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NUT2 Semester 1 > Nervous System Health > Flashcards

Nervous System Health Flashcards

1
Q

5 factors affecting nervous system health

A
  1. lifestyle
  2. Nerve cell structure and function
  3. Hormonal and immune health
  4. Energy delivery
  5. GIT health
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2
Q

Definition of the Gut-Brain axis

A

Bidirectional communication between the CNS and the enteric NS

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3
Q

% of sensory nerve fibres in the vagus nerve

% of motor nerves

A
  • afferent (sensory): 80%
  • efferent (motor): 20%
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4
Q

4 ways gut microbiota interact with the Gut-Brain axis

A
  1. Microbes modulate neurotransmitter production
  2. Production of bacterial metabolites: SCFAs that support mucosal serotonin release and influence memory/learning
  3. Modulate afferent sensory nerves
  4. BDNF function can be modulated by microbiota
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5
Q

Microbiome species that has been shown to enhance neuron excitability, modulate gut motility and pain perception

A

L. reuteri

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6
Q

how does gut barrier function affect mental health?

A
  • Gut dysbiosis can cause damage to the mucosal layer
  • This causesintestinal permeability (via local immune reactions)
  • This leads to metabolic endotoxemia
  • This can lead to neuroinflammation and depression
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7
Q

3 physiological stressors/drivers that affect NS function

A
  1. Inflammation
  2. Oxidative stress
  3. Toxic load
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8
Q

2 neurotrophic factors and 3 factors that decrease the expression of these

A
  1. BDNF
  2. NGF
  • Physical and psychological stress
  • Ageing
  • Lack of physical activity
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9
Q

Definition of a neurotransmitter

A

chemical messengers released from a pre-synaptic terminal, causing an excitatory or inhibitory effect on the post synaptic cell.

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10
Q

6 factors that contribute to NT imbalances

A
  1. Inadequate nutrition
  2. High stress
  3. Toxicity
  4. Genetic SNPs
  5. Poor digestive health
  6. Drug use
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11
Q

Methylation produced co-factor for serotonin and dopamine production

Methylation produced co-factor for melatonin and adrenaline production

A

Methyl folate for biopterin (serotonin and dopamine

SAMe (methyl folate and B12) - melatonin and adrenaline

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12
Q

NT breakdown - list 2 key enzymes and the NTs they help to break down

A
  1. MAO: serotonin, adrenaline, noradrenaline, dopamine
  2. COMT: adrenaline, noradrenaline, dopamine (uses a methyl group from SAMe)
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13
Q

Which NTs synthesised in the gut can pass the blood brain barrier

Which cannot

A

GABA can pass the BBB

Serotonin and Dopamine can’t

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14
Q

2 ways serotonin is produced in the GUT

% produced in the gut

A
  • produced by enterochromaffin cells
  • produced by bacteria

95%

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15
Q

Can serotonin cross the blood brain barrier? If not, how can serotonin be made in the brain

A

Serotonin can not cross the BBB

Tryptophan and 5HTP can

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16
Q

6 functions of serotonin

A
  1. Motility (GI signalling)
  2. Mucosal secretions
  3. Mood
  4. Appetite
  5. Sleep (melotonin)
  6. Blood clotting
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17
Q

Organic acid testing (OAT) for serotonin - what metabolite can you test for?

A

5-HIAA - a serotonin metabolite that can indicate serotonin levels

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18
Q

Serotonin co-factors

A
  • Zinc
  • Iron
  • Magnesium
  • Folate
  • B6
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19
Q

Low serotonin: causes/risk factors

A
  1. Nutritional insufficiencies
  2. Chronic stress
  3. GI dysbiosis
  4. Lack of sunshine
  5. Caffeine
  6. Alcohol use
  7. sedentary lifestyle
20
Q

How does statin use affect serotonin

A

cholesterol depletion impaires serotonin receptor function

21
Q

What is the enzyme that converts tryptophan to 5HTP?

What is the enzyme that converts 5HTP to 5HT?

A

TPH

Aromatic Acid Decarboxylase

22
Q

What are the co-factors for conversion of serotonin to melatonin (2 stages)

A
  1. 5HT to N-acetylserotonin: B5 (acetyl coA)
  2. N-acetylserotonin to melatonin: SAMe (MTHF and B12)
23
Q

Why does chronic stress reduce levels of serotonin?

A

High cortisol downregulates the uptake of serotonin via 5HT receptors

24
Q

How does caffeine affect serotonin levels?

How does alcohol affect serotonin levels?

A
  1. Caffeine inhibits the TPH enzyme (converion of tryptophan to 5HTP)
  2. Alcohol lowers serotonin
25
Q

Describe the ‘tryptophan steal’

A
  • There are two pathways that tryptophan can go down - the kynurenine pathway and the 5HTP pathway.
  • Stress and inflammation upregulate the kynurenine pathway at the expense of serotonin
26
Q

What by-product is produced when tryptophan is shunted down the kynurenine pathway and what action does this by product have on the nervous system?

A

Quinolinic acid

an excitotoxin that increases glutamate, hinders neuronal function, causes cell death.

Linked to mood disorders and neurodegenerative disease

27
Q

7 ways to reduce quinolinic acid

A
  • Green tea (catechins/ECCG
  • Curcumin
  • Pomegranate
  • Garlic
  • Saffron
  • Broccoli sprouts
  • exercise
28
Q

What SNP affects gut serotonin levels and can cause constipation?

A

TPH 1

29
Q

What SNP affects central nervous system serotonin synthesis

A

TPH 2

30
Q

SNP that afftects serotonin transporters and reduces the effect of serotonin

A

5HTT

31
Q

Which SNP upregulates the kynurenine pathway and why?

A

FKBP5 - via cortisol dysregulation

32
Q

2 SNPs that affect serotonin receptors and reduce the effects of serotonins

A

5-HT1
5-HT2

33
Q

2 SNPs that upregulate inflammation and have a similar effect to FKBP5

A

IFNG

TNF

34
Q

SNP that causes more enzyme breakdown of serotonin

A

MAO-A

35
Q

How does oestrogen affect serotonin levels?

A

Oestrogen increases serotonin 2 ways:

  1. Increases TPH enzyme
  2. Inhibits MAO
36
Q

4 health concerns associated with low serotonin

A
  1. Mood disorders
  2. IBS and functional constipation
  3. insomnia
  4. Eating disorders
  5. Migraine
37
Q

What dosage range of Zinc would be recommended for clients suffering from anxiety?

A

15–60 mg / day

38
Q

Clients with bipolar disorder my exhibit the what mania symptoms

A
  1. Poor impulse control
  2. Extreme talkativeness and rapid thoughts
  3. Excessive self-esteem
39
Q

List 3 herbs useful in promoting sleep

A
40
Q

What dosage range of 5HTP would be recommended for clients suffering from depression?

A

100-300mg daily

41
Q

List 3 functions of dopamine

A
42
Q

What is Acetylcholine formed from?

A

Mitochondrial acetyl-CoA and dietary choline

43
Q

How do statins cause low serotonin levels?

A

By chronic cholesterol depletion

44
Q

Photophobia and phonophobia are a symptom of what condition?

A

Migraines

45
Q

What is the rationale for supplementing taurine, for alcohol addiction?

A

To support relaxation and improve liver function

46
Q
A

NUT2 Semester 1 (11 decks)

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