  • volitile oils
  • nervine; anti-depressant (increases SERT); anxiolytic (limbic system interaction); antispasmodic; carminative; antimicrobial
  • anxiety; depression; insomnia; PMS; stress headaches
  • Avoid in pregnancy and breastfeeding
48
Q

Passionflower
- key constituents
- actions
- uses
- safety

A
  • Flavanoids; alkaloids
  • Anxiolytic (GABA; inhibits MAO-A); antispasmodic; mild sedative; hypnotic
  • Insomnia; anxiety with circular thinking; agitiation; tension headache; nervous tachycardia; drug/alcohol withdrawal
  • avoid in pregnancy and breastfeeding
49
Q

Rosemary
- key constituents
- actions
- uses
- safety

A
  • volatile oils; flavonoids
  • circulatory stimulent; cardio-tonic; nootropic; carminative; anti-spasmodic; antioxidant; antimicrobial; hepatoprotective;
  • improve memory; concentration; tension headache
  • avoid high doses in pregnancy
50
Q

St John’s Wort
- key constituents
- actions
- uses
- safety

A
  • flavonoids
  • antidepressant (MAO inhibitor); nervine tonic; antiviral
  • Mild-moderate depression; anxiety; irritability; herpes simplex; shingles; HIV
  • Not for sole use in severe depression; sun explosure - poss. photosensitivity. Avoid with antidepressents
51
Q

How many different medicinal herbs are there estimated to be in use globally?

A

30,000

52
Q

How much of the adult’s dose of herbal medicine would you give to a 4 year old?

A

1/8 adult dose

53
Q

How much of the adult’s dose of herbal medicine would you give to a 2 year old?

A

1/16 adult dose

54
Q

How much of the adult’s dose of herbal medicine would you give to a 6 year old?

A

1/4 adult dose

55
Q

How much of the adult’s dose of herbal medicine would you give to a 9 year old?

A

1/2 adult dose

56
Q

How much of the adult’s dose of herbal medicine would you give to a 12 year old?

A

3/4 adult dose

57
Q

Suggest a herb that has antispasmodic, anti-fungal, anti-bacterial and anti-parasitic properties

A

Oregano

58
Q

What is the effect of an alkaloid phytochemical found in a plant?

A

Strong stimulant effects on the nervous system e.g. berberine

59
Q

What is the effect of a flavanoid phytochemical found in a plant?

A

Anti-oxidant and anti-viral e.g. Hawthorn berry

60
Q

what phytochemical causes powerful evacuation, give an e.g. of a herb containing this

A

Anthraquinones (Senna)

61
Q

Which phytonutrient has an adaptogenic and steroid-like effect (e.g. of a herb containing this)

A

Saponins (liquorice)

62
Q

What are the effects of tannins. Give an eg. of a herb containing these

A

Astringent (bind to proteins) and dry out wounds (yarrow).

63
Q

What is the effect of terpenes and give an e.g. of a herb containing these

A

Antispasmodic in the GIT and lungs, antimicrobial (lavender)

64
Q

Which herb would you need to be cautious with if your client has a peptic ulcer?

A

Ginger

65
Q

Essential oils are made by extracting the volatile phytochemicals from herbs by which method?

A

Steam distillation

66
Q

Name a herb that has adaptogenic properties, is energetically warming and can be used to protect against the side effects of radiotherapy in cancer treatments:

A

Siberian Ginseng

67
Q

Which medication has an additive effect with cinnamon?

A

Metformin or other anti-diabetic medication

68
Q

5 herbal actions for the reproductive system with e.g.s

A
  1. Hormone modulators (chaste berry)
  2. Emmenagogue (Dong quai)
  3. Galactagogue (fennel seeds)
  4. Reproductive tonic (shatavari)
  5. Anti-prostatic (saw palmetto)
69
Q

A herb that promotes/induces mentruation is called a….

A

emmenagogue (e.g. dong quai)

70
Q

What is a reproductive tonic, give an e.g.

A

A herb that promotes reproductive health e.g. shatavari

71
Q

Black cohosh
- key constituents
- actions
- uses
- safety

A
72
Q

Chaste Berry
- latin name
- key constituents
- actions
- uses
- safety

A
  • Vitex angus castus
  • Flavanoids and iridoid glycosides
  • Prolactin inhibitor, increases progesterone, galatagogue
  • PMS, luteal insufficiency, dysmenorrhoea, anovulation, recurrent misscarriage
  • Avoid with HRT or progesterone drugs
73
Q

Vitex angus castus / Chaste Berry - dosage

A

1 tsp dried berries decocted 1-2-x daily

74
Q

Dong quai
- key constituents
- actions
- uses
- safety

A
  • ferulic acid
  • Uterine tonic, HPO axis regulation, blood-builder, anti-inflammatory, cirulatory stimulent, anti-platelet
  • Dysmenorrhoea, endometriosis, menopause, PMS, irregular/absent menstruation
75
Q

Shatavari
- key constituents
- actions
- uses
- safety

A
  • steroidal glycosides, alkaloids
  • increases libido (both genders), galactogogue, adaptogen, anti-inflammatory, demulcent
  • Menopause (vaginal dryness), infertility/low libido, male impotence, milk production
  • Caution - pregnancy
76
Q

Saw Palmetto
- key constituents
- actions
- uses
- safety

A
  • Fatty acids, phytosterols (beta-sitosterol)
  • Anti-androgenic (reduces conversion of testosterone to DHT - inhibits 5-alpha-reductase
  • BPH, prostatitis
  • Caution - Warfarin and avoid in pregnancy
77
Q

What is the difference between an adaptogen and a tonic?

A

An adaptogen conserves energy, a tonic restores energy.

78
Q

Definition of an adaptogen. By what axis are the mechanisms of adaptogens mainly mediated?

A

Adaptogens increase resistance to stressors , effects are mediated mainly by the HPA axis.

79
Q

Ashwagandha
- key constituents
- actions
- uses
- safety

A
80
Q

Korean ginseng
- key constituents
- actions
- uses
- safety

A
81
Q

Siberian ginseng
- key constituents
- actions
- uses
- safety

A
82
Q

Give 3 examples of adverse effects of herbs

A
  1. Sensitivity to salicylates (Willow Bark)
  2. photosensitivity skin reactions (St John’s Wort)
  3. GIT disturbances/diarrhoea (Schisandra )
83
Q

What would the advice be if a client experiences minor disturbances from taking herbal medicine?

A

Stop taking, wait until the effect has passed, try again at 1/2 the dose. if effect happens again, discontinue.

84
Q

7 herbs considered safe pregnancy in tea form/small doses

A
  1. Billberry
  2. German chamomile
  3. Cranberry
  4. Echinacea
  5. Garlic
  6. Ginger
  7. peppermint (not in 3rd Tri - GORD)

NUT2 Semester 1 (11 decks)

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